芦笋木蠹蛾的生物学特性

芦笋木蠹蛾Isoceras sibirica(Alpheraky)是危害芦笋的重要害虫。该虫在山西省运城市1年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在土中结薄茧越冬。翌年3~4月老熟幼虫由深土层上移至地表土壤结茧化蛹。4月中下旬为化蛹高峰。5月上中旬为蛹羽化高峰期。6月上旬为卵孵化高峰期。幼虫为害期为5月下旬至10月下旬。对该虫的形态、生活习性和发生规律作了描述和报道。     

竹小斑蛾的研究

竹小斑蛾在南通地区1年发生2代,以老熟幼虫结茧越冬。成虫多在上午羽化,性比1:1。雌蛾对雄蛾的性诱现象明显,一代平均产卵173粒,卵期9天,幼虫期29天,蛹期15.56天。发生为害与气候、竹周长势、竹的品种有密切关系。久效磷、敌敌畏、乐果、敌杀死对幼虫的杀伤率为98.53～100％,对即将孵化的卵杀伤率94.81～100％,而对刚产的卵杀伤率仅14.92％。     

两色绿刺蛾生物学特性及发生规律

两色绿刺蛾在福建闽西北1a发生2代，以老熟幼虫在土壤中结茧越冬。该虫1a有2次发生高峰期，分别在6月上、中旬和9月下旬至10月上旬。以第1代发生量大，危害严重。该虫发生与竹林结构、竹立量、坡向、坡位均有关系。林间调查表明：该虫第2代的天敌寄生率高。天敌是抑制种群数量增长的重要因素之一。     

条纹小斑蛾的生物学特性

条纹小斑蛾Thyrassia penangae(Moor)是乌蔹莓(Japanese cayratia)的重要害虫,在南昌1年发生4～5代,以老熟幼虫结茧越冬。由于该虫各世代总有极少部分个体进入滞育,少数进入越夏的个体1年只发生2代或3代。羽化时间多出现在上午7～10时,羽化后当日或次日下午交配,交配时间集中在下午3～6时,交配一般可持续12个h左右。成虫羽化后需取食花蜜做补充营养才能充分产卵。产配后次日即可产卵。第1代成虫常将卵数十粒聚产于幼嫩叶片的背面,以后各代主要聚产于花蕾上,平均每雌产卵量为43粒。幼虫为4龄。第1代主要取食叶芽、幼枝及嫩叶,以后各代主要取食花蕾。在自然条件下各虫态发育历期:卵为4～7d;幼虫为10～14d;非滞育的茧期(指幼虫结茧后的预蛹至成虫羽化的日期)为8～11d,越夏茧期为32～40d,越冬茧期为205～224d。成虫寿命为3～13d。     

沙柳木蠹蛾的研究

沙柳木蠹蛾Holcocerus arenicola(Staudinger)是沙柳根部一种钻蛀性害虫.亦为害踏郎、酸刺、毛乌柳、柠条等.国内分布于内蒙、新疆、宁夏、陕西、甘肃等省(区). 该虫四年1代, 以幼虫在寄主蛀道内越冬.老熟幼虫5月上旬入沙化蛹;成虫6月初开始羽化, 中旬达盛期;7月上旬幼虫初孵, 取食、为害至10月下旬越冬.成虫白天静伏于沙柳丛, 傍晚8时半至10时半活动、交配、产卵, 趋光性强.雌蛾对雄蛾性诱力较强.成虫寿命2.9—4.1天, 产卵量平均265.4粒, 性比0.67—0.68:1.     

胡麻短纹卷蛾生物学特性观察

胡麻短纹卷蛾见”euncaria切S。切已见。’h幼虫俗称胡麻漏油虫,是胡麻重要害虫。在北方胡麻产区的甘肃、宁夏、内蒙、山西等省均有发生,特别是六盘山西麓静宁、庄浪发生猖撅。1990～1992年,笔者对该虫的生物学特性进行了观察,现报道如下。回生活史胡麻短纹卷蛾1年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在胡麻地土壤中作茧越冬,越冬期长达10．5个月。5月下旬越冬幼虫开始出土化蛹,6月中下旬为化蛹盛期,7月下旬为化蛹末期。蛹期8～13天,平均10．6天。6月上旬田间最早发现成虫,中旬成虫大量出现,6月下旬至7月中旬为成虫羽化盛期,6月底至7月初往往出…     

