赤红壤地区森林土壤球囊霉素相关蛋白测定方法

球囊霉素是丛枝菌根真菌菌丝产生的一种糖蛋白,被证明具有改善土壤结构、固定土壤中重金属、保护有机碳等重要的生态功能。球囊霉素目前尚无法纯化,一般通过测定球囊霉素相关蛋白(GRSP)来对其定量。由于GRSP测定方法的非专一性,目前尚无适宜于各种陆地生态系统的标准测定方法。本文针对GRSP测定结果可能受到提取时间、离心力以及测定前再次离心时离心力的大小等因素的影响,设置对比试验,对亚热带赤红壤地区土壤GRSP提取测定,以期获取适合于该地区的GRSP测定方法。结果表明:当提取时离心时间为10 min,10000×g的离心力提取的易提取GRSP(EE-GRSP)是5000×g提取的1.15~1.82倍,但离心力大小对总GRSP(T-GRSP)影响不显著;当提取时离心力为5000×g时,离心时间由10 min延长至15 min能够显著提高EE-GRSP含量;测定之前对上清液再次离心,若使用较大的离心力(≥10000×g),将显著影响GRSP测定值;经过6次连续提取,能够提取T-GRSP理论最大含量的97.7%~99.8%;因此,在亚热带酸性赤红壤森林生态系统中,GRSP的提取建议采用10000×g 10 min的离心力和离心时间组合,测定前对上清液再次离心时,应以≥10000×g的离心力为宜,研究结果为该地区GRSP的标准化测定提供了理论依据。     

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白的分布及环境功能研究进展

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(GRSP)是由丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)在土壤中产生的一种糖蛋白,其在土壤中大量存在,可分为总球囊霉素、易提取球囊霉素、免疫反应性总球囊霉素、免疫反应性易提取球囊霉素.土地利用方式、施肥条件、AMF及宿主类型、外界环境条件等均会影响土壤中GRSP的含量及分布.GRSP能改善土壤团聚体的水稳定性、降低陆地生态系统土壤中CO₂排放、促进土壤中碳贮存、降低土壤中重金属的有效性、减弱重金属的植物毒害.GRSP的提取及定量表征技术仍是限制人们深入了解其在土壤中分布及环境功能的瓶颈.今后有关GRSP的研究应重视以蛋白及其编码该蛋白的基因为基础,阐释GRSP在土壤生态系统中的分子生物学作用及机制,以及GRSP对土壤中有机污染物环境行为的影响.     

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白的分布及环境功能研究进展

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(GRSP)是由丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)在土壤中产生的一种糖蛋白,其在土壤中大量存在,可分为总球囊霉素、易提取球囊霉素、免疫反应性总球囊霉素、免疫反应性易提取球囊霉素.土地利用方式、施肥条件、AMF及宿主类型、外界环境条件等均会影响土壤中GRSP的含量及分布.GRSP能改善土壤团聚体的水稳定性、降低陆地生态系统土壤中CO_2排放、促进土壤中碳贮存、降低土壤中重金属的有效性、减弱重金属的植物毒害.GRSP的提取及定量表征技术仍是限制人们深入了解其在土壤中分布及环境功能的瓶颈.今后有关GRSP的研究应重视以蛋白及其编码该蛋白的基因为基础,阐释GRSP在土壤生态系统中的分子生物学作用及机制,以及GRSP对土壤中有机污染物环境行为的影响.     

松嫩平原农业区土壤理化性质与真菌代谢产物——球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白的关系

对不同土壤深度的真菌特征代谢产物球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(glomalin-related soil protein,GRSP)与土壤理化性质相关关系的研究,有助于揭示土壤真菌在不同土壤深度对养分的调节作用。本研究在松嫩平原农田5个土层(0~100 cm)采集360个土样,分析了易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(EE-GRSP)、总提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(T-GRSP)含量和11个土壤理化性质指标及其相关关系。结果表明:表层EE-GRSP和T-GRSP平均含量为0.74和6.0 mg·g-1,随土层加深均呈显著下降趋势;深层土壤养分储量较大,有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾储量在深层(40~100 cm)占总储量的41.2%~62.8%;土壤p H、容重、含水量和电导率也表现了明显的垂直变化规律;各理化性质在不同土层与GRSP的相关关系不同,有机碳在全部深度与GRSP均有显著的相关关系,而p H与GRSP均在20~100 cm深度有极显著的相关性(P0.01),且与EE-GRSP、T-GRSP显著相关的理化性质指标分别在60~80、20~60 cm最多,在表层最少;GRSP在深层土壤与各指标的相关性与表层不同,可能会影响GRSP对不同土壤深度养分的调节功能;鉴于深层土壤中GRSP与养分显著相关,本研究提出,种植与土壤真菌具有共生关系的深根性植物是对富集养分的深层土壤进行生物修复的有效方法。     

