落叶松人工林球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白与土壤理化性质空间差异特性

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(glomalin-related soil protein,GRSP)对土壤生产力的提高具有重要意义,已逐渐成为当前土壤养分研究的热点,然而GRSP与土壤理化性质之间空间相互关系则鲜见报道。本文以东北小兴安岭余脉老山、帽儿山、东山、大青川人工落叶松林土壤GRSP为研究对象,利用多变量协方差及共线性对土壤(0~80 cm)中GRSP与有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾等12个土壤理化因子之间的空间差异特性进行分析。结果表明:(1)土层深度是造成GRSP含量及土壤各理化因子差异的因素之一;(2)逐步回归方法分别反映出EE-GRSP协同贡献最大因子为有机碳(β=0.312),而T-GRSP协同贡献最大因子为全磷(β=0.376),而容重则是两者共有的负相关因子(β=-0.229,-0.212);(3)GRSP垂直分布与土壤各理化因子的共线性分析中发现,GRSP与土壤全磷之间存在显著共线性(P0.05)。本研究表明,GRSP与土壤理化性质之间存在显著空间异质性,充分印证了GRSP在土壤养分运输及可持续利用的重要作用,并且筛选出影响GRSP含量及与其生态功能相关土壤因子,为土壤质量及功能评价提供依据。     

赤红壤地区森林土壤球囊霉素相关蛋白测定方法

球囊霉素是丛枝菌根真菌菌丝产生的一种糖蛋白,被证明具有改善土壤结构、固定土壤中重金属、保护有机碳等重要的生态功能。球囊霉素目前尚无法纯化,一般通过测定球囊霉素相关蛋白(GRSP)来对其定量。由于GRSP测定方法的非专一性,目前尚无适宜于各种陆地生态系统的标准测定方法。本文针对GRSP测定结果可能受到提取时间、离心力以及测定前再次离心时离心力的大小等因素的影响,设置对比试验,对亚热带赤红壤地区土壤GRSP提取测定,以期获取适合于该地区的GRSP测定方法。结果表明:当提取时离心时间为10 min,10000×g的离心力提取的易提取GRSP(EE-GRSP)是5000×g提取的1.15~1.82倍,但离心力大小对总GRSP(T-GRSP)影响不显著;当提取时离心力为5000×g时,离心时间由10 min延长至15 min能够显著提高EE-GRSP含量;测定之前对上清液再次离心,若使用较大的离心力(≥10000×g),将显著影响GRSP测定值;经过6次连续提取,能够提取T-GRSP理论最大含量的97.7%~99.8%;因此,在亚热带酸性赤红壤森林生态系统中,GRSP的提取建议采用10000×g 10 min的离心力和离心时间组合,测定前对上清液再次离心时,应以≥10000×g的离心力为宜,研究结果为该地区GRSP的标准化测定提供了理论依据。     

南亚热带森林丛枝菌根真菌与土壤结构的关系

研究了南亚热带不同演替阶段森林土壤理化性质、团聚体组成、微生物群落结构以及球囊霉素相关蛋白(GRSP)含量,探讨丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与土壤结构的关系。结果表明: 1)南亚热带森林土壤养分、大团聚体(粒径>2000 μm)含量、平均重量直径(MWD)、AMF 生物量以及GRSP 含量均随演替而增加。2)不同演替阶段森林土壤团聚体组成的差异主要发生在10—20 cm 土层, 该土层总GRSP 含量、易提取GRSP 占比、AMF 生物量、土壤有机碳(SOC)含量与其MWD具有显著正相关性。3)相关性分析表明, 在南亚热带森林, AMF 生物量与其总GRSP 含量、易提取GRSP 占比、土壤微生物量、SOC 含量具有显著正相关性; 总GRSP 含量、易提取GRSP 占比、AMF 生物量、土壤微生物量、SOC 含 量与其大团聚体含量、MWD 具有显著正相关性, 而与其中、小型团聚体含量具有显著负相关性。以上研究结果表明,AMF 能够通过分泌GRSP、改变土壤微生物群落、促进土壤碳固持等措施影响南亚热带森林土壤结构稳定性。     

