Ca^2＋信号途径参与稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发及附着胞形成的调控

为了确定Ca^2 信号途径是否参与、在哪一时期参与稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发及附着胞形成过程的调控,用四种可从不同位点阻断 Ca^2 信号途径的抑制剂分别处理分生孢子,观察抑制剂对孢子萌发及附着胞形成过程的抑制作用。结果表明：Ca^2 螯合剂 EGTA、Ca^2 通道抑制剂 Verapamil、抑制磷脂酶 C 活性的抑制剂 U-73122、影响钙调素与钙调素依赖蛋白激酶作用位点的抑制剂 KN-93,随着浓度的增加,对孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程的抑制作用明显增强;同一浓度下,抑制剂对附着胞形成过程的抑制作用大于孢子萌发过程;抑制剂影响孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程在萌发早期(1-4h)最有效;在完全被抑制、不能萌发的孢子内出现了许多颗粒状囊泡;抑制剂可使附着胞形态明显变小甚至不能形成。以上结果表明钙信号途径参与了稻瘟病菌孢子萌发及疏水条件下附着胞形成过程的调控。     

Ca2+信号途径参与稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发及附着胞形成的调控

为了确定Ca²⁺信号途径是否参与、在哪一时期参与稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发及附着胞形成过程的调控,用四种可从不同位点阻断Ca²⁺信号途径的抑制剂分别处理分生孢子,观察抑制剂对孢子萌发及附着胞形成过程的抑制作用。结果表明:Ca²⁺螯合剂EGTA、Ca²⁺通道抑制剂Verapamil、抑制磷脂酶C活性的抑制剂U-73122、影响钙调素与钙调素依赖蛋白激酶作用位点的抑制剂KN-93,随着浓度的增加,对孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程的抑制作用明显增强;同一浓度下,抑制剂对附着胞形成过程的抑制作用大于孢子萌发过程;抑制剂影响孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程在萌发早期(1~4h)最有效;在完全被抑制、不能萌发的孢子内出现了许多颗粒状囊泡;抑制剂可使附着胞形态明显变小甚至不能形成。以上结果表明钙信号途径参与了稻瘟病菌孢子萌发及疏水条件下附着胞形成过程的调控。     

钙信号途径参与小斑病菌致病过程的调控

为确定Ca^2＋信号途径与玉米小斑病菌致病过程的相关性,用可从不同位点阻断Ca^2＋信号转导途径的抑制剂分别处理小斑病菌的分生孢子,结果表明：Ca“螯合剂EGTA、Ca^2＋通道抑制剂Verapamil、影响钙调素与钙调素依赖蛋白激酶作用位点的抑制剂KN-93,随着浓度的增加,对孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程的抑制作用明显增强;同一浓度下,抑制剂对附着胞形成过程的抑制作用大于孢子萌发过程;抑制剂可使附着胞形态明显变小甚至不能形成。以上结果表明钙信号途径参与了玉米小斑病菌主要致病过程的调控。     

钙信号途径参与小斑病菌致病过程的调控*

为确定Ca²⁺信号途径与玉米小斑病菌致病过程的相关性,用可从不同位点阻断Ca²⁺信号转导途径的抑制剂分别处理小斑病菌的分生孢子,结果表明:Ca²⁺螯合剂EGTA、Ca²⁺通道抑制剂Verapam il、影响钙调素与钙调素依赖蛋白激酶作用位点的抑制剂KN-93,随着浓度的增加,对孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程的抑制作用明显增强;同一浓度下,抑制剂对附着胞形成过程的抑制作用大于孢子萌发过程;抑制剂可使附着胞形态明显变小甚至不能形     