森林植物多样性、树种重要值与土壤理化性质对球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白的影响

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(glomalin-related soil protein, GRSP)在土壤物理结构调节和土壤碳库稳定性中发挥着重要作用,但植物多样性和优势种如何影响GRSP还缺乏系统性研究。本研究依托东北林业大学哈尔滨实验林场的72块样地, 对1 m深土壤剖面分5层采样, 测定土壤易提取球囊霉素(easily extractable GRSP, EEG)、总提取球囊霉素(total GRSP, TG)及土壤理化性质, 并同时计算植物多样性指数及优势种重要值(importance value, IV), 进一步通过相关分析和冗余排序分析判断影响GRSP的主要因素与贡献。结果表明: (1)在整个土壤剖面上均表现为TG和EEG与土壤有机碳(SOC)正相关, 在部分土层深度与全氮(total nitrogen, TN)和含水量(moisture content, MC)正相关, 而与电导率(electrical conductivity, EC)和pH值负相关。(2)部分土层TG和EEG与黑皮油松(Pinus tabuliformis var. mukdensis)、樟子松(P. sylvestris var. mongolica)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)、黄檗(Phellodendron amurense)、榆树(Ulmus pumila)优势种重要值显著相关, 表现为黑皮油松重要值越高, 而黄檗、榆树重要值越小, 越有利于EEG的积累, 并且伴随EEG-C/SOC (EEG中C占SOC比例)增加、EEG/TG增大; 群落中胡桃楸、黄檗、榆树更有利于TG积累, 黑皮油松、落叶松(Larix gmelinii)、樟子松不利于TG的积累。(3)植物Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、物种丰富度与EEG、TG、EEG/TG无显著相关性, 而与EEG-C/SOC、EEG-N/TN (EEG中N占TN的比例)、TG-C/SOC (TG中C占SOC比例)、TG-N/TN (TG中N占TN的比例)显著负相关; 土壤EEG/TG和EEG-N/TN与植物均匀度指数显著正相关, 在1 m土壤不同土层趋势类似。(4)方差分解分析表明: 生物因子对GRSP变化的解释率是20.2%, 土壤理化因子解释率为7.8%, 而生物因子中植物优势种重要值的解释率最大(16.4%), 而植物物种多样性指数解释率仅为0.4%。冗余排序发现常绿针叶树种(黑皮油松和樟子松)越多且阔叶树种越少时, GRSP含量和GRSP对土壤碳氮的贡献越高(P < 0.01), 其机制可能与树种菌根类型有关: 外生菌根树种重要值与TG显著负相关, 丛枝菌根树种重要值与TG显著正相关。本研究解析了植物物种多样性对GRSP含量的重要影响, 并强调未来土壤管理和评估可以通过调整优势物种而不是树种多样性来促进GRSP积累。     

南亚热带森林丛枝菌根真菌与土壤结构的关系

研究了南亚热带不同演替阶段森林土壤理化性质、团聚体组成、微生物群落结构以及球囊霉素相关蛋白(GRSP)含量,探讨丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与土壤结构的关系。结果表明: 1)南亚热带森林土壤养分、大团聚体(粒径>2000 μm)含量、平均重量直径(MWD)、AMF 生物量以及GRSP 含量均随演替而增加。2)不同演替阶段森林土壤团聚体组成的差异主要发生在10—20 cm 土层, 该土层总GRSP 含量、易提取GRSP 占比、AMF 生物量、土壤有机碳(SOC)含量与其MWD具有显著正相关性。3)相关性分析表明, 在南亚热带森林, AMF 生物量与其总GRSP 含量、易提取GRSP 占比、土壤微生物量、SOC 含量具有显著正相关性; 总GRSP 含量、易提取GRSP 占比、AMF 生物量、土壤微生物量、SOC 含 量与其大团聚体含量、MWD 具有显著正相关性, 而与其中、小型团聚体含量具有显著负相关性。以上研究结果表明,AMF 能够通过分泌GRSP、改变土壤微生物群落、促进土壤碳固持等措施影响南亚热带森林土壤结构稳定性。     