荒漠草原典型群落土壤粒径和养分的分布特征及其关系研究

为了明确荒漠草原区土壤机械组成与养分的关系,以宁夏盐池荒漠草原4种典型群落为研究对象,通过对不同群落(柠条、沙蒿、蒙古冰草、短花针茅)表层(0~5cm)、亚表层(5~10cm)和深层(10~15cm)土壤粒径分布分形(PSD)、养分含量的动态变化分析,揭示荒漠草原区土壤结构与土壤养分的相关性。结果表明:(1)4种典型群落土壤PSD均呈正态分布,不同群落间的土壤PSD差异显著,粒径100~500μm颗粒含量对PSD影响最大,不同群落间的差异大于不同生境间或不同土层间。(2)4种典型群落除全磷(TP)外,其余土壤全肥均随土壤深度增加呈降低趋势,且冠下大于丛间,表现出荒漠草原区特殊的"肥岛"聚集效应,不同群落间分布特征均表现为:柠条短花针茅蒙古冰草沙蒿,速效养分含量相对较高,各群落均达到适宜水平。(3)土壤养分与土壤PSD显著相关,除速效磷(AP)外,其余土壤养分与土壤分形维数(D)均呈正相关关系,粒径100~250μm、250~500μm颗粒与土壤养分呈显著或极显著负相关关系,土壤中的黏粒、粉粒在有机无机胶结过程及土壤良好的结构维持中起主要作用。     

青海湖区芨芨草草原土壤养分对翻耕和补播措施的响应

为探究翻耕和补播导致高寒草原土壤养分垂直分布特征变化,以青藏高原青海湖区芨芨草(Achnather?um splendens)草原为实验对象,分析1958年翻耕和1990年补播两种不同的草地恢复措施对高寒草原土壤养分含量及分布特征(0~10,10~20,20~30,30~40,40~60 cm)的影响。结果表明:翻耕、补播措施下土壤有机碳和全钾含量均显著高于原生芨芨草样地(P<0.05),而不利于土壤全氮含量的恢复,两种扰动均有利于芨芨草草原土壤浅层(0~10 cm)速效磷、有机碳养分富集;翻耕后土壤有机碳、全氮和速效钾均随土层深度的增加而降低(P<0.05),全磷、全钾及土壤pH、容重在各土层间差异不显著。相比对照样地,补播导致各土层速效氮养分显著降低(P<0.01),但翻耕和补播扰动均使土壤全钾含量显著升高,深层土(40~60 cm)全氮(TN)含量显著降低(P<0.05);对照原生芨芨草样地,补播后土壤全氮与全磷含量出现显著正相关关系(P<0.05),而翻耕措施导致原有的速效磷与速效氮二者相关性不显著,两种措施均引起土壤养分与容重之间负相关性。翻耕、补播后土壤pH显著降低,扰动使土壤理化性质改变,以及表层速效养分汇集于浅层土壤,将加快土壤养分的周转,输出量增加促进了地上植被恢复,除全钾含量外,以上两种措施引起不同土层全量养分的恢复是一个极其缓慢过程。     

蒙古沙冬青根围AM和DSE真菌与土壤因子的相关性研究

于2012年6月对银川、沙坡头、民勤3个样地的蒙古沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)根围采集5个土层(0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40、40~50cm)的土样和根样,研究了蒙古沙冬青根际AM和DSE真菌空间分布以及土壤因子的生态作用,以阐明沙冬青与土壤真菌的共生关系,为利用共生真菌资源促进沙冬青生长和荒漠植被恢复提供依据。结果表明:(1)沙冬青根系能被AM和DSE真菌高度侵染,共生程度和生态分布具有明显空间异质性。(2)沙坡头样地AM真菌总定殖率最高,民勤DSE定殖率最高,但不同样地菌丝、泡囊、丛枝和定殖强度无显著差异;同一样地不同土层AM真菌总定殖率和DSE定殖率无显著差异。(3)相关性分析表明,AM真菌总定殖率与土壤速效P显著正相关;泡囊定殖率与有机质显著正相关,与速效P极显著正相关;定殖强度与总球囊霉素(TEG)显著正相关,与碱解N和速效K极显著正相关;DSE定殖率与易提取球囊霉素(EEG)极显著正相关,与碱解N显著正相关。(4)通径分析表明,土壤有机质、EEG和速效K是通过直接作用影响AM真菌总定殖率和DSE定殖率。     