苜蓿假盘菌子囊孢子萌发特性及子实体超微结构观察

【背景】苜蓿假盘菌(Pseudopeziza medicaginis)侵染苜蓿叶片引起的褐斑病是苜蓿的重要病害之一。研究表明,该菌以子囊盘越冬,翌年释放子囊孢子完成初侵染,因此观察该菌子实体的超微结构特征,有利于进一步揭示子囊菌的侵染机制。【目的】明确P. medicaginis子囊孢子萌发、Ca2+信号途径是否参与调控附着胞形成;观察子囊孢子和子实体的超微结构特征。【方法】采用光学显微镜技术,研究不同碳、氮源和Ca2+/CaM信号途径对P. medicaginis子囊孢子萌发、附着胞形成的影响,并采用电镜技术观察子实体和子囊孢子的超微结构。【结果】碳、氮源有利于P. medicaginis子囊孢子的萌发,葡萄糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖、氨基乙酸、酵母粉、尿素、蛋白胨、硝酸铵、硝酸钠等碳、氮源诱导形成附着胞,以尿素诱导效果最明显;Ca2+不仅促进子囊孢子的萌发,显著诱导附着胞的形成,而且高于碳、氮源;10 mmol/L的Ca2+诱导效果最明显,随其浓度的增加,子囊孢子的萌发率和附着胞的形成率下降;低浓度Ca2+螯合剂EGTA诱导形成附着胞,≥1 mmol/L抑制子囊孢子的萌发,外源Ca2+或Ca2+载体A23187能够部分解除EGTA的抑制作用;磷酸酯酶抑制剂Neomycin、Ca2+通道阻断剂Nicardipine、CaM拮抗剂Chloropromazine完全抑制子囊孢子的萌发。成熟的P. medicaginis子实体突破寄主表皮,中间开裂露出子囊,子囊孔口无囊盖,呈横向裂口状。子囊孢子表面具有环形纹饰,细胞核色深,线粒体等细胞器数量多,脂类物质数量多且发达,胞内充满电子致密度高的物质。【结论】碳、氮源和Ca2+可诱导P. medicaginis子囊孢子形成附着胞,钙信号途径参与P. medicaginis子囊孢子的萌发和附着胞形成过程的调控。子实体突破寄主表皮外露呈开裂式,子囊顶端无囊盖,线粒体发达。该研究结果为P. medicaginis的深入研究提供重要细胞学事件。     

稻瘟菌附着胞形成和发育的研究进展

附着胞是稻瘟菌侵染寄主的关键结构,cAMP、MAPK和Ca2+等信号途径参与其形成和发育,同时受寄主表面识别蛋白基因、黑色素合成基因、甘油合成基因、细胞自噬基因以及SNARE蛋白等因子调控。从以上几个方面综述了稻瘟菌附着胞形成与发育的研究进展。     

玉米大斑病菌钙调磷酸酶A亚基的克隆与特征分析

根据已知病原真菌钙调磷酸酶A亚基(Calcineurin A, CNA)丝苏蛋白磷酸酶保守结构域设计引物, 从玉米大斑病菌cDNA中扩增出CNA基因片段。利用cDNA末端快速克隆(Rapid amplification of cDNA ends, RACE)手段获得该基因全长cDNA序列(GenBank登录号: EF 407562)。Southern杂交结果显示, 该基因在玉米大斑病菌基因组只有1个拷贝。CNA特异性抑制剂Cyclosporin A对玉米大斑病菌分生孢子和附着胞发育有抑制作用, 抑制作用与抑制剂浓度呈正相关, 相同浓度的抑制剂对附着胞形成的抑制作用大于对孢子萌发的抑制。经CsA(5µg/mL)处理后, 玉米大斑病菌分生孢子不能侵入玉米叶片, 初步表明CNA基因参与玉米大斑病菌的致病过程。     

稻瘟病菌微波诱发突变体的分析*

通过诱变获得突变体是研究稻瘟病菌变异机制的基础。本文用微波炉对稻瘟病菌分生孢子进行低强度短时间处理获得了一批形态发育和致病性突变体,并对它们进行了分析。突变体1-40-271菌落呈白色,产孢与萌发均正常,但萌发后即便在人工疏水表面上也不能形成附着胞,且丧失了致病性;突变体2-20-6菌落呈黄色,孢子萌发率为1%,萌发的孢子其附着胞形成率仅为0.01%,致病性减弱;突变体2-30-3菌落呈黄色,形成的附着胞大部分不正常,但致病性正常。Rep-PCR指纹分析发现,突变体2-20-6和2-30-3比其相应野生型少1条带,而突变体1-40-271与其野生型比较没有变化,说明微波可能造成稻瘟病菌基因组DNA缺失或点突变而发生变异。继代分析表明微波处理获得的稻瘟病菌形态和致病性突变体是稳定的。     

