虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素-Ⅰ单残基突变体R20A-HWTX-Ⅰ的化学合成与性质分析

虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素-Ⅰ(Huwentoxin-Ⅰ,HWTX-Ⅰ)是从虎纹捕鸟蛛(-Selenocosmia huwena)-的粗毒中分离出的一种多肽类神经毒素。为了探明该毒素分子中唯一的Arg残基与其生物学活性的关系,运用固相多肽合成技术和Fmoc化学直接构建了Ala取代HWTX-Ⅰ第20位Arg(R20)的突变体R20A-HWTX-Ⅰ;将合成的突变体置于含谷胱甘肽的缓冲体系中氧化复性后用反相和特殊设计的离子交换HPLC纯化,并对之进行氨基酸组成、Edman降解与质谱分析。活性测定结果表明,HWTXⅠ分子中的R20被A取代后,活性下降了92%,提示R20是与活性密切相关的重要残基。     

Thr28突变对虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素-Ⅳ钠通道活性的影响

虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素-Ⅳ(HWTX-Ⅳ)是从虎纹捕鸟蛛粗毒中分离纯化到的一种新型多肽类神经毒素,能明显抑制表达于大鼠背根神经节细胞的河豚毒素敏感型(TTX-S)钠通道.为了更好地研究该毒素的结构与功能之间的关系,采用芴甲氧羰基(Fmoc)固相多肽化学合成法合成了用谷氨酸(Glu)替代HWTX-Ⅳ第28位苏氨酸残基的突变体T28D-HWTX-Ⅳ,线性多肽合成产物经反相高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离纯化后进行谷胱甘肽氧化复性.复性产物采用基质辅助激光解析飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF/TOF MS)技术鉴定分子质量,通过全细胞膜片钳电生理技术测定其电压门控钠通道药理学活性.当第28位Thr残基被Glu取代后,突变体T28D-HWTX-Ⅳ对表达于大鼠DRG细胞膜上的TTX-S钠通道的IC50值约为362 nmol/L,对TTX-S钠通道的抑制活性比天然HWTX-Ⅳ(IC50值=30 nmol/L)下降了约12倍,显示第28位的Thr残基是HWTX-Ⅳ与TTX-S型钠通道相互作用的关键活性残基.目前的研究为进一步探索HWTX-Ⅳ的结构与功能关系及新型镇痛药物的研发奠定了基础.     

海南捕鸟蛛毒素-Ⅳ突变体的固相合成和生理活性分析

海南捕鸟蛛毒素-Ⅳ(HNTX-Ⅳ)是从我国海南捕鸟蛛粗毒中分离出的一种TTX-敏感型的钠离子通道阻断剂,由35个氨基酸残基组成,含3对二硫键.为了研究HNTX-Ⅳ结构与功能的关系,用芴甲氧羰基(Fomc)固相多肽合成方法合成了用丙氨酸(Ala)替代HNTX-Ⅳ第12位丝氨酸(Ser12)的突变体S12A-HNTX-Ⅳ和替代第29位精氨酸(Arg29)的突变体R29A-HNTX-Ⅳ.合成的突变体经谷胱甘肽法氧化复性和纯化后,分别用MALDI-TOF质谱进行分子量鉴定,用一维核磁共振波谱法分析空间结构的变化,膜片钳电生理方法分析生物学活性.结果表明,Ser12和Arg29被Ala突变后没有明显影响分子的空间结构,S12A-HNTX-Ⅳ的生物学活性与天然HNTX-Ⅳ的相近,提示Ser12与HNTX-Ⅳ的生物学活性无关或关系不大;而R29A-HNTX-Ⅳ的生物学活性下降了155倍,说明Arg29是与HNTX-Ⅳ生物学活性相关的关键残基之一.推测R29A-HNTX-Ⅳ活性的降低是由于Ala替代Arg后改变了HNTX-Ⅳ与受体作用的位点,而不是由于毒素分子整体空间结构变化所致.     