库布齐沙漠白沙蒿根际丛枝菌根及其球囊霉素的时空异质性

为探明流动沙地先峰植物白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala)根际丛枝菌根真菌产球囊霉素时空分布, 在库布齐沙漠选设白沙蒿样地, 于春、夏和秋季分0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40和40-50 cm土层采集土壤样品, 测定其根际丛枝菌根真菌的菌丝侵染率、孢子密度、球囊霉素含量和土壤理化因子, 并系统分析了两两间的相互关系。结果表明: ①白沙蒿和丛枝菌根真菌具有良好的共生关系, 夏季和秋季的真菌菌丝侵染率略高于春季, 夏季平均为89.75%, 秋季平均达到92.37%, 两季的最大值都出现在20-30 cm土层。②白沙蒿根际丛枝菌根真菌活性有明显的空间异质性。真菌孢子密度为1.21-12.31 个·g土-1, 最大值出现在夏季的0-10 cm土层。孢子密度在不同季节有显著差异, 夏季>秋季>春季, 各季都随土层加深而递减。③白沙蒿根际土壤中总球囊霉素含量范围为0.37-1.27 mg·g-1, 易提取球囊霉素含量范围为0.19-0.81 mg·g-1, 两者在各季节最大值都出现在0-10cm土层, 呈现明显的表层土富集性。④球囊霉素与土壤中真菌孢子密度呈极显著正相关, 并和土壤养分及大多土壤酶活性呈显著正相关, 可作为评价土壤丛枝菌根真菌活性和土壤肥力的重要指标。     

荒漠油蒿根围AM真菌与球囊霉素的时空分布

2007年4月、7月和10月分别于陕西省榆林市北部沙地的油蒿(Artemisia.ordosica)根围分0～10 cm,10～20 cm,20～30 cm,30～40 cm和40～50 cm 5个土层采集土壤样品,系统研究了油蒿根围丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,简称AM)真菌和球囊霉素的时空分布及与土壤因子的相关性.结果表明,油蒿根围AM真菌总定殖率为89.54%、泡囊定殖率为26.24%,丛枝定殖率为21.08%,孢子密度为2.91～6.17个/g土,说明油蒿能与AM真菌形成良好共生关系.从土壤样品中共分离出4属21种AM真菌,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)为优势属,地球囊霉 (G.geosporum)为优势种.油蒿根围AM真菌和球囊霉素具有明显的时空异质性,并与土壤因子密切相关.菌丝定殖率随季节变换逐渐增加,泡囊定殖率和丛枝定殖率在夏季最低,春秋相对较高,与孢子密度季相变化相反.油蒿根围总球囊霉素在0～20 cm 土层含量最高,随土层深度增加而递减.易提取球囊霉素含量随土层深度增加波动较大.球囊霉素春季含量最高,夏秋含量降低.总球囊霉素和易提取球囊霉素与土壤养分、土壤酶活性、AM真菌孢子密度均有极显著相关性,二者能综合反应土壤AM真菌群落、有机C动态和养分循环进程,应作为土壤质量及功能评价的新指标进一步深入研究.     

新疆3种甘草根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌群落的多样性分析

为探究新疆地区药用甘草根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌的群落结构受宿主植物种类、土壤深度和土壤理化性质的影响,该实验采集了新疆地区乌拉尔甘草、胀果甘草、光果甘草根际0～20 cm、 20～40 cm、 40～60 cm 3个土层的土壤样品,基于Illumina Miseq高通量测序平台测定AM真菌群落结构和多样性,结合土壤理化性质,分析新疆地区药用甘草根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌与土壤因子之间的关系,以明确丛枝菌根真菌在提高栽培甘草的有效成分含量等方面的作用。结果表明:(1)实验共分离到1门1纲5目5科5属34种AM真菌,球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)为绝对优势门,优势属为球囊霉属(Glomus)和类球囊霉属(Paraglomus)。(2)类球囊霉属内的各种之间呈正相关关系,球囊霉属内的各种之间也多呈正相关关系,而类球囊霉属与球囊霉属属间各种多呈负相关关系。(3)主坐标PCOA分析显示,3种甘草之间的AM真菌群落完全分开,同种甘草在不同土壤深度之间有部分重叠;相关性热图显示,球囊霉属与土壤总磷呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),与土壤总钾(P0.001)、土壤有机质含量(P0.01)均呈极显著负相关关系;类球囊霉属与土壤总磷(P0.05)呈显著负相关关系,与土壤总钾(P0.001)、土壤总盐(P0.01)、土壤有机质含量(P0.01)均呈极显著正相关关系。研究认为,3种甘草的种间差异较为明显,2个优势属的属内处于互利共生关系,而属间处于竞争关系;土壤有机质对2个优势属具有一定影响;类球囊霉对盐的耐受性较强且多发现于胀果甘草土壤中,胀果甘草的耐盐碱能力强可能与其有关。     