稻瘟病菌微波诱发突变体的分析

通过诱变获得突变体是研究稻瘟病菌变异机制的基础。本文用微波炉对稻瘟病菌分生孢子进行低强度短时间处理获得了一批形态发育和致病性突变体,并对它们进行了分析。突变体1-40-271菌落呈白色,产孢与萌发均正常,但萌发后即便在人工疏水表面上也不能形成附着胞,且丧失了致病性;突变体2-20-6菌落呈黄色,孢子萌发率为1％,萌发的孢子其附着胞形成率仅为0．01％,致病性减弱;突变体2-30-3菌落呈黄色,形成的附着胞大部分不正常,但致病性正常。Rep-PCR指纹分析发现,突变体2-20-6和2-30-3比其相应野生型少1条带,而突变体1-40-271与其野生型比较没有变化,说明微波可能造成稻瘟病菌基因组DNA缺失或点突变而发生变异。继代分析表明微波处理获得的稻瘟病菌形态和致病性突变体是稳定的。     

cAMP介导的梨果表皮物化信号对链格孢侵染的调控

采用药理学方法,用cAMP抑制剂阿托品（atropine）处理链格孢Alternaria alternata孢子悬浮液,通过体外试验分析cAMP信号级联通路在链格孢响应梨果皮蜡质疏水性、化学组分和外源乙烯利等刺激后启动孢子萌发、附着胞形成的调控作用,并通过体内试验研究其对链格孢致病性的调控。结果表明,高疏水性表面和梨果蜡涂膜表面及1μmol/L的乙烯利均可显著促进链格孢的孢子萌发和附着胞形成。cAMP信号级联通路抑制剂atropine处理后显著抑制了表皮疏水性、蜡质和外源乙烯介导的链格孢的孢子萌发和附着胞形成,其中抑制剂处理后4h,链格孢在疏水性、果蜡涂膜表面和乙烯等处理中附着胞形成率分别较对照降低了75.3%、63.7%和74.3%,同时抑制剂处理还可抑制损伤接种链格孢早酥梨黑斑病的扩展。外源cAMP可以部分恢复抑制剂的作用,外源cAMP+atropine处理后4h,在高疏水性（108°）和果蜡涂膜表面,链格孢附着胞形成率为抑制剂atropine单独处理的2.4倍和1.6倍,表明cAMP信号级联通路可通过调控侵染结构的形成而影响链格孢对梨果表皮物理化学信号的识别和应答。     

Identification of a hard surface contact-induced gene in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides conidia as a sterol glycosyl transferase,a novel fungal virulence factor

Hard surface contact has been known to be necessary to induce infection structure (appressorium) formation in many phytopathogenic fungi. However, the molecular basis of this requirement is unknown. We have used a differential display approach to clone some of the genes induced in the conidia by hard surface contact. We report that one of the genes induced by hard-surface contact of the conidia of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, chip6, encodes a protein with homology to sterol glycosyl transferases. chip6 expressed in E. coli catalyses glucosyl transfer from UDP-glucose to cholesterol. Disruption of chip6 causes a marked decrease in the transferase activity and a drastic reduction in virulence on its natural host, avocado fruits, although the mutant is capable of normal growth and appressorium formation. The requirement for sterol glycosyl transferase for pathogenicity suggests a novel biological function for this transferase.     

Enzymatic studies of the extracellular mucilage of two aquatic hyphomycetes,Lemonniera aquatica andMycocentrospora filiformis

The effect of three carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, β-glucuronidase, lyticase and α-mannosidase and three proteolytic enzymes, α-chymotrypsin, papain and pronase E, on the strength of conidial attachment ofLemonniera aquatica andMycoentrospora filiformis was determined using the LH_Fowler cell Adhesion Measurement Module. Carbohydrate-digesting enzyme treatments showed significant differences in number of attached and detached, conidia versus control samples; little or no effect was observed for the proteolytic enzymes. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed different degrees of mucilage digestion by the carbohydrate-digesting enzymes on the germ hyphae, hyphae subtending appressoria, and appressoria of the two species. The loss of mucilage integrity and decrease in mucilage thickness were more pronounced on the hyphal sheaths than on the appressorial sheaths. Lyticase caused the most severe damage to the mucilage and cytoplasm of both fungi, particularlyL. aquatica. β-Glucuronidase and α-mannosidase exhibited more effective mucilage digestion onM. filiformis than onL. aquatica. Results indicate that the mucilage of the two species is mainly polysaccharide, containing more β-1,3-glucans than β-glucuronide and α-mannosyl residues. Variability of mucilage composition exists between these species and also between different structures of the same fungus.     

Fungal Pls1 tetraspanins as key factors of penetration into host plants: a role in re-establishing polarized growth in the appressorium?