刺槐掌舟蛾的生物学特性及防治

刺槐掌舟蛾PhaleragroleiMoors属鳞翅目、舟蛾科,是危害刺槐的重要害虫。为探讨科学防治技术,1993～1995年作者在日照市东港区对该虫的生物学特性进行了系统观察研究,现将结果报告如下。1危害在鲁东南日照沿海和苏北地区调查发现,刺槐掌舟蛾只危害刺槐,虫株率达引％,危害严重的植株,幼虫把叶片,叶柄和嫩梢全部食光,致使树势明显衰弱,影响生长。2生物学特性2．l生活史刺槐掌舟蛾在鲁东南沿海地区一年发生2代,以老熟幼虫在树下10cm左右深土下化蛹越冬。翌年4月下旬成虫羽化、产卵,5月上旬第一代幼虫开始孵化危害,5月中旬开始老…     

核桃豹蠹蛾生物学特性及防治

该项研究在石家庄进行。核桃豹蠹蛾主要危害核桃,它一年发生1代,以老熟幼虫越冬。翌年4月中旬化蛹,5月下旬羽化为成虫并产卵,6月中旬卵孵化为幼虫。在6月中旬幼虫孵出前用3％呋喃丹根施药效％％,剪枝和虫孔给药法可以在低矮的树上应用。核桃豹蠹蛾越冬后的自然死亡率90％以上。抑制天敌有白僵菌、苏云金杆菌、病毒、土蜂2种、马蜂1种、蜘蛛2种和多种鸟雀。     

丁香北京瘿蚊的生物学特性研究

丁香北京瘿蚊Pekinomyia syringae Jiao & Kolesik以幼虫在北京丁香Syringa reticulata subsp. pekinensis和暴马丁香Syringa reticulata subsp. amurensis叶片内隐蔽为害,为害严重时导致寄主提前落叶。通过林间调查和室内试验,对其生活史、习性研究发现,该瘿蚊在北京1 a发生1代,以老熟幼虫在表土层结茧越冬。3月初越冬幼虫开始化蛹,成虫羽化盛期为3月底至4月初,成虫不需补充营养,有趋黄性,卵孵化期为4月上中旬,4-10月幼虫为害,10月老熟幼虫脱离叶片在表土层结茧越冬。本研究结果为该虫的综合防治提供了防治基础。     

橙黄后窗网蛾的生物学初报

橙黄后窗网蛾Dysodia magnificaWhalley是油桐(Vernicia fordii(Hemsl.)Airy-Shaw)的食叶害虫,在浙江省丽水地区油桐上普遍发生。该虫1年发生3代,以蛹在土茧内越冬。越冬代成虫于次年4月中旬开始羽化,第1、2代成虫分别于6月下旬和8月下旬开始羽化。饲养中育出幼虫-蛹期寄蝇—蚕饰腹寄蝇,是橙黄后窗网蛾的一种有效天敌。     

Experimental simulations of climate change induced mismatch in oak and larval development rates impact indicators of fitness in a declining woodland moth

Consequences of climate change-driven shifts in the relative timing of spring activities of interacting species are insufficiently understood, especially for insects. We use a controlled experiment which simulates a trophic mismatch scenario in which lepidopteran larvae predominately feed on older leaves due to foliage developing faster than larvae growth rates. As a case study our experiment uses Orthosia cerasi, which is a widespread but declining woodland moth whose UK declines appear to be driven by warming temperatures. In the control experiment larvae are fed young oak Quercus robur leaves (bud burst stages six and seven), whilst in the treatment newly emerged larvae are fed young leaves but then gradually transition to feed on older leaves (post bud burst stage seven). We assess impacts on duration of the larval stage, pupal size and overwintering duration and survival. Larvae in the phenological mismatch treatment had a longer larval period, and smaller and lighter pupae. Larval diet did not carry over to influence emergence dates as earlier pupation of control larvae was balanced by an equivalent increase in the duration of the pupal stage. Increased time spent as larvae could increase predation rates from avian predators, whilst slowing the seasonal decline in food availability for those bird species. Reduced pupal size and weight are indicators of lower fecundity in emerging adults. Notably, we find that adults emerging from the mismatch treatment exhibited greater rates of abnormal vestigial wing development, which is likely to further reduce fitness. Trophic mismatches in which caterpillars have reduced availability of young leaves may thus contribute to the population declines observed in many woodland moth species due to increased mortality at larval stages, and adverse effects of early life conditions that reduce the reproductive success of emerging adults.     

