耕作方式与施肥对陇东旱塬冬小麦-春玉米轮作农田土壤理化性质及产量的影响

以陇东黄土旱塬已进行7年的田间定位试验为基础,分析了免耕和传统耕作条件下5个施肥处理冬小麦收获期土壤水分、土壤容重（2011年）及土壤养分和产量（2005-2011年）变化,探讨了耕作方式和施肥对冬小麦-春玉米轮作农田土壤蓄水保墒效果及土壤肥力和产量的影响.结果表明： 2011年免耕条件下0～200 cm各土层土壤含水量、0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层土壤容重及土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷含量均高于传统耕作.相同耕作条件下氮磷化肥与有机肥配施处理的土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷含量高于其他施肥处理;不同耕作方式及施肥处理下速效钾呈逐年减少的趋势;传统翻耕处理的产量高于免耕,相同耕作条件下氮磷化肥与有机肥配施处理产量最高,不施肥对照产量最低.不同耕作方式和施肥处理的土壤蓄水保墒能力和肥力效应以免耕优于传统翻耕,产量以传统翻耕下有机无机肥配施处理最好.     

水平沟耕作对土壤水分动态及水分利用率的调节

分析了水平沟耕作条件下土壤水分动态、水分利用、水分收支平衡,认为水平沟增产的主要作用是减少了坡耕地表径流量而增加了土壤蓄水量。     

保护地蔗田对土壤优先流与根系生物量及产量品质的影响

为探明保护性耕作对蔗田土壤及甘蔗生长的影响,该研究设置2种耕作方式(常规耕作、粉垄耕作)与2种施肥水平(减量施肥20%、常规施肥),并于甘蔗苗期后在甘蔗行间近根部覆盖豆科秸秆,以第二年宿根蔗为研究对象,采用染色示踪法测定秸秆覆盖下蔗田土壤优先流特征,同时测定分析甘蔗株高、茎围、地下根系生物量、产量及品质等重要农艺性状。结果表明:(1)粉垄耕作方式下蔗田土壤优先流发生速度快且活跃,添加秸秆覆盖降低了土壤优先流发生程度,增加了土壤水分在10～25 cm土层的横向运移能力,在一定程度上提高了土壤蓄水能力。(2)粉垄保护性耕作在秸秆覆盖下提高了甘蔗根系生物量和产量,秸秆覆盖下粉垄免耕宿根蔗根系生物量提高了8.97%～25.54%,并且减量施肥处理中秸秆覆盖宿根蔗伸长期地下根系生物量显著高于无秸秆覆盖,秸秆覆盖下甘蔗株高提高了4.2%～13.1%; 在减量施肥处理中,粉垄耕作添加秸秆覆盖甘蔗产量提高了16.27%,并且添加秸秆覆盖较常规施肥中无秸秆覆盖,产量提高了5.95%。(3)粉垄保护性耕作利于提高甘蔗品质,对比无秸秆覆盖处理,粉垄耕作下秸秆覆盖后显著提高了甘蔗蔗汁视纯度,并且宿根蔗纤维分、蔗汁锤度、转光度和蔗糖分均有提升。综上认为,免耕秸秆覆盖可作为粉垄红壤坡耕地蔗田保护性生产调控方式。     

种植密度对夏玉米产量和源库特性的影响

以高产玉米品种郑单958(ZD958)和登海661(DH661)为试验材料,在4个不同区域(山东农业大学、汶口、兖州和莱州)设置22500、45000、67500、90000和112500株.hm-25个种植密度,研究了种植密度对夏玉米产量及源库特性的影响.结果表明:两品种在112500株.hm-2密度条件下玉米籽粒产量和生物产量最高,分别为19132和36965kg.hm-2,与22500和67500株.hm-2密度相比,籽粒产量分别增加了72%和48%,生物产量分别增加了152%和112%.两品种单株叶面积、最大花丝数、穗粒数和千粒重随密度增大而减小,但叶面积指数随密度增大而显著提高.收获指数与粒叶比随密度增大而显著减小,当密度超过67500株.hm-2时差异不显著,表明高密度条件下玉米通过增加群体库来提高产量.     

