保护性耕作和杂草管理对冬小麦农田土壤水分及有机碳的影响

在秸秆全量还田的试验田中(从2004年起),于2008-2009年及2009-2010年冬小麦生育期间,研究了不同耕作措施(旋耕、耙耕、免耕、深松和常规耕作)和杂草管理对冬小麦田土壤水分及有机碳的影响.结果表明:在未除草条件下,免耕、深松的杂草总密度显著提高;而在除草条件下,杂草密度显著下降.小麦从拔节期到灌浆期0～60 cm土层水分含量呈明显波动变化,田间保留一定量的杂草可增加不同耕作方式0～20 cm的土壤水分含量,表现出一定的土壤水分保持效应.保留杂草仅提高了拔节期0～20 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量;而在抽穗期和灌浆期,0～20、20～40和40～60 cm土层有机碳含量均低于去除杂草处理.去除杂草条件下,深松显著提高了冬小麦籽粒产量;保留杂草条件下,旋耕的籽粒产量最高,常规耕作产量最低.     

耕作措施对冬小麦田杂草生物多样性及产量的影响

在连续5a秸秆全量还田的免耕、旋耕、耙耕、深松和常规耕作试验地中,设置了除草和不除草处理,研究了其对杂草总密度、优势杂草种类、生物多样性指数和冬小麦产量的影响,并分析了杂草与小麦间的竞争关系。结果表明,麦田杂草主要有7种,分别是麦蒿(Descuminia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl)、荠菜(Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik)、燕麦(Avena sativa L.)、田旋花(Convolvulus arvensis L.)、刺儿菜(Cirsium setosum (Willd.) Bieb.)、繁缕(Stellaria media (L.) Vill.)、麦家公(Lithospermum arvense L.)。在未除草条件下,免耕、深松的杂草总密度显著提高;而在除草条件下,杂草密度显著下降。免耕、深松、常规耕作在未除草条件下,优势杂草种类为麦蒿、荠菜,旋耕、耙耕条件下的优势杂草为麦蒿;而除草后各处理的优势杂草均只有麦蒿。耙耕、常规耕作措施在未除草条件下杂草群落具有较高的物种丰富度和均匀度。无论哪种耕作措施,除草能提高冬小麦产量,其中以深松耕作结合除草处理的小麦产量最高。在小麦抽穗期,未除草处理杂草株高接近或高于小麦株高,会造成杂草与小麦间的光竞争,对小麦的生长状况有显著影响,从而导致小麦产量降低。     

耕作和养分管理方式对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田春季杂草群落的影响

保护性耕作和杂草多样性是现代生态农业关注的热点问题.尽管保护性耕作下农田杂草多样性有所提高,但耕作方式与养分管理方式对农田杂草群落多样性的交互影响尚未探明.本研究以山东省济南市一块连续3年施行不同耕作方式(免耕、深松、旋耕、深耕)和不同养分管理措施(农户常规:年施氮肥480 kg·hm^-2,高产高效:年施氮肥360 kg·hm^-2,优化管理:年施氮肥300 kg·hm^-2)的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田为研究样地,调查并比较了不同管理模式下农田春季杂草群落特征.结果表明: 该冬小麦-夏玉米农田春季杂草群落共发现杂草15种,其中优势物种为马唐和稗;与深耕和旋耕相比,免耕和深松下杂草密度较高.在群落多样性方面,深耕处理下的物种丰富度和均匀度最低,而群落优势度高于其余3种耕作方式;在养分管理中,随着施肥量的增加,物种丰富度和均匀度均升高;深耕和旋耕处理下,随着施肥量的增加,群落优势度升高;而在免耕深松处理下,群落优势度会随着施肥量的增加而减少.在杂草群落生物量方面,免耕和深松的生物量显著高于深耕和旋耕,农户常规处理均高于其余两种养分管理方式,杂草生物量最高的组合是免耕+农户常规.免耕和施肥将提高农田春季杂草群落丰富度、均匀度和生产力.     

耕作方式与秸秆还田对土壤微生物数量、酶活性及作物产量的影响

通过两年田间裂区设计试验,研究了不同土壤耕作方式(常规耕作、深耕、深松)与秸秆还田(秸秆还田、秸秆不还田)对冬小麦一夏玉米一年两熟农田土壤微生物数量、酶活性和作物产量的影响.结果表明:深松(耕)和秸秆还田不仅降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤有机碳含量,而且增加了土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性和作物产量,且二者对夏玉米季的影响大于冬小麦季.与常规耕作+无秸秆还田相比,深耕+秸秆还田、深松+秸秆还田处理的20～30 cm土壤容重分别降低8.5％和6.6％,土壤有机碳含量分别提高14.8％和12.4％,土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性分别提高45.9％、33.9％和34.1％、25.2％,作物产量分别提高18.0％和19.3％,且两处理间无显著差异.说明土壤深松(耕)结合秸秆还田有利于作物产量、土壤微生物数量和酶活性的提高.     