落叶松人工林球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白与土壤理化性质空间差异特性

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(glomalin-related soil protein,GRSP)对土壤生产力的提高具有重要意义,已逐渐成为当前土壤养分研究的热点,然而GRSP与土壤理化性质之间空间相互关系则鲜见报道。本文以东北小兴安岭余脉老山、帽儿山、东山、大青川人工落叶松林土壤GRSP为研究对象,利用多变量协方差及共线性对土壤(0~80 cm)中GRSP与有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾等12个土壤理化因子之间的空间差异特性进行分析。结果表明:(1)土层深度是造成GRSP含量及土壤各理化因子差异的因素之一;(2)逐步回归方法分别反映出EE-GRSP协同贡献最大因子为有机碳(β=0.312),而T-GRSP协同贡献最大因子为全磷(β=0.376),而容重则是两者共有的负相关因子(β=-0.229,-0.212);(3)GRSP垂直分布与土壤各理化因子的共线性分析中发现,GRSP与土壤全磷之间存在显著共线性(P0.05)。本研究表明,GRSP与土壤理化性质之间存在显著空间异质性,充分印证了GRSP在土壤养分运输及可持续利用的重要作用,并且筛选出影响GRSP含量及与其生态功能相关土壤因子,为土壤质量及功能评价提供依据。     

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白与根系形态的相关性研究

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(GRSP)是丛枝菌根(AM)真菌菌丝分泌的糖蛋白,能够促进土壤团聚体的形成。多种因素影响GRSP的产量,植物根系形态是否通过碳素竞争机制影响GRSP产量目前尚不清楚。以Glomus mosseae的两个生态型菌株和红三叶草Trifolium repense为试材,通过砂培试验探讨宿主的根系形态与GRSP产量的相关性。发现接种AM真菌导致宿主细根的比例降低,粗根的比例增加,但对总根长和根表面积没有影响;侵染率和菌丝长度随着时间的延长而增加,菌株之间存在显著差异;接种AM真菌导致GRSP产量显著提高;GRSP产量与根系形态没有显著的相关性,但是与侵染率和菌丝长度显著相关。结果表明,尽管宿主根系形态建成和AM真菌都对碳素具有竞争关系,但是前者并没有抑制GRSP的形成,可能存在根系碳素分配的自调控机制。     

模拟氮沉降对杉木丛枝菌根真菌侵染率和球囊霉素的影响

杉木是我国南方重要的速生用材树种,同时南方面临着日益增强的大气氮沉降。尽管有大量的研究探索了氮沉降对杉木林的影响,但关于氮沉降对杉木与丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）共生关系影响的研究则较少报道。以10年生杉木为研究对象,模拟了不同氮沉降水平（N3：3 g N m^-2a^-1,N6：6 g N m^-2a^-1和Control：0 g N m^-2a^-1）对AMF侵染率和球囊霉素的影响。结果显示：在冬季,与对照相比,N3处理显著增加了AMF侵染率,N6处理显著增加易提取球囊霉素的含量,而氮沉降对总球囊霉素含量无显著影响。在春季,与对照相比,N3处理显著增加AMF侵染率,但是显著降低了易提取球囊霉素的含量。N6处理显著增加总球囊霉素的含量,但显著降低易提取球囊霉素的含量。相同氮添加情况下,春季的AMF侵染率显著低于冬季,而球囊霉素含量（易提取球囊霉素和总球囊霉素）均显著高于冬季的。土壤有效磷与AMF侵染率显著负相关,而与易提取球囊霉素和总球囊霉素含量显著正相关。侵染率与pH显著正相关,球囊霉素与pH显著负相关。本实验针对AMF侵染率和球囊霉素的含量对于氮沉降的响应做出探讨,对全面了解杉木与AMF之间的共生关系对氮沉降的响应及其机制提供了新的参考。     