森林植物多样性、树种重要值与土壤理化性质对球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白的影响

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(glomalin-related soil protein, GRSP)在土壤物理结构调节和土壤碳库稳定性中发挥着重要作用,但植物多样性和优势种如何影响GRSP还缺乏系统性研究。本研究依托东北林业大学哈尔滨实验林场的72块样地, 对1 m深土壤剖面分5层采样, 测定土壤易提取球囊霉素(easily extractable GRSP, EEG)、总提取球囊霉素(total GRSP, TG)及土壤理化性质, 并同时计算植物多样性指数及优势种重要值(importance value, IV), 进一步通过相关分析和冗余排序分析判断影响GRSP的主要因素与贡献。结果表明: (1)在整个土壤剖面上均表现为TG和EEG与土壤有机碳(SOC)正相关, 在部分土层深度与全氮(total nitrogen, TN)和含水量(moisture content, MC)正相关, 而与电导率(electrical conductivity, EC)和pH值负相关。(2)部分土层TG和EEG与黑皮油松(Pinus tabuliformis var. mukdensis)、樟子松(P. sylvestris var. mongolica)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)、黄檗(Phellodendron amurense)、榆树(Ulmus pumila)优势种重要值显著相关, 表现为黑皮油松重要值越高, 而黄檗、榆树重要值越小, 越有利于EEG的积累, 并且伴随EEG-C/SOC (EEG中C占SOC比例)增加、EEG/TG增大; 群落中胡桃楸、黄檗、榆树更有利于TG积累, 黑皮油松、落叶松(Larix gmelinii)、樟子松不利于TG的积累。(3)植物Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、物种丰富度与EEG、TG、EEG/TG无显著相关性, 而与EEG-C/SOC、EEG-N/TN (EEG中N占TN的比例)、TG-C/SOC (TG中C占SOC比例)、TG-N/TN (TG中N占TN的比例)显著负相关; 土壤EEG/TG和EEG-N/TN与植物均匀度指数显著正相关, 在1 m土壤不同土层趋势类似。(4)方差分解分析表明: 生物因子对GRSP变化的解释率是20.2%, 土壤理化因子解释率为7.8%, 而生物因子中植物优势种重要值的解释率最大(16.4%), 而植物物种多样性指数解释率仅为0.4%。冗余排序发现常绿针叶树种(黑皮油松和樟子松)越多且阔叶树种越少时, GRSP含量和GRSP对土壤碳氮的贡献越高(P < 0.01), 其机制可能与树种菌根类型有关: 外生菌根树种重要值与TG显著负相关, 丛枝菌根树种重要值与TG显著正相关。本研究解析了植物物种多样性对GRSP含量的重要影响, 并强调未来土壤管理和评估可以通过调整优势物种而不是树种多样性来促进GRSP积累。     

Dynamics of soil organic phosphorus

The transformations of soil organic phosphorus are described and organized in a conceptual model. Microbial uptake of P and its subsequent release and redistribution play a central role in the soil organic P cycle. Interactions with soil minerals and stabilization of organic matter and associated P in organo-mineral complexes determine the persistence and buildup of organic P through soil development, in different ecosystems and under varying management. An understanding of organic P turnover in soils will greatly aid assessment of P fertility in many agricultural and native systems.Publication No. R294 of the Saskatchewan Institute of Pedology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N OW0.     

Microbial mineralization of organic phosphate in soil

Summary Phosphate-dissolving microorganisms were isolated from non-rhizosphere and rhizosphere of plants. These isolates included bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. In broth cultures, Gram-negative short rod,Bacillus andStreptomyces species were found to be more active in solubilizing phosphate thanAspergillus, Penicillium, Proteus, Serratia, Pseudomonas andMicrococcus spp. The sterile soils mixed with isolated pure culture showed slower mineralization of organic phosphate than that of non-sterile soil samples at all incubation periods. Maximum amount of phosphate mineralization by isolated microorganisms were obtained at the 60th and the 75th day of incubation in sterile and non-sterile soils respectively. The mixed cultures were most effective in mineralizing organic phosphate and individuallyBacillus sp. could be ranked next to mixed cultures. Species ofPseudomonas andMicrococcus were almost the same as that of the control under both sterile and non-sterile conditions.     