不同耕作措施对华北地区麦田CH_4吸收通量的影响

华北地区作为我国重要的粮食产区,其农田土壤CH4的吸收与排放对我国准确合理的估算农业温室气体的排放量、制定合理的农业减排和适应措施具有重要意义。研究利用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了华北地区麦田5种不同耕作模式在不同生育时期土壤CH4通量的动态变化和日变化,试验结果表明:5种不同耕作模式在不同生育时期土壤CH4通量具有明显的动态变化。不同的耕作处理都表现为CH4的净吸收汇。整个生育期,常规耕作无秸秆还田处理≈常规耕作秸秆还田处理耙耕≈旋耕深松耕免耕。CH4吸收通量具有明显的日变化,吸收通量白天高夜晚低。处理间比较,常规耕作无秸秆还田处理常规耕作秸秆还田处理免耕。结论:常规耕作无秸秆还田处理CH4的吸收通量较高,但此种耕作方式不利于土壤耕层的保护,而耙耕、旋耕这两种保护性耕作方式使表层土壤具有较好的保墒保肥能力,对土壤扰动小,且只比常规无秸秆还田的CH4吸收值低5.35%和6.31%,较有利于农业减排,所以从环境效益和土壤保护这两个方面来看,耙耕和旋耕这两种保护性耕作处理较为理想。     

机械化保护性耕作条件下土壤质量的数值化评价

通过9年的长期田间定位试验研究了陕西关中平原中部冬小麦 夏玉米轮作条件下深松耕（ST）、旋耕（RT）、秸秆还（SR）、免耕（NTS）等保护性耕作措施及传统耕作（TT）对土壤理化性状和作物产量的影响,并采用主成分分析方法进行土壤质量的综合评价.结果表明：与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作模式提高了土壤肥力质量,改善了土壤物理环境条件;显著提高了土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性;除秸秆覆盖免耕处理的玉米和小麦产量低于传统耕作外,其他保护性耕作措施均不同程度地提高了作物产量,其中小麦增产13%～28%,玉米增产3%～12%.与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作土壤质量指数提高了19.8%～44.0%.综合考虑经济效应和生态效益,隔年深松、秸秆粉碎联合旋耕作业以及秸秆覆盖联合深松作业不仅能增加作物产量还可改善土壤质量,可在研究区进行推广应用.     

不同耕作方式和秸秆还田对麦田土壤有机碳含量的影响

通过两个生长季试验,研究了不同耕作方式和秸秆还田及其交互效应对小麦全生育期0～20 cm土壤有机碳含量的影响.结果表明：小麦不同生育时期0～20 cm土层有机碳含量呈明显的动态变化;秸秆还田各处理的有机碳含量都高于无秸秆还田处理;保护性耕作措施土壤有机碳增加量显著高于传统翻耕.除传统翻耕处理外,各处理0～10 cm土层的有机碳含量都高于10～20 cm土层,秸秆还田各处理0～10 cm土层有机碳含量表现为深松(PS)＞旋耕(PR)＞免耕(PZ)＞耙耕(PH)＞传统翻耕(PC),而10～20 cm土层表现为传统翻耕(PC)＞深松(PS)＞旋耕(PR)＞耙耕(PH)＞免耕(PZ),说明保护性耕作措施能提高0～10 cm土层的有机碳含量.多因素方差分析表明：耕作因素、秸秆因素和两者交互效应在不同生育期对0～20 cm土层的有机碳含量都有显著影响.     

不同秸秆还田和耕作方式对夏玉米农田土壤呼吸及微生物活性的影响

采用基质诱导呼吸法和CO2释放量法,研究了冬小麦季长期不同耕作方式(常规翻耕、免耕和深松)和秸秆处理(秸秆还田和无秸秆还田)对夏玉米田土壤呼吸及微生物活性的影响.结果表明:秸秆还田和保护性耕作主要在O～ 10 cm土层起作用.秸秆还田能明显提高土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物活性,降低呼吸熵,在苗期和开花期提高土壤呼吸,而在灌浆期、腊熟期和收获期降低土壤呼吸;在相同秸秆处理条件下,深松和免耕比常规翻耕能显著降低土壤呼吸和呼吸熵,提高微生物生物量碳和微生物活性.整个生育期,秸秆还田结合保护性耕作能显著提高微生物生物量碳和微生物活性,降低呼吸熵,与常规翻耕无秸秆还田相比,深松秸秆还田和免耕秸秆还田0～10 cm土层微生物生物量碳平均提高了95.8％和74.3％,微生物活性提高了97.1％和74.2％.     