The ability of plant pathogenic fungi to infect their host depends on successful penetration into plant tissues. This process often involves the differentiation of a specialized cell, the appressorium. Signalling pathways required for appressorium formation are conserved among fungi. However, the functions involved in appressorium maturation and penetration peg formation are still poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that Pls1 tetraspanins control an appressorial function required for penetration into host plants and are likely conserved among plant pathogenic fungi. Tetraspanins are small membrane proteins widely distributed among ascomycetes and basidiomycetes defining two distinct families; Pls1 tetraspanins are found in both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes and Tsp2 tetraspanins are specific to basidiomycetes. Both fungal tetraspanins families have similar secondary structures shared with animal tetraspanins. Pls1 tetraspanins are present as single genes in genomes of ascomycetes, allowing a unique opportunity to study their function in appressorium mediated penetration. Experimental evidence suggests that Pls1 tetraspanins are required for the formation of the penetration peg at the base of the appressorium, probably through re-establishing cell polarity.     

稻瘟病菌单克隆抗体2B4的研究*

从230个具有ELISA阳性反应的细胞株获得了11株具有高效价的单克隆抗体, 其中2B4显示较强结合作用,并均能与分生孢子、芽管和附着胞表面结合。Western blotting分析表明,单抗2B4能与孢子芽管表面的1%SDS提取物中的15kDa的蛋白结合。免疫金定位发现该蛋白确是在病菌各个形态阶段广泛存在的分泌性蛋白。采用2B4从分生孢子cDNA表达文库中筛选获得6个阳性克隆。该克隆MP1表达的蛋白抗原与实际存在的15KDa是相一致的。其基因克隆及功能分析正在研究之中。     

Alanine: Glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 is required for mobilization and utilization of triglycerides during infection process of the rice blast pathogen,Magnaporthe oryzae

The rice blast pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae has been widely used as a model pathogen to study plant infection-related fungal morphogenesis, such as penetration via appressorium and plant-microbe interactions at the molecular level. Previously, we identified a gene encoding peroxisomal alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 (AGT1) in M. oryzae and demonstrated that the AGT1 was indispensable for pathogenicity. The AGT1 knockout mutants were unable to penetrate the host plants, such as rice and barley, and therefore were non-pathogenic. The inability of ∆Moagt1 mutants to penetrate the susceptible plants was likely due to the disruption in coordination of the β-oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle resulted from a blockage in lipid droplet mobilization and eventually utilization during conidial germination and appressorium morphogenesis, respectively. Here, we further demonstrate the role of AGT1 in lipid mobilization by in vitro germination assays and confocal microscopy.     

枯草芽孢杆菌C-D6对辣椒炭疽菌附着胞形成的抑制作用研究

【目的】研究枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) C-D6菌株对辣椒炭疽菌(Colletotrichum capsici)附着胞形成的抑制作用,探索炭疽病生物防治的新途径。【方法】通过对峙培养测定C-D6菌株的抗菌活性,应用摇瓶培养结合生物测定筛选产生抗菌活性成分的最适培养基,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、Sephadex G-75凝胶柱层析和阴离子交换层析对抗菌蛋白进行分离纯化,应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定蛋白分子量。【结果】C-D6菌株在PDA平板上对辣椒炭疽菌显示明显的抑制作用,其YPD培养液能完全抑制该菌的附着胞形成。摇瓶培养的结果显示C-D6菌株产生抗菌活性物质的最适培养基为YPD培养基。C-D6菌株在该培养基中培养14 h后,所形成的活性物质可完全抑制辣椒炭疽菌的附着胞形成。从该菌的YPD培养液中分离获得一个分子量为32 kD,能明显抑制辣椒炭疽菌附着胞形成的抗菌蛋白。【结论】C-D6菌株的生防特征显示该菌株对防治辣椒炭疽菌引起的炭疽病具有潜在的应用价值。     

稻瘟病菌单克隆抗体2B4的研究

从230个具有ELISA阳性反应的细胞株获得了11株具有高效价的单克隆抗体, 其中2B4显示较强结合作用,并均能与分生孢子、芽管和附着胞表面结合。Western blotting分析表明,单抗2B4能与孢子芽管表面的1%SDS提取物中的15kDa的蛋白结合。免疫金定位发现该蛋白确是在病菌各个形态阶段广泛存在的分泌性蛋白。采用2B4从分生孢子cDNA表达文库中筛选获得6个阳性克隆。该克隆MP1表达的蛋白抗原与实际存在的15KDa是相一致的。其基因克隆及功能分析正在研究之中。