刈割、施肥和浇水对垂穗披碱草补偿生长的影响

植物的补偿生长特性受放牧强度和生境资源获得性的影响。通过为期2年的野外控制实验,研究了刈割高度(留茬1cm、3cm及不刈割)、施肥(施、不施)和浇水(浇、不浇)处理对垂穗披碱草(Elymus natans)补偿生长的影响,并结合对各处理分株密度、比叶面积、净光合速率和相对生长率的变化研究,探讨了其补偿生长机制。结果表明:刈割后垂穗披碱草分株种群密度显著增加,补偿生长高度显著降低,比叶面积和相对生长率随刈割强度增加而呈上升趋势,叶片净光合速率变化不显著;施肥能显著增加垂穗披碱草的补偿生长高度、比叶面积、叶片净光合速率和相对生长率;浇水处理以及刈割、浇水、施肥处理之间的交互作用均不显著。可见,在刈割条件下,垂穗披碱草具有一定的密度补偿机制,但由于刈割抑制补偿性高生长,导致分株高度出现低补偿。因此,即使刈割后比叶面积和株高相对生长率显著增加,也不一定必然引起株高的超补偿;但施肥可显著提高垂穗披碱草的补偿能力,增加耐牧性,证实了改进后的限制资源模型的预测。     

土壤耕作及秸秆还田对夏玉米田杂草生物多样性的影响

于2008年夏玉米(Zea mays)生长期间,在连续5a秸秆全量还田的免耕、旋耕、耙耕、深松和常规耕作试验地中,研究了杂草总密度、优势杂草种类、生物多样性指数、杂草生物量和夏玉米产量。调查共记录杂草种类13种,秸秆全量还田时,免耕显著提高杂草的总密度;无秸秆还田时,常规耕作的杂草密度高于免耕、旋耕、耙耕和深松。秸秆全量还田后,免耕和深松条件下,杂草优势种为马唐和旱稗,旋耕和耙耕条件下为马唐、旱稗和牛筋草;常规耕作条件下,优势杂草为马唐、苘麻、旱稗和香附子。无秸秆还田条件下,免耕和常规耕作增加了杂草优势种的数量。秸秆全量还田后,免耕、耙耕和深松等耕作措施导致杂草群落的物种丰富度及均匀度均较高。无论哪种耕作条件,5a连续秸秆还田能够显著提高夏玉米籽粒产量和生物学产量,其中尤以常规耕作秸秆全量还田处理产量最高,且田间杂草的生物学产量与夏玉米的生物学产量呈显著负相关关系。     

刈割、施肥和浇水对矮嵩草补偿生长的影响

通过对青海海北高寒矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸进行为期3年的野外控制试验, 研究了刈割(留茬1 cm、3 cm及不刈割)、施肥(2.5 g·m^-2尿素+ 0.6 g·m^-2磷酸二胺、不施肥)和浇水(20.1 kg·m^-2、不浇水)处理对矮嵩草补偿生长(包括分株密度、株高和分株地上生物量)的影响, 及其比叶面积、叶片净光合速率和相对增长率的变化, 探讨矮嵩草补偿生长的机制。研究结果表明: 刈割后, 矮嵩草的补偿生长高度和比叶面积显著降低; 分株密度有增加的趋势, 但会随刈割强度的增加而下降; 株高和生物量的相对增长率随刈割强度的增加而呈上升趋势; 补偿地上生物量在重度刈割处理下最高。施肥能显著增加矮嵩草的补偿高度、分株密度、补偿地上生物量、株高相对增长率、生物量相对增长率、比叶面积和净光合速率; 与不浇水处理相比, 浇水处理对重度刈割处理下的分株地上生物量、密度相对增长率、比叶面积和净光合速率无影响, 而显著降低了中度刈割处理下的补偿高度和株高相对增长率, 提高了不刈割处理下的分株密度和重度刈割处理下的生物量相对增长率。刈割、施肥和浇水处理的交互作用也显示出刈割与施肥对矮嵩草补偿生长具有拮抗效应, 而刈割与浇水具有协同效应。上述结果说明, 矮嵩草在刈割后可通过增加分株密度和相对增长率等途径来提高补偿能力, 弥补在生长高度上出现的低补偿, 而施肥可显著抵消刈割的不利影响, 提高矮嵩草的补偿能力。     