不同耕作措施对冬小麦-夏玉米复种连作系统土壤有机碳和水分利用效率的影响

在连续8年田间定位试验的基础上,分析了关中平原冬小麦 夏玉米复种连作系统2008—2009年连续两个生长季期间不同耕作措施(结合秸秆还田和不还田)对土壤有机碳和水分利用率的影响.结果表明: 相对于传统耕作,保护性耕作有利于土壤有机碳、水分利用效率和作物产量的提高,其中在“深松+秸秆还田”耕作模式下的增幅最高,土壤有机碳含量在0～30 cm土层增幅达到19.5%,水分利用效率和作物产量提高了16.9%和20.5%,而免耕模式则有效提高了0～10 cm土层有机碳含量.在该地区土壤和气候条件下,深松结合秸秆粉碎还田是最理想的耕作模式,最有利于土壤有机碳累积,并提高水分利用效率和作物产量.     

豫南雨养区小麦-玉米周年不同耕作模式生态价值评估

以豫南雨养农业区小麦-玉米周年耕作模式为研究对象,以2007—2014年连续7年的大田定位试验数据为基础资料,利用货币归一化方法,对不同耕作模式农田生态系统服务功能价值进行估算。试验处理为两季秸秆均不还田的传统翻耕、不覆盖/不深松+覆盖/免耕、覆盖/不深松+不覆盖/免耕、不覆盖/深松+不覆盖/免耕、覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕及不覆盖/不深松+还田/旋耕6个模式。主要估算了各模式的农产品服务价值、积累有机质功能价值、养分积累和循环功能价值、涵养水分功能价值和调节大气功能价值。结果表明,覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕的农田生态系统各项服务价值均最高,总价值也最高,达到49326元·hm-2,其次是传统翻耕模式为45345元·hm-2,然后依次是不覆盖/深松+不覆盖/免耕、不覆盖/不深松+覆盖/免耕、覆盖/不深松+不覆盖/免耕,不覆盖/不深松+还田/旋耕模式最低,只有41440元·hm-2。两季秸秆覆盖还田+深松+免耕播种模式生态服务总价值分别比其他模式依次高8.78%、9.67%、13.46%、13.57%、19.03%,均达显著或极显著水平。说明两季秸秆粉碎覆盖还田、小麦免耕播种结合玉米季深松模式,适合豫南雨养农业区的区域生态气候特点和生产实际,适宜推广应用。     

不同耕作方式对内蒙古旱作农田土壤性状及作物产量的影响

2005—2008年在内蒙古清水河县进行了定位试验,研究了不同耕作方式下土壤微生物量及土壤营养指标、作物产量的年际变化。结果表明:免耕有利于提高土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量,2007和2008年不同耕作方式0～10cm土层土壤微生物量均表现为免耕留高茬覆盖>免耕留低茬覆盖>免耕留高茬>免耕留低茬>传统耕作;免耕有利于提高土壤有机质和土壤养分含量,2007和2008年不同耕作方式0～10cm土层土壤有机质和养分含量均表现为免耕留高茬覆盖>免耕留低茬覆盖>免耕留高茬>免耕留低茬>传统耕作,实施免耕的前3年,玉米产量不稳定,甚至造成玉米减产,第4年免耕增产效应有所显现;不同保护性方式下土壤指标与玉米产量之间的相关度较好,通径分析得知土壤全氮、全磷、速效磷及微生物量碳对玉米产量起直接作用,其中尤以土壤微生物量碳的作用最大;免耕有利于改善内蒙古农田旱作区的土壤生态环境,提高土壤肥力。     