海南捕鸟蛛毒素-IV突变体的固相合成和生理活性分析

海南捕鸟蛛毒素_IV(HNTX-IV)是从我国海南捕鸟蛛粗毒中分离出的一种TTX-敏感型的钠离子通道阻断剂 ,由 35个氨基酸残基组成 ,含 3对二硫键。为了研究HNTX-IV结构与功能的关系 ,用芴甲氧羰基 (Fomc)固相多肽合成方法合成了用丙氨酸 (Ala)替代HNTX-IV第 12位丝氨酸 (Ser12 )的突变体S12A_HNTX_IV和替代第 29位精氨酸 (Arg29)的突变体R29A-HNTX-IV。合成的突变体经谷胱甘肽法氧化复性和纯化后 ,分别用MALDI-TOF质谱进行分子量鉴定 ,用一维核磁共振波谱法分析空间结构的变化 ,膜片钳电生理方法分析生物学活性。结果表明 ,Ser12和Arg29被Ala突变后没有明显影响分子的空间结构 ,S12A-HNTX-IV的生物学活性与天然HNTX-IV的相近 ,提示Ser12与HNTX-IV的生物学活性无关或关系不大 ;而R29A-HNTX-IV的生物学活性下降了155倍 ,说明Arg29是与HNTX-IV生物学活性相关的关键残基之一。推测R29A-HNTX-IV活性的降低是由于Ala替代Arg后改变了HNTX-IV与受体作用的位点,而不是由于毒素分子整体空间结构变化所致。     

虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素-Ⅰ-(HWTX-Ⅰ)28肽类似物的化学合成与活性鉴定

虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素-(huwentoxin-,HWTX-)是从我国虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素中分离纯化得到的一种多肽类神经毒素.该多肽分子由33个氨基酸残基组成,含三对二硫键.其一级结构和三级结构均已测定.弄清该毒素的活性部位,是研究其结构功能关系的基础.用固相Fmoc化学合成的方法,合成了虎纹捕鸟蛛-的28肽类似物.该突变体去掉了天然毒素分子N端的Alal和C端的Lys30-Trp31-Lys32-Leu33共5个残基.用氧化还原型谷胱甘肽法完成二硫键配对,并用HPLC进行纯化,所得突变体与天然HWTX-的紫外光谱相似.质谱鉴定确认合成产物正确,分子量为3124,浓度为1×10-5g/ml的突变体能可逆阻断小白鼠膈神经-膈肌的接头传递,阻断时间为60～70min.与天然毒素比较,活性有所下降.结果说明HWTX-的N端、C端残基对其生物活性有一定影响,但不是位于活性中心的重要残基.由结果推测,虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素-的活性中心位于该分子中连接β-折叠的回环区     

毕赤酵母表达HWTX-Ⅰ的不均一性分析

为了寻找毕赤酵母表达虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素-Ⅰ(HWTX-Ⅰ)时产生不均一性表达产物的原因,应用阳离子交换层析、反相HPLC、Tricine SDS-PAGE电泳、质谱等技术,对基因工程菌Pichia pastorisGS115/HWTX-Ⅰ表达的不均一产物进行了分离、纯化和鉴定,并对不均一产物的N端和C端进行测序,结果表明表达产物的不均一性主要体现在重组HWTX-Ⅰ的N端信号肽加工的不完全以及C末端的内部降解。生物学活性分析表明该不均一产物的活性仅为天然HWTX-Ⅰ活性的30%。同时,对如何避免不均一性表达产物的产生提出了相应的对策。     

