蔷薇三节叶蜂的生物学研究

蔷薇三节叶蜂是山东荣成地区月季的重要食叶害虫。该虫一年发生4代,世代重叠;两性或孤雌生殖;以老熟幼虫越冬。翌年5月初出现成虫;5～10月幼虫危害,10月中旬末第4代幼虫入土结茧越冬结束。本文报告该蜂的生物学特性、天敌种类及其防治方法。     

桃白小卷蛾和梨食芽蛾辨正

澄清了两种害虫：梨食芽蛾一年发生1代,以小幼虫在山植树翘皮下越冬,早春出蛰为害芽、花蕾、嫩梢及叶片,老熟后在花序或卷叶中化肾;桃白小卷蛾一年发生两代,以老熟幼虫在地面缀连叶片做茧越冬,春季在茧中化蛹,其幼虫只为害果实。两者幼虫和成虫可根据形态特征鉴别。     

大叶黄杨长毛斑蛾的生物学研究

大叶黄杨长毛斑蛾于1990年在山东威海地区首次发现,是为害大叶黄杨的重要害虫,一年发生1代,以卵在枝条上越冬,翌年4月初出现幼虫,5月中旬初开始结茧化蛹,10月底始见成虫,作于1990-1993年对该虫的形态特征,生活史及为害习性进行了观察研究,并提出综合防治措施。     

枸杞红瘿蚊Jaapiella sp.幼虫

<正>枸杞红瘿蚊隶属于双翅目(Diptera)瘿蚊科(Cecidomyiidae),是危害枸杞的重要害虫,主要以幼虫在枸杞花蕾中取食危害,致使子房畸形形成虫瘿,造成花蕾不能正常开花结实,严重影响枸杞产量。枸杞红瘿蚊分布于我国宁夏、内蒙古和青海等地,以老熟幼虫在土壤中结茧越冬,春季枸     

芦笋木蠹蛾的生物学特性

芦笋木蠹蛾Isoceras sibirica(Alpheraky)是危害芦笋的重要害虫。该虫在山西省运城市1年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在土中结薄茧越冬。翌年3~4月老熟幼虫由深土层上移至地表土壤结茧化蛹。4月中下旬为化蛹高峰。5月上中旬为蛹羽化高峰期。6月上旬为卵孵化高峰期。幼虫为害期为5月下旬至10月下旬。对该虫的形态、生活习性和发生规律作了描述和报道。     

白眉野草螟的生物学特性和监测防控对策

【目的】白眉野草螟Agriphila aeneociliella是近年来在山东莱州市、山西泽州县等地新发现的小麦害虫,对其生物学特性进行观察和研究,以期为有效监控提供科学依据。【方法】通过田间调查、网室观察、配对饲养和灯光诱测等方法,系统研究了白眉野草螟年生活史与田间生活习性。【结果】在我国黄淮海麦区,白眉野草螟1年发生l代,11月至翌年2月以低龄幼虫越冬,3月至4月为害麦苗,5月至8月以老熟幼虫结土茧滞育越夏,9月至10月化蛹羽化、交配产卵,并孵化出幼虫越冬。成虫具有趋光性,产卵在土壤颗粒缝隙中或土表;幼虫喜趋嫩为害,田间呈点片分布;越冬幼虫抗寒性强;滞育茧不耐水淹。【结论】秋季成虫羽化期、早春低龄幼虫为害始期、夏季滞育期是白眉野草螟监测防控的关键时期。     

栗瘿蜂在贵州的发生及相关生物学习性

本文首次报道栗瘿蜂Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu在贵州铜仁的发生为害情况,详细记述栗瘿蜂的生物学特性,特别是栗瘿蜂在瘿内的生活习性。2009年4月-2010年8月调查,在铜仁市桐木坪乡卜口村栽种的366.67hm2板栗中,株被害率达100%,当年新梢被害率达41%。该虫1年发生1代,3月底至4月初虫瘿出现,5月中旬虫瘿达最大,化蛹高峰期为5月下旬;成虫羽化高峰期为6月中旬,出瘿高峰期为6月15-22日。成虫孤雌生殖,产卵栗芽内,以幼龄幼虫在栗芽内虫室越冬。大龄幼虫有极强的耐饥性和耐旱性。用粘虫胶对成虫进行防治,有较好的防效,也使天敌得到了有效保护。     

小波分析二点委夜蛾发生规律

二点委夜蛾Proxenus lepigone(Moschler),属鳞翅目夜蛾科,主要分布于日本、朝鲜、俄罗斯和欧洲等地。我国于2005年7月在河北省夏玉米田首次发现。近年来,该虫发生范围不断扩大,为害程度日益加重。2011年二点委夜蛾在我国夏玉米产区严重暴发,虫情涉及6省47市302个区(县),面积近220万hm2。山东省2007年首次在德州市发现该虫为害玉米,2011年全省17个地市普遍为害严重。为更准确地确定该虫的发生代次、每代各虫态发生历期、发生盛期、发生高峰日等信息,适时准确监控发生时期,本文采用symlets小波函数变换滤除高频信息,对山东省多地点二点委夜蛾成虫诱虫数据进行分析,结果显示,二点委夜蛾在山东省一年发生4代,越冬代、1代、2代、3代,始见蛾日在3月底—4月上旬,越冬代成虫发生期在3月底至4月上中旬,1代发生期在4月上旬至6月中下旬,2代发生期在6月中旬至8月上中旬,3代发生期在8月上旬至9月中下旬,越冬代幼虫发生期在9月中旬至10月中下旬,10月下旬左右老熟幼虫做茧越冬。另外,通过调查和室内观察还发现高温环境不利于二点委夜蛾幼虫生长发育,7—8月份高温期,成虫致畸率较高。     