西北半干旱区深旋松耕作对马铃薯水分利用和产量的影响

探明深旋松耕作技术(VRT)对西北黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯阶段性耗水、个体和群体生长状况、产量、水分利用效率和经济收益的影响,可为寻求抗旱增产、资源高效利用的耕作方法提供依据.本研究采用随机区组设计,于2016和2017年设置旋耕15 cm (TT)、深松40 cm (DLT)、深旋松耕40 cm (VRT) 3种耕作方式,测定马铃薯不同生育时期0～200 cm土层土壤贮水量、叶片SPAD值、叶面积指数、植株干物质量和产量等指标,计算阶段耗水量、水分利用效率(WUE)、商品率、商品产量、纯收益和新增收益等指标,探究深旋松耕作对马铃薯生产效率和经济效益的影响.结果表明: 与TT和DLT相比,VRT能显著促进马铃薯在盛花期和块茎膨大期的耗水,2016和2017年分别较DLT、TT增加了46.7、35.7和27.2、47.3 mm.由于VRT促进马铃薯耗水,叶片SPAD值、干物质量和叶面积指数均显著提高,证明它能促进马铃薯个体和群体发育.基于较高的个体和群体生长量,VRT的马铃薯块茎产量显著提高,分别在2016和2017年较DLT和TT增加了156.8%、47.8%和24.8%、41.0%,WUE相应地提高了92.3%、19.2%和18.9%、26.6%.深旋松耕作使马铃薯商品薯产量显著增加,纯收益和新增纯收益显著提高,在2016和2017年分别达到 12631.9、11019.1和29498.3、18245.5元·hm^-2.深旋松耕作促进马铃薯花期和块茎膨大期耗水,使马铃薯叶片SPAD值、干物质量和叶面积指数显著提高,导致块茎产量和水分利用效率明显升高,并提高了商品薯产量和纯收益,是适宜于西北黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯种植的耕作技术.     

根区水肥空间耦合对冬小麦生长及产量的影响

利用管栽试验研究了根区不同湿润方式（整体湿润、上湿下干、上干下湿）、施肥方式（整体施肥、上层施肥、下层施肥）及其耦合对冬小麦不同生育期生长及产量的影响.结果表明：下层施肥方式显著降低了分蘖期冬小麦的株高和叶面积,而不同湿润方式对分蘖期株高和叶面积的影响不显著,拔节期水肥同区方式的株高大于水肥异区方式,表现出协同耦合效应.上干下湿方式和下层施肥方式显著降低了根系干物质量、地上部干物质量和总干物质量,上层施肥方式有利于增加冬小麦生物量,而上湿下干方式与施肥处理对地上部干物质量和总干物质量的耦合效应明显.水肥同区处理的根冠比高于水肥异区处理;上干下湿方式的水分利用效率显著高于整体湿润和上湿下干方式,水肥同区处理的水分利用效率高于水肥异区处理,但下层施肥方式的水分利用效率较低.与上干下湿方式相比,上湿下干和整体湿润方式的冬小麦单穗粒数分别增加了41.7%和61.9%,上层施肥和整体施肥方式的单穗粒数高于下层施肥方式,上湿下干方式与施肥处理对小麦产量及产量构成因素（除千粒重外）的水肥耦合效应明显.不同水肥处理主要通过影响单穗粒数来影响冬小麦产量.     