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白根际环境功能研究进展

球囊霉素(glomalin)是丛枝菌根真菌产生的一种含有金属离子的耐热糖蛋白, 能够改善土壤结构, 固定土壤中的重金属, 近期被更名为球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(glomalin-related soil protein)。该文从球囊霉素的定义、性质与环境功能等方面对相关文献进行了综述, 认为目前对球囊霉素的共识仍停留在理论假设蛋白的程度上, 包括: 1)该蛋白可能是热激蛋白60 (HSP 60)的同系物; 2)该蛋白所携带的阳离子可能随着土壤性质的改变而不同。目前还没有清楚确切地定义球囊霉素的真实分子结构与理化性质。今后需从分子层面对球囊霉素予以深入研究。同时, 需要不断改进球囊霉素的提取和测定方法, 以便进一步探讨球囊霉素固定重金属离子的机理, 提高植物的重金属抗性。     

Role and Variation of the Amount and Composition of Glomalin in Soil Properties in Farmland and Adjacent Plantations with Reference to a Primary Forest in North-Eastern China

The glycoprotein known as glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) is abundantly produced on the hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil and roots. Few studies have focused on its amount, composition and associations with soil properties and possible land-use influences, although the data hints at soil rehabilitation. By choosing a primary forest soil as a non-degraded reference, it is possible to explore whether afforestation can improve degraded farmland soil by altering GRSP. In this paper, close correlations were found between various soil properties (soil organic carbon, nitrogen, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and bulk density) and the GRSP amount, between various soil properties and GRSP composition (main functional groups, fluorescent substances, and elements). Afforestation on farmland decreased the EC and bulk density (p < 0.05). The primary forest had a 2.35–2.56-fold higher GRSP amount than those in the plantation forest and farmland, and GRSP composition (tryptophan-like and fulvic acid-like fluorescence; functional groups of C–H, C–O, and O–H; elements of Al, O, Si, C, Ca, and N) in primary forest differed from those in plantation forest and farmland (p < 0.05). However, no evident differences in GRSP amount and composition were observed between the farmland and the plantation forest. Our finding highlights that 30 years poplar afforestation on degraded farmland is not enough to change GRSP-related properties. A longer period of afforestation with close-to-nature managements may favor the AMF-related underground recovery processes.     

Effects of livestock grazing intensity on soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin-related soil protein in a mountain forest steppe and a desert steppe of Mongolia

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important components of the grassland ecosystems in terms of plant phosphorus uptake and accumulation of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP). Though Mongolian grasslands are seriously degraded by livestock grazing, the effects of grazing on soil AMF and GRSP remain unclear. Here, we examined community composition and diversity of AMF as well as amount of GRSP at three different grazing intensities: lightly grazed (LG), moderately grazed (MG), and heavily grazed (HG) under two different types of grassland, mountain forest steppe at Hustai and desert steppe at Mandalgobi. The diversity and biomass of AMF-host and non-AMF plants strongly affected the overall AMF community composition and its diversity. When we separately analyzed the factors affecting soil AMF diversity at Hustai and Mandalgobi, decrease in the shoot biomass of Poaceae plants at Hustai and decreases in the species number and shoot biomass of AMF-host plants at Mandalgobi were significantly correlated with AMF diversity. GRSP decreased with increasing grazing intensity, which was significantly correlated with soil pH and total root biomass at Hustai. The decrease in plant biomass caused by grazing thus led to GRSP reduction. Our results showed that change in soil AMF community caused by livestock grazing were associated with change in the biomass and diversity of functional vegetation groups such as Poaeceae, AMF-host and non-AMF plants, indicating the importance to focus on such functional vegetation groups to evaluate the effect of grazing on AMF.

     

Faster accumulation and greater contribution of glomalin to the soil organic carbon pool than amino sugars do under tropical coastal forest restoration