葡萄球菌B型肠毒素突变体SEB(Y89A,C93S,Y94A)对小鼠的免疫保护作用

目的:评价葡萄球菌B型肠毒素(SEB)突变体SEB(Y89A,C93S,Y94A)作为超抗原疫苗候选分子对小鼠的免疫保护作用。方法:制备具有一定纯度和活性的突变体蛋白SEB(Y89A,C93S,Y94A)样品,灭活后免疫BALB/c小鼠,待小鼠抗体水平上升后,再以野生型SEB(wt-SEB)攻击用D-半乳糖胺致敏的BALB/c小鼠,评价该突变体蛋白的免疫保护作用。结果:突变体蛋白SEB(Y89A,C93S,Y94A)在重组大肠杆菌DH5α中得到表达,主要以包涵体形式存在,经变性、复性、SephacrylS200凝胶过滤,制备成较高纯度(95%)的、具有与wt-SEB相同抗原性的突变体蛋白样品,甲醛灭活后免疫BALB/c小鼠至4周,ELISA法测定小鼠抗体效价水平可达106;进而以wt-SEB攻毒,在达8倍LD50的攻击下,阴性对照小鼠在24h内全部死亡,而SEB(Y89A,C93S,Y94A)组与wt-SEB组小鼠至48h仍有存活。结论:突变体蛋白的保护效果与wt-SEB相类似,有望成为SEB减毒疫苗候选分子。     

虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素-Ⅰ cDNA克隆及序列

 从中国珍稀毒蛛种虎纹捕鸟蛛 (Selenocosmia huwena)毒腺中分离纯化的虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素 - (Huwentoxin ,HWTX- ) ,其一级结构、二级结构和溶液构象均已阐明 ,生理功能实验已证实 HWTX- 是一种作用于突触前膜的神经毒素和高阈值钙通道抑制剂 .为深入开展对 HWTX- 的应用研究 ,根据 HWTX- 多肽氨基酸序列 ,设计其 N-端、C-端和中间段 3组简并引物 (引物 、引物 和引物 ) .从虎纹捕鸟蛛毒腺提取制备 m RNA,逆转录合成 c DNA.以引物 和引物 为引物 ,采用 PCR方法对虎纹捕鸟蛛毒腺总 c DNA进行简并引物扩增 ,得到两条相对特异性的 DNA片段 ,产物直接与 PCR克隆载体 p UC- T连接 .重组子经原引物再次 PCR扩增和同位素标记引物 进行 Southern分子杂交鉴定 .对 4个重组子测序结果表明 ,有 1个重组子所对应的氨基酸顺序与 HWTX- 一致 ,Gen Bank数据检索说明 HWTX- c DNA编码序列确实是一个从未报道的序列 .本研究结果为 HWTX- 在真核细胞表达 ,大量获取蜘蛛毒素组分奠定了基础 .     

Arg26和Lys27突变对海南捕鸟蛛毒素-Ⅳ生物活性影响

海南捕鸟蛛毒素Ⅳ(hainantoxin-Ⅳ,HNTX-Ⅳ)是一种新型的从海南捕鸟蛛粗毒中分离纯化的作用于河豚毒素敏感型(tetrodotoxinsensitive,TTXS)钠通道阻断剂.采用2D1HNMR技术解析HNTXⅣ的空间结构为胱氨酸抑制剂结模体,为进一步阐述HNTX-Ⅳ结构与功能的关系,应用固相Fmoc方法化学合成了用丙氨酸代替海南捕鸟蛛毒素Ⅳ第26位精氨酸的单残基突变体R26AHNTXⅣ和第27位赖氨酸的单残基突变体K27AHNTXⅣ.合成的突变体用谷胱甘肽法氧化复性并通过反相高效液相色谱(RPHPLC)纯化.通过MALDITOF质谱测定突变体的分子量.通过核磁共振谱仪测定突变体的空间结构.通过全细胞膜片钳实验比较天然HNTX-Ⅳ(nHNTX-Ⅳ)和两个突变体分子的生物学活性.结果发现,nHNTX-Ⅳ的R26或K27被突变后的空间结构没有发生明显变化.R26AHNTX-Ⅳ能明显抑制TTXS钠电流,K27AHNTX-Ⅳ对TTXS钠电流无明显影响.说明第26位的精氨酸与HNTX-Ⅳ的生物学活性无关,而第27位赖氨酸则是HNTX-Ⅳ的关键残基.     