不同耕作措施对冬小麦根系时空分布和产量的影响

在田间定位试验的基础上,研究了内陆河绿洲灌区不同耕作措施对冬小麦根系时空分布和产量的影响.结果表明:免耕秸杆覆盖(NTS)和免耕立茬(NTSS)措施下冬小麦根系总干重和总根长都大于传统耕作(T),且差异显著;开花期各处理总根干重和总根长都达到最大,之后开始下降;NTS和NTSS处理0～10cm土层的根长密度和根干重密度显著高于T处理,表现出根系表层分布的特征;拔节期, NTS、NTSS和NT处理10～30cm的根长密度和干重密度都小于T,而拔节后NTS 和NTSS各土层根长密度和根干重密度增长幅度大于T.产量研究结果表明,NTS和NTSS能显著提高冬小麦产量,与T 相比,产量分别提高16.84%～30.59%和12.76%～24.32%.     

不同时期开沟施氮对水稻物质生产及产量的影响

通过田间试验 ,研究了水稻不同生育时期开沟深施氮肥对水稻叶片、叶鞘和茎秆干重以及生物产量和籽粒产量的影响 .结果表明 ,孕穗期开沟深施氮肥处理比分蘖期开沟、穗分化始期开沟和不开沟处理的水稻叶片干重保持最大值 (2 .9g/穴 )时间长 ,叶面积指数达到最大值 (LAI =8.9)后保持缓慢下降 ;叶鞘干重 (2 .7g/穴 )变化小 ;处理以后茎秆干重 (4.3g/穴 )稳步增加 .孕穗期开沟施肥处理的水稻生物产量(0 .73g·d-1/穴 )递增速度快 ,籽粒产量 (10 4 34kg·hm-2 )高 .与不开沟施肥相比 ,孕穗期开沟施氮对产量增加作用最大 ,为水稻开沟深施氮肥的最佳时期 ;其次为穗分化始期 ,分蘖期开沟施氮效果较差 ,但仍有一定的增产作用 .     

Effect of fertilization level on some physiological, morphological and growth characteristics of Ficus benjamina

Young Ficus benjamina L. (weeping fig) plants were grown in perlite under low photon flux density regime in the greenhouse. Influence of seven fertilization levels – ranging from nutrient deficiency to saline conditions – on photosynthetic, morphological and growth characteristics was studied. The compensation point for photosynthetic photon flux density was minimal and the quantum efficiency of photosynthesis was maximal at a fertilization level with an electrical conductivity of 1.75 mS. Dark respiration was not affected by the level of fertilization. Chlorophyll content per unit leaf area increased while stomatal conductance slowly decreased with increasing fertilization level. Growth expressed in terms of either height, total dry weight or total leaf area attained an optimum at 1.75 mS, i.e. at the level where the compensation point for photon flux density and the quantum efficiency of photosynthesis were optimal. Leaf size and visible quality decreased at higher fertilizer levels.     

水肥异区交替灌溉对夏玉米生理指标的影响

以夏玉米品种‘户单4号'为材料,通过防雨棚内微区试验研究了两种灌水量(450 m~3/hm~2和900 m~3/hm~2)条件下水肥异区交替灌溉和均匀灌溉对夏玉米生长以及某些生理指标的影响.结果显示:(1)在节水50%的条件下,水肥异区交替灌溉与高灌水量均匀灌溉的夏玉米生物量、产量均无显著差异.(2)低灌水量时,水肥异区交替灌溉下的玉米根系伤流液、叶片可溶性蛋白含量、硝酸还原酶活性、光合速率、蒸腾速率等均高于均匀灌溉施肥处理,而植株全氮含量及叶片水分利用效率与均匀灌溉施肥的差异不显著.(3)高灌水量时,水肥异区交替灌溉处理除根系活力、光合速率以及蒸腾速率高于均匀灌溉处理外,其他指标均低于后者.研究表明,在低灌水量条件下,水肥异区交替灌溉能使夏玉米保持较高的根系活力和正常生理代谢,提高其叶片水分利用效率,从而达到了节水增产的目的.     