Microbial metabolic products play a vital role in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality, such as soil physical structure and soil organic carbon (SOC) preservation. Afforestation is an effective strategy to restore degraded land. Glomalin-related soil proteins (GRSP) and amino sugars are regarded as stable microbial-derived C, and their distribution within soil aggregates affects soil structure stability and SOC sequestration. However, the information about how afforestation affects the microbial contribution to SOC pools within aggregates is poorly understood. We assessed the accumulation and contribution of GRSP and amino sugars within soil aggregates along a restoration chronosequence (Bare land, Eucalyptus exserta plantation, native species mixed forest, and native forest) in tropical coastal terraces. Amino sugars and GRSP concentrations increased, whereas their contributions to the SOC pool decreased along the restoration chronosequence. Although microaggregates harbored greater microbial abundances, amino sugars and GRSP concentrations were not significantly affected by aggregate sizes. Interestingly, the contributions of amino sugars and GRSP to SOC pools decreased with decreasing aggregate size which might be associated with increased accumulation of plant-derived C. However, the relative change rate of GRSP was consistently greater in all restoration chronosequences than that of amino sugars. The accumulation of GRSP and amino sugars in SOC pools was closely associated with the dynamics of soil fertility and the microbial community. Our findings suggest that GRSP accumulates faster and contributes more to SOC pools during restoration than amino sugars did which was greatly affected by aggregate sizes. Afforestation substantially enhanced soil quality with native forest comprising species sequestering more SOC than the monoculture plantation did. Such information is invaluable for improving our mechanistic understanding of microbial control over SOC preservation during degraded ecosystem restoration. Our findings also show that plantations using arbuscular mycorrhizal plants can be an effective practice to sequester more soil carbon during restoration.     

Effects of long-term fertilization on AM fungal community structure and Glomalin-related soil protein in the Loess Plateau of China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are crucial for ecosystem functioning, and thus have potential use for sustainable agriculture. In this study, we investigated the impact of organic and mineral fertilizers on the AMF community composition and content of Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) in a field experimental station which was established in 1979, in the Loess Plateau of China. Roots and soils were sampled three times during the growing period of winter wheat in 2008. The treatments including: N (inorganic N), NP (inorganic N and P), SNP (straw, inorganic N and P), M (farmyard manure), MNP (farmyard manure, inorganic N and P), and CK (no fertilization). AMF communities of root and soil samples were analyzed using PCR-DGGE, cloning and sequencing techniques; and GRSP content was determined by Bradford assay. Our results indicated that spore density, GRSP, and AMF community varied significantly in soils of long-term fertilization plots at three different wheat growing stages. The effects of wheat growing period on AMF community in roots were much more evident than fertilization regimes. However, the diversity of AMF was low in our study field. Up to five AMF phylotypes appeared in each sample, with the overwhelming dominance of a Glomus-like phylotype affiliated to G. mosseae. GRSP content was correlated positively with organic carbon, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, soil pH, and spore densities, but correlated negatively with soil C/N (P?<?0.05). The results of our study highlight that the richness of AMF in Loess Plateau agricultural region is low, and long-term fertilization, especially amendments with manure and straw, has beneficial effects on accumulation of soil organic carbon, spore density, GRSP content, and AMF diversity. Host phenology, edaphic factors (influenced by long-term fertilization), and habitats interacted to affect the AMF community and agoecosystem functioning. Additionally, soil moisture and pH make a greater contribution than other determined soil parameters to the AMF community dynamics in such a special semi-arid agroecosystem where crops rely greatly on rainfall.     

膜下滴灌不同灌水控制下限对设施土壤团聚体养分、酶活性和球囊霉素含量的影响

灌溉是设施土壤水分的主要来源,但膜下滴灌条件下设施土壤团聚体养分、酶活性和球囊霉素的分布特征等缺乏系统的研究.本文以连续6年不同灌水下限20 kPa(D₂₀)、30 kPa(D₃₀)和40 kPa(D₄₀)下的膜下滴灌设施土壤为研究对象,分析了灌水下限对土壤团聚体稳定性及其脲酶、蔗糖酶、有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和球囊霉素(GRSP)含量的差异.结果表明:不同灌水下限显著影响各粒级团聚体的分布,其中与D₂₀和D₄₀相比,D₃₀显著减少了微团聚体(<0.25 mm)含量,促进了大团聚体(>0.25 mm)的形成;且在D₃₀处理下土壤团聚体的稳定性也显著提高,表现为水稳性团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)分别比D₂₀和D₄₀提高了26.4%和13.4%.不同团聚体中的碳、氮、磷及GRSP含量也显著不同,SOC、TN、TP、GRSP含量在2～1 mm、1～0.25 mm、< 0.053 mm粒径中含量较高.总体来说,1～0.25 mm粒径团聚体SOC、TN、TP对全土的贡献率最高,分别达46.5%、53.3%、37.7%.不同团聚体中脲酶和蔗糖酶活性随粒径减少而逐渐增加,其中D₃₀和D₄₀处理显著增加了土壤团聚体酶活性,且1～0.25 mm粒径团聚体对全土酶活性的贡献率最高,分别达38.7%、41.2%.相关分析结果表明,土壤团聚体MWD与GRSP、SOC和脲酶活性之间呈显著正相关,且GRSP含量与SOC和脲酶活性也呈极显著正相关.综上,将土壤水吸力30 kPa设为灌水下限,有利于提高设施土壤团聚体稳定性,并增强团聚体对其中养分、酶活性和球囊霉素的保护作用.     