保护性耕作对陇东黄土高原轮作田杂草的影响

以陇东黄土高原旱地连续12年保护性耕作为基础,通过田间取样调查,研究了4种耕作措施下冬小麦-箭筈豌豆-玉米轮作田中杂草的组成和群落特征.结果表明： 不同作物生长期的杂草种类、密度和群落特征各异.免耕使冬小麦生长期杂草密度显著增大,轮作箭筈豌豆后免耕处理的杂草密度变小;秸秆覆盖显著降低了玉米生长期的杂草密度,玉米生长期免耕+秸秆覆盖处理的杂草密度最低.冬小麦和箭筈豌豆轮作前后杂草的群落多样性特征完全相反,从冬小麦生长期到箭筈豌豆生长期,免耕处理杂草群落的多样性指数先高于常规耕作处理,后期低于常规耕作处理;玉米生长期免耕处理的多样性指数均大于其他3种处理.因此,免耕和秸秆覆盖在一些作物生长期能抑制杂草的发生和分布,3种作物轮作对杂草防治具有明显作用.     

黄淮海地区夏玉米田一年生杂草的生态经济防治阈期研究

 本文通过北京和唐山多年多点田间试验,研究了黄淮海地区夏玉米田苗后放任和免除自生一年生杂草生长的相对时间与夏玉米相对产量的函数关系,并据此导出了该区夏玉米田一年生杂草的生态经济防治阈期计算模型。结果发现,该区夏玉米田一年生杂草的生态经济防治阈期约处在夏玉米苗后总生育期的(天)第11.2—50.9%之间。该区夏玉米生长季节中只要此期田间保持无草,便可望以最小的代价和费用,最大限度地使杂草弃害扬利,从而获得较高的生态经济除草效益。     

Weed control in conventional and transgenic maize with resistance to glyphosate

The researches were conducted in order to observe the behaviour of conventional and glyphosate resistant transgenic maize to different weed control methods. In this paper, the obtained results are presented. The study was conducted in experimental years 2008-2009 in the frame of Didactical Station USAMVB Timisoara. In order to conduct this study, 4 variants cultivated with conventional maize DKC 5143 and 8 variants cultivated with transgenic maize DKC-MON88017 with resistance against Diabrotica virgifera virgifera and to glyphosate. The efficacy of weed control methods was assessed, as well as the herbicide selectivity to cultivated maize hybrid. The weed coverage degree in control plot (V2) was 304 weeds/sqm in the first year and 465 weeds/sqm in the second year. In the variants cultivated with transgenic maize the control was up to 90% much more than control percent achieved in conventional variants. Although, in order to achieve an efficient control (higher than 95%), even to transgenic maize, two glyphosate sequential treatments has to be done. The yield results were positive correlated to the different control methods. However those were affected by climatic conditions recorded in experimental years.     

Effects of tillage intensity on nitrogen dynamics and productivity in legume-based grain systems

In 1988 an experiment was established at the Rodale Institute Experimental Farm to study weed control and nitrogen (N) management in rotations with grain crops and N-fixing green manures under reduced tillage without the use of herbicides. Tillage intensities ranging from moldboard plow (MP) to continuous no-till (NT) were compared. We present results for maize production in 1994, the seventh year of the experiment. Our goal was to further investigate reduced tillage regimes that alternated no-till with different forms of primary tillage in legume-based systems. In the chisel-disc (CD) and MP treatments comparable yields were achieved under so-called organic (weeds controlled with cultivation and green manure N source) and conventional management (weeds controlled with herbicides and mineral N fertilizer applied). Weed competition in these treatments was minimal and the N status of maize plants was essentially the same regardless of the N source (fertilizer or green manure). Of the four organic no-till maize treatments, only the mixed-tillage system with cultivation for weed control (CD-NTc) produced yields comparable to conventional NT maize. The fate of vetch N as well as temporal N dynamics were largely determined by tillage intensity and the handling of the vetch residues at maize planting. Treatments with primary tillage (CD and MP) had extremely high levels of mineral N early in the season and had greater average net N-mineralization, even though N content of hairy vetch in these treatments was equal to or lower than that in treatments with mow-killed vetch. In terms of soil mineral N concentrations, the CD-NTc treatment was similar to the other mow-killed vetch/no-till maize treatments. However, N availability in this treatment was greater, probably due to more complete decomposition of green manure residues. Cultivation for weeds not only helped control weeds but also increased mineralization of the vetch residues, which in turn increased the N supply during the period of maximum N demand by the maize. Carefully designed rotations combining tillage reductions with the use of leguminous N sources can have multiple benefits, including improved timing of N availability, reduced herbicide applications, and improved soil quality in the long term. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