Populations and activity of carbofuran-degrading microorganisms in soil

Kendaia clay loam contained more than 10⁵ microbial cells per g able to convert ¹⁴C-carbonyl-labelled carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate) to ¹⁴CO₂ but never more than 130 cells per g transforming ¹⁴C-ring-labelled carbofuran to CO₂. The sizes of the population rarely increased as a result of addition of the insecticide to soil. Mineralization of these compounds proceeded with little or no acclimation phase, and subsequent additions were usually etabolized more readily, except at 10 mg of carbofuran per kg or if subsequent additions of the pesticide were made long after the first. More than 60% of the ¹⁴C in the carbonyl but less of the ¹⁴C in the ring was microbiologically converted to ¹⁴CO₂ in this soil. Streptomycin and cycloheximide each inhibited conversion of the carbonyl or ring carbon to CO₂. Urea but not NH₄NO₃ markedly inhibited the conversion of the carbonyl-labelled insecticide to ¹⁴CO₂. The addition of glucose and succinate together with the insecticide did not enhance mineralization of ring- or carbonyl-labelled carbofuran. The data suggest that soils containing a large population of microorganisms able to convert the carbonyl carbon to CO₂ will not show a marked effect of prior treatment with the insecticide and that few organisms individually are able to mineralize the ring.     

土壤及凋落物源氮对中亚热带森林土壤SON的影响

土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)含量虽低,却是土壤氮库中最活跃的组分之一;主要来源于凋落物分解和土壤氮素转化。但是它们各自对土壤的影响还不清楚。通过添加杉木和~(15)N标记的阔叶凋落物于土壤表面,研究针阔叶凋落物分解对土壤SON的影响,及与土壤氮的关系。结果表明:由于没有降水的淋溶影响,培养期间,凋落物SON的显著降低,并没有直接增加土壤SON。与对照比较,杉木凋落物添加显著增加了土壤无机氮的含量,而较高C/N比的阔叶凋落物在其分解初期首先需要吸收更多的土壤氨态氮。添加~(15)N标记的阔叶凋落物提高了土壤SON在培养90—210天来自凋落物的比例,在第210天高达74.8%;来自凋落物的氨态氮比例在实验30天开始增加,到第210天高达39.8%;但是对硝态氮的影响不大。结果表明,土壤SON在培养初期因受凋落物的影响,主要来自土壤有机质的分解,而来自凋落物的SON更容易矿化;且土壤源的氮更容易发生硝化作用。可见,土壤中的SON是与凋落物分解动态、以及对土壤的影响有关。     

尕海湿地草甸土退化过程土壤氮矿化演变特征

氮矿化是生态系统循环的重要环节之一,影响着生态系统功能和氮素生物地球化学循环,因此研究高寒湿地退化过程中土壤氮矿化演变特征,对揭示气候变化和人为活动干扰背景下的湿地土壤氮素循环过程具有重要意义。以尕海湿地4种不同退化梯度(未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化)土壤为研究对象,采用野外树脂芯原位培养方法,通过对植物生长季不同生长阶段(生长初期、生长盛期、枯萎期)土壤氮素矿化作用研究,分析湿地退化演替过程中土壤氮矿化时空变化特征及其与土壤环境因子和酶活性之间的关系。结果表明：尕海湿地退化对土壤氮矿化过程有显著抑制作用,与未退化(0.143 mg kg^-1 d^-1)相比,轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化的土壤净氮矿化速率分别减小了0.018 mg kg^-1 d^-1、0.025 mg kg^-1 d^-1、0.020 mg kg^-1 d^-1;随着退化程度加剧,土壤净氨化速率逐渐减小或者不变,而净硝化速率却增大。随时间推移,各退化...     

温度、水分对湿地土壤有机碳矿化的影响

采用密闭培养法,研究了小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)湿地土壤有机碳的矿化动态,探讨了温度和水分条件对有机碳矿化的影响.结果表明:湿地土壤有机碳在培养初期(0～2 d)矿化速率较高,之后矿化速率逐渐降低;33 d培养期间,表层(0～10 cm)土壤的总矿化量为1.59～2.62 mg C·g-1,为下层(10～100 cm)的4～22倍;温度升高10℃使总矿化量分别增加60%～210%(75%WHC)和30%～200%(淹水);一级动力学方程能较好地描述湿地土壤有机碳矿化动态,其C0值随土壤深度呈指数递减变化,且C0和C0/SOC值均随温度的升高而升高;不同深度土壤Q10值分别变化为1.7～3.1(75% WHC)和1.2～3.0(淹水),且与土壤深度之间存在明显的二次抛物线相关;土壤深度、培养温度对湿地土壤有机碳矿化具有显著影响,而水分处理对有机碳矿化的影响不显著.     