北京地区杨潜叶跳象生物学特性及药物防治效果

杨潜叶跳象Rhynchaenu sempopulifolis Chen是杨树的重要食叶害虫之一。该虫在北京密云1年发生1代,以成虫越冬。翌年3月下旬越冬成虫开始出蛰上树危害。4月上旬成虫交尾,4月中旬开始产卵,卵产于叶片背面,孵化后即开始潜入叶肉内为害,4月下旬化蛹。5月上旬成虫羽化,然后继续上树取食叶片,直到10月下旬进入枯枝落叶内、石缝、表土中进行越冬。发现2种重要的寄生性天敌:杨跳象金小蜂Pteromalus miyunensis和三盾茧蜂Triaspissp.。它们对害虫种群起着较大的控制作用。用5%高效氯氰菊酯1000倍液进行土壤处理,杨潜叶跳象成虫和蛹的平均校正死亡率分别达到94.05%和66.5%。     

千屈菜一种新害虫——肾毒蛾

肾毒蛾Cifuna locuples Walker是2007年在武汉发现危害千屈菜(Lythrumsalicaria L.)的一种新害虫,幼虫能取食千屈菜叶片和花朵。室外观察和室内饲养结果表明,肾毒蛾在武汉市1年发生3代,以低龄幼虫越冬,次年3～4月开始为害。5月初越冬代成虫出现,6月下旬第1代成虫羽化,8月中旬第2代成虫羽化。成虫羽化1d后即可分多次产卵于叶背,卵粒数十几到两百多粒。幼虫有5龄,初孵幼虫群集为害,2龄以后分散取食,4～5龄取食量大。幼虫在叶背吐丝结稀疏的薄茧化蛹。     

梦尼夜蛾生物学特性及其防治

1995～ 1999年 ,在新疆库尔勒市对梦尼夜蛾生物学特性及其防治进行了调查研究。梦尼夜蛾 1年发生 1代 ,以蛹在土壤 2 0～ 10 0 mm深处越冬。3月上旬始见成虫 ,发蛾高峰在 3月底 4月初 ,产卵部位集中 ,孵化整齐。幼虫共 6龄 ,平均历期为 2 9.6天 ,以幼虫食叶危害 ,危害盛期为 4月中旬至 5月上旬。本文还提出了该虫的防治措施     

条纹小斑蛾的生物学特性

条纹小斑蛾Thyrassia penangae(Moor)是乌蔹莓(Japanese cayratia)的重要害虫,在南昌1年发生4～5代,以老熟幼虫结茧越冬。由于该虫各世代总有极少部分个体进入滞育,少数进入越夏的个体1年只发生2代或3代。羽化时间多出现在上午7～10时,羽化后当日或次日下午交配,交配时间集中在下午3～6时,交配一般可持续12个h左右。成虫羽化后需取食花蜜做补充营养才能充分产卵。产配后次日即可产卵。第1代成虫常将卵数十粒聚产于幼嫩叶片的背面,以后各代主要聚产于花蕾上,平均每雌产卵量为43粒。幼虫为4龄。第1代主要取食叶芽、幼枝及嫩叶,以后各代主要取食花蕾。在自然条件下各虫态发育历期:卵为4～7d;幼虫为10～14d;非滞育的茧期(指幼虫结茧后的预蛹至成虫羽化的日期)为8～11d,越夏茧期为32～40d,越冬茧期为205～224d。成虫寿命为3～13d。     

蚕豆象的生物学特性

在武昌,蚕豆象Bruchus rufimanus Boheman每年发生一代,以成虫越冬。成虫必须取食蚕豆花后才能正常交配和产卵。4月为交配盛期。4月中、下旬为产卵盛期,最喜欢把卵产到生长已有1l—20天的嫩蚕豆荚上,但不在豌豆荚上产卵。产卵历期约为9天。4月下旬至5月上旬为孵化盛期。幼虫共四龄,在豆粒内的死亡率随着单个豆粒上侵入孔的增多而增高。8月为化蛹盛期,8月中旬到9月上旬为羽化盛期。羽化出的成虫绝大部分藏在豆粒内越冬。从卵发育到成虫羽化约需120天。成虫寿命一般为212天,最长达295天,但不能度过两个冬季。     