Analysis of Growth and Productivity of Green Chickpea Using Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization

Chickpea contains high levels of protein, vitamins and minerals. Acceptable chickpea yield is the result of meeting nitrogen and phosphorus requirements. The effect of appropriately meeting such requirements reflects on growth and can easily be evaluated using growth analysis. This research determined: (a) The effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on phenology, net assimilation rate, number of green leaves, leaf area, leaf area index and leaf area duration; (b) Green chickpea yield and number of pods due to fertilization; and (c) The combination of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization that yields the most net revenue. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization was evaluated; each at the doses of 0, 75 and 150 kg ha^–1 (N0, N75, N150; P0, P75 and P150, respectively). The combination of the levels of both nutrients generated nine combinations of treatments which were distributed in the field in a randomized complete block design in an arrangement of divided plots with four repetitions. Timing of phenological phases were similar among treatments. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization increased number of leaves, leaf area index, and leaf area duration that translated into increased green chickpea yield (GCY). Combinations N150-P75 and N150-P150 produced the highest GCY. The highest net revenue and revenue per peso invested was obtained with N150-P75.     

灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦生育后期旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

于2009—2011年通过田间试验,以高产中筋冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,设等行距平作、宽窄行平作、沟播3种种植方式,每种种植方式下设不灌水(W₀)、灌拔节水(W₁)、灌拔节水+开花水(W₂)、灌拔节水+开花水+灌浆水(W₃)4种灌溉处理(每次灌水量为60 mm),研究不同灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦生育后期旗叶光合特性和产量的影响.结果表明: 随冬小麦灌水量的增加,3种种植方式下小麦花后旗叶叶面积和光合速率均增加,光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率和实际光化学效率也增加;与W₀处理相比,各灌水处理提高了小麦籽粒产量,但水分利用效率(WUE)降低.同一灌溉条件下,与其他两种种植方式相比,沟播方式小麦花后旗叶光合速率、光系统Ⅱ最大光能转化效率和实际光化学效率均较高,且W₂处理籽粒产量显著高于其他处理.统筹考虑冬小麦的籽粒产量和WUE,沟播结合灌拔节水+开花水是华北平原冬麦区较适宜的节水种植方式.     

Changes in eco-morphological parameters of alpine plants' leaves as an effect of fertilization

Plants growing on rich soil usually have thin leaves with large specific leaf area. On the other hand, at intraspecific level; soil fertilization results in leaves size increasing which, in turn, can lead to reduction in specific leaf area. To what extent soil fertilization implies only leaves increasing in size and does not affect other eco-morphological characteristics is a question that is still open. To assess coherence between plants intraspecific reactions to changes in soil richness and general tendencies in changes of leaves parameters in communities with different productivity, an experiment has been conducted in alpine plant communities of the north-western Caucasus. Changes in leaf traits are studied in four types of alpine plant communities after long term application of mineral nutrients (NP and lime treatment). It is shown that in all species, except legume Hedysarum caucasicum, fertilization results in size leaf characteristics (leaf area, wet and dry mass) increase. Specific leaf area appears to decrease in plants inhabiting alpine heathlands and increase in plants inhabiting alpine snow beds and in dominant species of Geranium-Hedysarum meadows, Geranium gymnocaulon. After correction of specific leaf area that accounts for changes in leaf size, it becomes discernable that in most species the increase in leaf area per se results in specific leaf area reduction while changes in leaf structure under influence of fertilization leads to this trait increasing. Those species demonstrating the increase in specific leaf area as an effect of fertilization, also gain more in terms of biomass.     