Nutrient uptake and growth of barley as affected by soil compaction

A field experiment with different levels of compaction was carried out on a mouldboard ploughed silty clay, with the objective of studying the effects on plant nutrient uptake and growth. Soil from the field was also used in laboratory studies of carbon and nitrogen mineralization, and plant uptake of water and nutrients. In the field, low as well as high bulk densities reduced biomass production and nutrient uptake of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) compared to intermediate bulk densities, where grain yield was approximately 20% higher. In the beginning of the growing season, the concentration of phosphorus and potassium was lowest in plants grown in the loosest and in the most compacted soil, and suboptimal for plant growth. The uptake of nutrients transported by diffusion was more affected by compaction than for nutrients transported by mass flow. The reasons for lowered uptake in loose compared to moderately compacted soil could be reduced root-to-soil contact, a low diffusion coefficient for nutrients and/or reduced mass transport of water to seed and roots. Differences in plant nutrient concentrations between treatments gradually declined until harvest. Immediately after compaction there was probably oxygen deficiency in the compacted soil since the air-filled porosity was critically low, but as the soil dried out, mechanical resistance to root growth may have become a more important growth-limiting factor. In the laboratory study, severe compaction reduced carbon mineralization and uptake of water and nutrients by roots, and caused denitrification. There were only small differences between loose and moderately compacted soil in carbon mineralization, nitrogen concentration in the soil, uptake of water and nutrients and dry matter yield. The large yield increase due to recompaction in the field was not reproduced in the laboratory. Possible reasons are differences in soil temperature between the field and laboratory, in the sowing and fertilizing methods, the pretreatment of the soil and in the spatial variability of bulk density. It is possible that recompaction is needed only in the uppermost part of the soil, which is the loosest, dries out first, and is where the seed as well as the fertilizer are placed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氮肥减量配施生物炭对黄壤稻田土壤有机碳活性组分和矿化的影响

化肥减施增效有助于农业的可持续发展。本研究用等氮量生物炭替代化肥氮,设置0、10%、20%、30%、40%(CK,T₁～T₄) 5个替代比例,在水稻收获后采集土壤样品进行室内分析,研究氮肥减量配施生物炭对黄壤稻田土壤有机碳活性组分和矿化的影响。结果表明: 氮肥减量配施生物炭均可显著提高土壤有机碳(SOC)含量,且与生物炭配施量呈正比。氮肥减施20%条件下,土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和易氧化碳(ROC)含量均最高,分别为293.68和250.00 mg·kg^-1,土壤可溶性碳(DOC)含量最低。SOC矿化速率在培养的第3天达到最高,前期(第3~6天)迅速下降,中期(第6~18天)缓慢下降,后期(第18~30天)趋于稳定,矿化速率随时间的动态变化符合对数函数;SOC累积矿化量和累积矿化率分别为0.66～0.86 g·kg^-1和2.9%～4.0%,均以T₂处理最低。稻谷产量随氮肥减施比例的增加呈先增加后下降趋势,T₂处理最高,比CK显著增加了13.4%。本试验条件下,化学氮肥减量20%配施适量生物炭(5 t·hm^-2)可有效提高SOC、MBC、ROC含量和水稻产量,降低SOC累积矿化量和累积矿化率,增强土壤固碳能力,是贵州黄壤稻田土壤固碳培肥的较好选择。     

Field measurement of nitrogen mineralization using soil core incubation and acetylene inhibition of nitrification

A technique for measuring net rates of mineralization under field conditions is described. Soil cores were incubated in the field in sealed containers with acetylene to inhibit nitrification and thereby minimize losses of N through denitrification. Mineralization was estimated as the difference between the mineral N content after a 14-d incubation and that determined from soil samples taken at the start of incubation. Mineralization in the spring and summer in unfertilized plots in the field amounted to 90 and 70 kg N ha⁻¹ in S.E. England under grass and grass/clover swards, respectively, and 40 kg N ha⁻¹ under a grass sward in S.W. England. Daily rates of mineralization ranged from 0.02 to 1.90 kg N ha⁻¹, with peak values related to re-wetting of the soil after dry weather. Laboratory incubation of soil showed that neither the low concentration of acetylene (2% v/v) adopted for field incubation, nor the accumulation of mineral N during incubation was likely to affect the total measurement, but that frequent and regular soil sampling was necessary to minimize the effects of changes in soil water content. Estimates for mineralization over the whole growing season (180 d) were obtained for two years from extrapolation of the early season field measurements and were, on average, 50% higher than predictions based on a chemical extraction index of potentially mineralizable N.