小叶女贞新害虫黄环绢须野螟生物学特性

黄环绢须野螟Palpitaannulata(Fabricius)是小叶女贞(LigustrumquihouiCarr.)上新出现的一种害虫,严重危害小叶女贞叶片,造成植株枯萎、死亡,同时也危害金叶女贞(L.vicaryi)。该虫在湖南省衡阳地区1年发生3代,以蛹在土中越冬。越冬代成虫和第1、2代成虫分别于4月下旬、5月下旬和6月下旬出现。成虫产卵于嫩梢顶端叶片上,卵期3d,幼虫期9～12d。5月上旬和6月上旬分别是第1代和第2代幼虫盛发期,危害最重。越冬代成虫羽化期喷药是防治该虫的关键,在成虫期和幼虫期分别用40%氧化乐果乳油、50%辛硫磷乳油1000～1200倍或25%溴氰菊酯乳油2500～3000倍稀释液喷洒寄主叶面,可控制该虫危害。     

竹金黄镰翅野螟生物学特性研究

采用室内饲养和林间调查相结合的办法,研究了竹子重要食叶害虫竹金黄镰翅野螟Circobotys aurealis的生物学特性。该虫在浙江省每年发生1代,以预蛹越冬,翌年4月中旬到6月上旬化蛹,4月底至7月上旬出现成虫,5月上旬开始产卵,幼虫29～38 d后老熟,越冬期长达6～7个月。本文详细报道了各龄幼虫的体长、头宽和取食竹叶量,以及成虫夜间活动及扑灯时间,分析了该虫近年来危害趋重的原因,提出了捡拾当年新竹的笋箨和黑光灯诱杀成虫等防治方法。     

Decanal as a major component of larval aggregation pheromone of the greater wax moth,Galleria mellonella

Larvae of the greater wax moth (GWM), Galleria mellonella, a destructive pest of the honeybee (Apis mellifera), have been observed to display aggregation behaviours. However, the underlying mechanism by which these larvae come together remains unknown. We hypothesized that the GWM larvae detect, orient towards and utilize conspecific larval chemical cues to aggregate in groups. We used dual‐choice olfactometer assays to investigate the involvement of conspecific larval odours in their aggregation amongst 3–5th instar and 8th instar larvae. The assays revealed that only 8th instar larvae were significantly attracted to their odours and those emanating from newly spun cocoons. Coupled gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) of larval head space odours analysis revealed the presence of four compounds: nonanal, decanal, tridecane and tetradecane in pupal and mature larval odour extracts. However, using synthetic compounds, behavioural assays showed that only decanal induced significant attraction, therefore, suggesting its role as a major component of the larval aggregation pheromone of GWM. Our findings reveal the involvement of volatile organic compounds in the aggregation behaviour of mature wax moth larvae and thereby offer prospects for the development of an odour‐baited in‐hive trapping management tool for wax moth larva.     

Ultrastructure of Pollen Grains from Forced and Unforced Shrubs of Common Lilac

Forcing makes possible to induce plant flowering independently of the season. In lilac, high temperature is the factor that breaks deep dormancy. The deepest dormancy occurs between the end of October and the end of December. Depending on the depth of dormancy, the starting temperatures required for forcing are 37°C in November, 31°C in December, and 25°C in January–March. Under natural conditions, the temperature inducing the inflorescence bud breaking is 6°C, whereas 9°C and 13°C or more allow inflorescence elongation and flowering, respectively (Kronenberg, 1994). In the present work, the effect of high temperature at the beginning of the forcing cycle on the structure of developing pollen grains of common lilac was investigated. Pollen grains from the outdoor-grown (control) shrubs showed no signs of degeneration. They were spherical, three-colpate to colporoidate, and bicellular, and contained large numbers of lipid bodies. High temperatures at the early forcing cycle (November) resulted in the degeneration of most microspores. The first signs of degeneration (cytoplasm plasmolysis) were observed at the tetrad stage and in mature anthers; the microspores consisted only of the outer and inner sporopolenin layers.     

Parasitoids of the African wild silkmoth,Gonometa postica (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) in the Mwingi forests,Kenya

Gonometa postica Walker produces silk of high quality, but it is affected by parasitoids attack. A study on the parasitism of G. postica larvae and pupae on host and non‐host plants were undertaken for the first and second generations, corresponding to the long (March–May) and short (October–December) rainy seasons in 2006 at six field sites, three each in the Imba and Mumoni forests of Mwingi, eastern Kenya. All freshly spun cocoons of G. postica were sampled at each site from a total of 100 trees of host plants and other non‐host plants where they have migrated before pupation. The cocoons were kept individually in fine net‐sealed plastic vials to determine percentage parasitism. Two dipterans and four hymenopteran larval–pupal parasitoids were identified from the two forests. The most common parasitoids were Palexorista sp. (Diptera: Tachinidae) and Goryphus sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) with parasitism ranging from 1.8 to 32.7% and 2.2 to 7.5%, respectively. Parasitism varied significantly according to host or non‐host plants, seasons and sites. This study indicates that, of the six parasitoid species recovered, only two had a significant impact in reducing the quality of the cocoons.