GDNF缺失突变体的设计及其结构与功能关系(英文)

研究了GDNF结构与功能的关系 .基于鼠源GDNF的晶体结构 ,利用计算机SGIIndigo2(R4 4 0 0 )工作站和InsightⅡ (95.5)蛋白质分析软件模拟了人GDNF三维结构 ,设计了GDNF分子的两个缺失突变体ΔN1 2 8和ΔN78 90 .以野生型GDNFcDNA作为模板 ,用PCR法得到编码缺失突变体的DNA片段 .将大肠杆菌作为表达系统 ,使缺失突变体GDNF在大肠杆菌中表达 ,对表达产物纯化和复性后进行生物活性测定 .两株突变体在大肠肝菌中获得了高效表达 ,纯化后的GDNF突变体ΔN1 2 8可以与存在于KG 1a细胞表面的受体结合 ,但不能促进 8日龄鸡胚背根节突起的生长 .突变体ΔN78 90既不能与受体结合 ,同时也失去了促背根节突起生长的功能 .说明GDNF分子的N端氨基酸对分子的生物学活性很重要 ,但对分子与受体GDNFR α的结合并不是必需的 ,而分子中的螺旋区对分子与受体的结合以及生物学活性都必不可少 .     

化学合成虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素-I基因的克隆和表达

本文报道了全化学合成虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素－Ⅰ基因在大肠杆菌中的表达,表达产物为Ｎ－端是谷胱甘肽硫转移酶的融合蛋白．经ＧＳＨ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ４Ｂ亲和层析纯化,凝血酶酶解融合蛋白,得到重组ＨＷＴＸ－Ⅰ（ｒＨＷＴＸ－Ⅰ）．质谱和氨基酸顺序分析均表明ｒＨＷＴＸ－Ⅰ系正确表达产物．还原复性的ｒＨＷＴＸ－Ⅰ表现出与天然ＨＷＴＸ－Ⅰ生物学活性的一致性．     

The roles of Tyr391 and Tyr619 in RB69 DNA polymerase replication fidelity

In the family-B DNA polymerase of bacteriophage RB69, the conserved aromatic palm-subdomain residues Tyr391 and Tyr619 interact with the last primer-template base-pair. Tyr619 interacts via a water-mediated hydrogen bond with the phosphate of the terminal primer nucleotide. The main-chain amide of Tyr391 interacts with the corresponding template nucleotide. A hydrogen bond has been postulated between Tyr391 and the hydroxyl group of Tyr567, a residue that plays a key role in base discrimination. This hydrogen bond may be crucial for forcing an infrequent Tyr567 rotamer conformation and, when the bond is removed, may influence fidelity. We investigated the roles of these residues in replication fidelity in vivo employing phage T4 rII reversion assays and an rI forward assay. Tyr391 was replaced by Phe, Met and Ala, and Tyr619 by Phe. The Y391A mutant, reported previously to decrease polymerase affinity for incoming nucleotides, was unable to support DNA replication in vivo, so we used an in vitro fidelity assay. Tyr391F/M replacements affect fidelity only slightly, implying that the bond with Tyr567 is not essential for fidelity. The Y391A enzyme has no mutator phenotype in vitro. The Y619F mutant displays a complex profile of impacts on fidelity but has almost the same mutational spectrum as the parental enzyme. The Y619F mutant displays reduced DNA binding, processivity, and exonuclease activity on single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA substrates. The Y619F substitution would disrupt the hydrogen bond network at the primer terminus and may affect the alignment of the 3' primer terminus at the polymerase active site, slowing chemistry and overall DNA synthesis.     