耕作方式对华北寒旱区燕麦田杂草群落结构的影响

为了明确不同耕作方式对燕麦田杂草群落结构及作物生产的影响,依托华北寒旱区定位10年的免耕、深松、翻耕田间试验,并设置10年免耕后翻耕和10年深松后翻耕处理,监测了2种土壤类型下燕麦田不同耕作方式的杂草总密度、优势杂草种类、杂草多样性指数和生物量以及燕麦产量.结果表明: 区域杂草群落结构以狗尾草为主;长期免耕下燕麦田不同生育期杂草密度为翻耕的2.20～5.14倍,而长期免耕或深松后翻耕处理的杂草密度与翻耕差异不显著.免耕下砂质栗钙土与壤质草甸栗钙土燕麦田的杂草Shannon多样性指数分别达0.429和0.531,免耕下杂草生物量是翻耕处理的1.35和2.26倍,而燕麦生物产量较翻耕处理减少22.3%和46.2%.表明耕作方式与土壤类型共同决定杂草群落特征.华北寒旱区长期免耕具有促进农田植物群落自然演化、容蓄多年生宿根类杂草的特征,而翻耕具有降低一年生杂草密度、灭除浅位性宿根杂草、激发深位性宿根杂草的特征;杂草多样性与作物高产性相悖演化.     

Multivariate Analysis, Description, and Ecological Interpretation of Weed Vegetation in the Summer Crop Fields of Anhui Province, China

Two surveys were conducted to investigate weed vegetation in a 153-hm^2 sampling area of summer crop fields from Anhui Province, China, through visual scoring of the level of weed infestation compared with summer crops on a seven-class scale. In total, 155 sampling sites were selected in the field based on crops, tillage, rotation systems, geographical regions, and soil types across the province. Data on weed communities and environmental factors were collected and analyzed through principal component analysis （PCA） and canonical correspondence analysis （CCA）, and the output was interpreted ecologically. Results showed that the main factors influencing the structure and distribution of weed communities in summer crop fields were the soil submersion period, latitude, and soil type and pH. The CCA indicated a significant relationship between weed dominance and soil submersion duration, latitude, and soil pH. From the result of the PCA and CCA ordination, the 155 sampling sites could be divided into three groups based on geographic and floristic composition, as well as weed abundance. The southern dry land group, which was characterized by a double-cropping system in the hilly regions of southern and central Anhui Province with a continuous summer crop and an autumn dry land crop, was dominated by Galium aparine Linn. var. tenerum （Gren. et Godr） Robb., Avenafatua L., and Veronica persica Poir. The northern dry land group, which had the same cropping system as the southern dry land group, was dominated by G. aparine var. tenerum, Galium tricorne Stokes, Descurainia sophia （L.） Schur., and Lithospermum arvense L. in the North Anhui Province, China. These two dry land groups could be combined into one large dry land group, in which the Galium weed vegetation type dominated. The third group was the paddy soil group, which was characterized by a continu- ous summer crop and double- or triple-cropping systems of rice, and prevailed in the south and central areas of Anhui Province; Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. was the dominant weed in this group. Other main weeds in this group included Malachium aquaticum （L.） Fries, Stellaria alsine Grimm, Alopecurusjaponicus Steud., and Lapsana apogonoides Maxim. Thus, the weed community distributions in this group were described as the Alopecurus weed vegetation type. The paddy soil group could be divided into two subgroups, one southern and one central paddy soil subgroup. A strategy for integrated weed management is suggested according to the weed distribution pattern. The present study serves as a good example of how a quantitative research method was used to associate a visual estimate of weed infestation with multivariate analyses, such as PCA and CCA, and how this method can be applied to the study of weed vegetation on arable land.     

Consistent plant residue removal causes decrease in minimum soil water content in a Mediterranean environment

Residue retention and no-till farming have been widely adopted to reduce erosion risk, but residue retention in particular is becoming less common due to issues with weed control, and competing markets for residue such as bioenergy production. For this reason, the impact of residue removal on soil water contents in a sandy soil in a Mediterranean-type environment was evaluated. Crop residues were removed by burning or conventional tillage annually in autumn (April or May) from 2008 until 2011. Surface residue cover and soil water contents were measured in summer (February-March) every year from 2008 until 2012, at the time of minimum soil water content (approaching air-dry). After three years of residue removal, average ground cover in the subsequent summers (2011 and 2012) decreased from 78% to 51%, and surface soil water contents decreased from 5.1% to 3.1%. Tillage also significantly decreased ground cover (from 72% to 58%) and soil water (from 4.2% to 3.9%) during the same time period. Changes in surface cover and soil water content indicate that residue removal will have implications for soil health and sustainable crop production.