Development of pheromone-based mating disruption for control of the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana

The potential for pheromone-based mating disruption of eye-spotted bud moth (ESBM), Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apple orchards in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia was examined in small-plot trials. In a preliminary experiment, treatment of the orchard atmosphere with a 99:1 blend of Z8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and Z8-tetradecenyl alcohol (Z8-14:OH) completely inhibited captures of male ESBM in pheromone-baited traps, but treatment with Z8-14:OAc alone did not. Therefore, all subsequent trials used the two-component blend as a disruptant. Mean catches of male ESBM in traps baited with 0.1, 1, 10, or 20 mg of 99:1 Z8-14:OAc and Z8-14:OH were significantly reduced (81–97%) in pheromone-treated plots relative to similar traps placed in control plots. In both control and treated plots, there was a significant positive relationship between trap bait dose and trap catch. In pheromone-treated plots, this suggests that high doses of trap baits over-ride the camouflage effect of disruption or overcome the effect of sensory adaptation and habituation. The number of virgin-female baited traps capturing at least one male ESBM was reduced by 96%, and mating of virgin females on mating tables was reduced by 95% in plots treated with the two-component pheromone. The total amount of Z8-14:OAc released from pheromone disruption dispensers during the latter field trials was estimated to average 6.4 g ha^-1 over 11 days or 26.4 mg ha^-1 h^-1. The low levels of Z8-14:OH released from disruption dispensers could not be estimated by GC analysis. Dispensers loaded with a 99:1 blend of Z8-14:OAc and Z8-14:OH were highly attractive to males in baited traps, indicating that they have the potential to induce false trail following.     

Relationships between leaf age and the food quality of cottonwood foliage for the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar

Summary The cottonwood tree, Populus deltoides, continues to produce leaves late into the growing season, exposing midseason herbivores to leaves of a wide range of maturity. Gypsy moth larvae preferred and grew best on the oldest cottonwood leaves and suffered higher mortality and 85% less growth when fed young, expanding leaves. Concentration of phenolics in the youngest leaves was 3 times that in the oldest leaves and was negatively correlated with caterpillar growth rate. The active phenolics were not identified; tannin was present but its concentration changed more with season than leaf age.     

Complementary Behaviors of Maternal and Offspring <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spodoptera littoralis</Emphasis>: Oviposition Site Selection and Larval Movement Together Maximize Performance

The selection of oviposition and feeding sites within cotton plants by Spodoptera littoralis was investigated in the field in 2 years, 2007 and 2008. The female moths exhibited significant oviposition preference for young leaves (YL), particularly the 3rd and 4th leaves from top. The larvae originating from egg batches deposited on YL fed mostly in situ for about 5 days, after which they gradually moved their feeding site toward fully expanded or mature leaves on the same individual plant or on neighboring plants. Larvae hatching from batches deposited on fully expanded leaves (FE) fed in situ only for about 2 days, after which they moved toward younger leaves, where they fed for about 3 more days. After the fifth day, however, larvae of the two groups dispersed mainly downward and outward from their hatching site until the end of a 12-day observation. Larvae hatching from eggs deposited on mature or pre-senescent leaves (MP) moved mainly horizontally to other plants after a slight upward shift. The YL and FE larvae grew significantly faster than MP larvae, both in the field and in a laboratory experiment. In the laboratory experiment, the larval period was shorter and the pupal weight was higher when the animals were offered young leaves or young and fully expanded leaves, than when the animals were offered mature and pre-senescent leaves during the first 5 days after hatching. Possible causes and advantages of the exhibited oviposition preference, as well as the apparent ability of larvae to correct for small egg misplacements made by the females, are discussed.     