播种量和施氮量对垄沟覆膜栽培冬小麦花后生理性状的影响

为协调冬小麦个体与群体间的关系,充分发挥旱作条件下垄沟栽培优势,以冬小麦品种小偃22为材料,采用二元二次正交旋转组合设计,通过田间试验研究了垄下集中施肥、垄上覆膜、膜际种植模式下播种量和施氮量对冬小麦花后生理性状的影响.结果表明： 花后叶面积指数、旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率均随施氮量的增加而增加.灌浆前中期叶面积指数随播种量的增加呈先增后稳的趋势;灌浆后期叶面积指数随播种量的增加而降低.随播种量的增加,旗叶的叶绿素含量和净光合速率降低,单株产量呈先减少后增加的趋势.适宜的播种量可以协调个体与群体间的矛盾,而适量增施氮肥有利于花后小麦生理性状的改善和产量的提高.在供试条件下,小偃22在播种量112.5 kg·hm-2与施氮量180～222 kg N·hm-2配置时,个体与群体的关系比较协调,花后叶面积指数较高,群体结构适宜,而且旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率和单茎产量较高,能获得高产.     

播种量和施氮量对垄沟覆膜栽培冬小麦花后生理性状的影响

为协调冬小麦个体与群体间的关系,充分发挥旱作条件下垄沟栽培优势,以冬小麦品种小偃22为材料,采用二元二次正交旋转组合设计,通过田间试验研究了垄下集中施肥、垄上覆膜、膜际种植模式下播种量和施氮量对冬小麦花后生理性状的影响.结果表明:花后叶面积指数、旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率均随施氮量的增加而增加.灌浆前中期叶面积指数随播种量的增加呈先增后稳的趋势;灌浆后期叶面积指数随播种量的增加而降低.随播种量的增加,旗叶的叶绿素含量和净光合速率降低,单株产量呈先减少后增加的趋势.适宜的播种量可以协调个体与群体间的矛盾,而适量增施氮肥有利于花后小麦生理性状的改善和产量的提高.在供试条件下,小偃22在播种量112.5 kg hm-2与施氮量180 ～222 kg N·hm-2配置时,个体与群体的关系比较协调,花后叶面积指数较高,群体结构适宜,而且旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率和单茎产量较高,能获得高产.     

Detergent, Brij, increasing the area of new surface membrane during the early cleavage of eggs of Rana amurensis

The exposure of new surface membrane occurred in the cleavage furrow of Rana amurensis eggs enclosed in fertilization membrane immersed in Brij solution. The exposed area increased gradually and reached a maximum while the furrow extended to 240 degrees around the egg surface. At this time, the new membrane area of the treated eggs was significantly larger than that of the control. Afterwards, the exposed new membrane area decreased gradually. This may result from the extent of new membrane increase being less than the extent of contraction of cleavage furrow.     

The effects of annual fertilization and complete competition control on fascicle morphology of different aged loblolly pine stands

The goal of this study was to determine how increased nutrient availability affects foliage morphology of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) without introducing the confounding influence of light availability. Morphology of fascicles from the terminal leader (radius, length, specific needle area, density, and needles per fascicle) and terminal leader traits (length, foliated length, total leaf area, and total fascicles) were measured for different aged (ranged from 5-year-old to 12-year-old) loblolly pine stands growing on the Piedmont and lower Coastal Plain of Georgia, USA. A factorial combination of annual fertilization and complete interspecific competition control was applied as stand level treatments. Competition control and stand age generally did not affect fascicle morphology. In contrast, annual fertilization significantly increased fascicle length (5%), needles per fascicle (4%), and total leaf area of the terminal (18%), while decreasing specific needle area (4%). Fertilization also increased terminal leader growth (5%) and total number of fascicles (6%). Therefore, loblolly pine foliage morphology does have plasticity to respond to increased nutrient availability. However, the magnitude of these morphological changes is small compared to changes in total canopy leaf area.