Specific characterization of substrate and inhibitor binding sites of a glycosyl hydrolase family 11 xylanase from Aspergillus niger

The importance of aromatic and charged residues at the surface of the active site of a family 11 xylanase from Aspergillus niger was evaluated using site-directed mutagenesis. Ten mutant proteins were heterologously produced in Pichia pastoris, and their biochemical properties and kinetic parameters were determined. The specific activity of the Y6A, Y10A, Y89A, Y164A, and W172A mutant enzymes was drastically reduced. The low specific activities of Y6A and Y89A were entirely accounted for by a change in k(cat) and K(m), respectively, whereas the lower values of Y10A, Y164A, and W172A were due to a combination of increased K(m) and decreased k(cat). Tyr(6), Tyr(10), Tyr(89), Tyr(164), and Trp(172) are proposed as substrate-binding residues, a finding consistent with structural sequence alignments of family 11 xylanases and with the three-dimensional structure of the A. niger xylanase in complex with the modeled xylobiose. All other variants, D113A, D113N, N117A, E118A, and E118Q, retained full wild-type activity. Only N117A lost its sensitivity to xylanase inhibitor protein I (XIP-I), a protein inhibitor isolated from wheat, and this mutation did not affect the fold of the xylanase as revealed by circular dichroism. The N117A variant showed kinetics, pH stability, hydrolysis products pattern, substrate specificity, and structural properties identical to that of the wild-type xylanase. The loss of inhibition, as measured in activity assays, was due to abolition of the interaction between XIP-I and the mutant enzyme, as demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance and electrophoretic titration. A close inspection of the three-dimensional structure of A. niger xylanase suggests that the binding site of XIP-I is located at the conserved "thumb" hairpin loop of family 11 xylanases.     

Roles of aromatic residues in the structure and biological activity of the small cytokine,growth-blocking peptide (GBP)

Growth-blocking peptide (GBP) is a small (25 amino acids) insect cytokine with a variety of functions: controlling the larval development of lepidopteran insects, acting as a mitogen for various types of cultured cells, and stimulating insect blood cells. The aromatic residues of GBP (Phe-3, Tyr-11, and Phe-23) are highly conserved in the ENF peptide family found in lepidopteran insects. We investigated the relationship between the biological activities and structural properties of a series of GBP mutants, in which each of the three aromatic residues is replaced by a different residue. The results of the hemocytes-stimulating assays of GBP mutants indicated that Phe-3 is the key residue in this activity: Ala or Tyr replacement resulted in significant loss of the activity, but Leu replacement did not. The replacements of other aromatic residues hardly affected the activity. On the other hand, NMR analysis of the mutants suggested that Tyr-11 is a key residue for maintaining the core structure of GBP. Surprisingly, the Y11A mutant maintained its biological activity, although its native-like secondary structure was disordered. Detailed analyses of the (15)N-labeled Y11A mutant by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy showed that the native-like beta-sheet structure of Y11A was induced by the addition of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. The results suggest that Y11A has a tendency to form a native-like structure, and this property may give the Y11A mutant native-like activity.     