Symbiosis of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Robinia pseudoacacia L. Improves Root Tensile Strength and Soil Aggregate Stability

Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust) is a widely planted tree species on Loess Plateau for revegetation. Due to its symbiosis forming capability with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, we explored the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant biomass, root morphology, root tensile strength and soil aggregate stability in a pot experiment. We inoculated R. pseudoacacia with/without AM fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis or Glomus versiforme), and measured root colonization, plant growth, root morphological characters, root tensile force and tensile strength, and parameters for soil aggregate stability at twelve weeks after inoculation. AM fungi colonized more than 70% plant root, significantly improved plant growth. Meanwhile, AM fungi elevated root morphological parameters, root tensile force, root tensile strength, Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) content in soil, and parameters for soil aggregate stability such as water stable aggregate (WSA), mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD). Root length was highly correlated with WSA, MWD and GMD, while hyphae length was highly correlated with GRSP content. The improved R. pseudoacacia growth, root tensile strength and soil aggregate stability indicated that AM fungi could accelerate soil fixation and stabilization with R. pseudoacacia, and its function in revegetation on Loess Plateau deserves more attention.     

Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of sedges to soil aggregation along an altitudinal alpine grassland gradient on the Tibetan Plateau

The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in sedges on the Tibetan Plateau remains largely unexplored, and their contribution to soil aggregation can be important in understanding the ecological function of AMF in alpine ecosystems. Roots of Kobresia pygmaea C.B. Clarke and Carex pseudofoetida Kük. in alpine Kobresia pastures along an elevational transect (4149–5033 m) on Mount Mila were analysed for AMF diversity. A structural equation model was built to explore the contribution of biotic factors to soil aggregation. Sedges harboured abundant AMF communities covering seven families and some operational taxonomic units are habitat specific. The two plant species hosted similar AMF communities at most altitudes. The relative abundance of the two sedges contributed largely to soil macroaggregates, followed by extraradical mycorrhizal hyphae (EMH) and total glomalin‐related soil protein (T‐GRSP). The influence of plant richness was mainly due to its indirect influence on T‐GRSP and EMH. There was a strong positive correlation between GRSP and soil total carbon and nitrogen. Our results indicate that mycorrhization might not be a major trait leading to niche differentiation of the two co‐occurring sedge species. However, AMF contribute to soil aggregation and thus may have the potential to greatly influence C and N cycling in alpine grasslands.     

提取方法对土壤水同位素和植物水源分割的影响

选取理化性质不同的两种土壤(壤土与砂土),通过烘干后加入已知同位素值的矿泉水作为参考水进行标记,组成不同质量含水量(壤土: 0.15、0.20、0.30 g·g^-1;砂土:0.10 g·g^-1)的土-水混合物,随后设置不同的平衡时间(壤土: 3、6、12、24、48、72、96 h;砂土:96 h),确保干燥的土壤颗粒与加入的水分达到很好的混合;采用机械离心和真空冷凝抽提法对平衡后的土壤进行水分提取,并分析其同位素组成.结果表明: 同一含水量、不同平衡时间,机械离心法提取的土壤水同位素组成没有显著差异,但均比参考水的同位素值富集,氢、氧同位素最大差异分别可达7.38‰和1.24‰;然而,真空冷凝抽提的土壤水同位素比参考水偏贫化,氢、氧同位素最大差异分别可达6.27‰和1.03‰,且在低含水量下,其同位素组成随平衡时间(24 h以内)的增加贫化程度不断增大,24 h以后趋于稳定.随土壤含水量增大,两种提取方式对土壤水同位素的影响程度减弱;黏粒含量高的壤土水同位素值比黏粒含量低的砂土更容易受提取方式的影响.通过举例分析发现,提取方式引起的同位素组成差异并不显著影响植物水源分割.