Peroxide-induced radical formation at TYR385 and TYR504 in human PGHS-1

Prostaglandin H synthase isoforms 1 and -2 (PGHS-1 and -2) react with peroxide to form a radical on Tyr385 that initiates the cyclooxygenase catalysis. The tyrosyl radical EPR signals of PGHS-1 and -2 change over time and are altered by cyclooxygenase inhibitor binding. We characterized the tyrosyl radical dynamics using wild type human PGHS-1 (hPGHS-1) and its Y504F, Y385F, and Y385F/Y504F mutants to determine whether the radical EPR signal changes involve Tyr504 radical formation, Tyr385 radical phenyl ring rotation, or both. Reaction of hPGHS-1 with peroxide produced a wide singlet, whereas its Y504F mutant produced only a wide doublet signal, assigned to the Tyr385 radical. The cyclooxygenase specific activity and K_M value for arachidonate of hPGHS-1 were not affected by the Y504F mutation, but the peroxidase specific activity and the K_M value for peroxide were increased. The Y385F and Y385F/Y504F mutants retained only a small fraction of the peroxidase activity; the former had a much-reduced yield of peroxide-induced radical and the latter essentially none. After binding of indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, hPGHS-1 produced a narrow singlet but the Y504F mutant did not form a tyrosyl radical. These results indicate that peroxide-induced radicals form on Tyr385 and Tyr504 of hPGHS-1, with radical primarily on Tyr504 in the wild type protein; indomethacin binding prevented radical formation on Tyr385 but allowed radical formation on Tyr504. Thus, hPGHS-1 and -2 have different distributions of peroxide-derived radical between Tyr385 and Tyr504. Y504F mutants in both hPGHS-1 and -2 significantly decreased the cyclooxygenase activation efficiency, indicating that formation of the Tyr504 radical is functionally important for both isoforms.     

Role of Tyr348 in Tyr385 radical dynamics and cyclooxygenase inhibitor interactions in prostaglandin H synthase-2

Both prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) isoforms utilize a radical at Tyr385 to abstract a hydrogen atom from arachidonic acid, initializing prostaglandin synthesis. A Tyr348-Tyr385 hydrogen bond appears to be conserved in both isoforms; this hydrogen bonding has the potential to modulate the positioning and reactivity of the Tyr385 side chain. The EPR signal from the Tyr385 radical undergoes a time-dependent transition from a wide doublet to a wide singlet species in both isoforms. In PGHS-2, this transition results from radical migration from Tyr385 to Tyr504. Localization of the radical to Tyr385 in the recombinant human PGHS-2 Y504F mutant was exploited in examining the effects of blocking Tyr385 hydrogen bonding by introduction of a further Y348F mutation. Cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activities were found to be maintained in the Y348F/Y504F mutant, but the Tyr385 radical was formed more slowly and had greater rotational freedom, as evidenced by observation of a transition from an initial wide doublet species to a narrow singlet species, a transition not seen in the parent Y504F mutant. The effect of disrupting Tyr385 hydrogen bonding on the cyclooxygenase active site structure was probed by examination of cyclooxygenase inhibitor kinetics. Aspirin treatment eliminated all oxygenase activity in the Y348F/Y504F double mutant, with no indication of the lipoxygenase activity observed in aspirin-treated wild-type PGHS-2. Introduction of the Y348F mutation also strengthened the time-dependent inhibitory action of nimesulide. These results suggest that removal of Tyr348-Tyr385 hydrogen bonding in PGHS-2 allows greater conformational flexibility in the cyclooxygenase active site, resulting in altered interactions with inhibitors and altered Tyr385 radical behavior.     

Studies of the type I cellular retinoic acid-binding protein mutants and their biological activities

We have mutated the type I cellular retinoic acid binding protein (CRABP-I), individually at the Arg131 (into Ala) and the Tyr 133 (into Phe) residues which have been predicted to make direct contact with retinoic acid (RA) based upon previous structural studies. The RA-binding affinities of these mutants are examined and their biological effects on RA induction of reporter genes are determined. The R131A mutation drastically affects its ligand-binding property, but the Y133F mutation has little effect. By using an RA-inducible reporter, it is found that the wild type CRABP-I exerts biphasic effects on RA induction of the reporter. The early (at 12 h) effect is to enhance RA induction, whereas the delayed (at 24 h) effect is to suppress RA induction. In consistence with their RA binding property, the R 131A mutant loses both its early and delayed biological activities, whereas the Y133F mutant remains as effective as the wild type. It is concluded that CRABP-I over-expression exerts biphasic effects on RA-mediated gene expression, and that Arg131, but not Tyr 133, is essential for a high RA-binding affinity of this protein as well as its biological activity.