Effect of monosodium glutamate on apple leaf consumption by codling moth larvae

We have demonstrated that larvae of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L) can successfully complete their first instar when fed apple leaves instead of fruit. Larvae fed leaves after hatching maximized their feeding intensity (about 320 g/larva/day) on day 2. Weight gain revealed a stereotypic sigmoid pattern that peaked on day 3. Although the maximum body weight of larvae fed leaves was 70–85% less than for larvae maintained on apples or on artificial diet, 100% of larvae fed leaves molted to the second instar 3–5 days after hatching. Our investigation revealed a diurnal pattern of leaf ingestion, and neonates' feeding intensity decreased significantly during the scotophase. We also demonstrated that monosodium glutamate (MSG) increased feeding on leaves by codling moth larvae. Depending on the duration of the bioassay, and larval age at time of initial exposure, 0.05 mg/ml and 0.1 mg/ml MSG increased apple leaf consumption by 25–60% over leaves alone. The effect of monosodium glutamate was best demonstrated during the first day following hatching. Exposure to MSG also accelerated molting to the second instar. Larvae exposed to MSG initiated consumption of leaf tissue significantly earlier than control neonates. The feeding stimulatory effect of MSG was not observed if exposure to this chemical was delayed until 3–4 h after hatch.The addition of feeding stimulants to pesticides that act via the alimentary tract may reduce the amount of active ingredients needed to maintain the efficacy of these formulations. Here, we postulate that first instar codling moth larvae are potential targets for treatment with pesticide formulations enhanced with monosodium glutamate.     

Variation in damage to cotton affecting larval feeding preference of Spodoptera littoralis

Feeding experiments with larvae of Spodoptera littoralis were performed with leaves from cotton plants subjected to damage and from undamaged plants. In the experiments, four different time intervals (1, 3, 7, and 14 days) after damage induction and two different levels (high and low) of herbivore damage were tested. Seven days after damage induction larvae fed less on the young top leaves from damaged plants for both levels of damage. At the high damage level, the larvae fed less on leaves from the damaged plants after just three days, and this effect still remained 14 days after damage infliction. When mature leaves from the middle of the plant were compared, no difference between treatments was observed.Two plant sizes were tested, small plants with 4–5 true leaves and large plants with 8–10 true leaves. In small plants the induced changes affecting larval feeding were found mainly in the youngest leaf at the top of the plant, while in large plants the induced effects were found in both the youngest and the second youngest leaves.In plants subjected to artificial damage, larvae fed less on top leaves of the damaged plants when compared to leaves from undamaged plants. When leaves from plants that had been artificially damaged were directly compared with leaves from plants damaged by herbivores, larvae fed more on the youngest leaves from artificially damaged plants when the plants were large. In small plants no significant difference was found when comparing artificial and herbivore damage.     

亚麻荠对小菜蛾幼虫取食和成虫行为反应的影响

亚麻荠是一种很少有害虫危害的油料作物。用室内生测和Y 型嗅觉仪研究了亚麻荠对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫取食和成虫行 为反应的影响。以甘蓝作对照,用亚麻荠叶片喂养的小菜蛾初孵幼虫3天后校正死亡率为79 .2%,显示了较强的致死作用;喂养小菜蛾3龄幼虫至化蛹,其存活率、化蛹率、蛹重及成 虫寿命都显著降低,表明亚麻荠对小菜蛾幼虫的生长发育有不利影响。在幼虫的取食选择实 验中,有甘蓝叶供选择时,小菜蛾幼虫不取食亚麻荠;在无可选择的情况下,小菜蛾幼虫也 取 食亚麻荠叶片,但取食量很小,与取食甘蓝叶的量相比,差异极显著。行为反应测试表明, 小菜蛾成虫对甘蓝和亚麻荠植株的挥发物都有明显的趋性反应,与对照（净化空气）相比, 差异极显著,而在甘蓝和亚麻荠之间无选择性。说明小菜蛾成虫对亚麻荠植株的挥发物具有 较强的定向反应。     

Supernumerary instars produced by chilled wax moth larvae: Endocrine mechanisms

Young last instar larvae of Galleria mellonella underwent supernumerary ecdyses within 3 to 6 days after being chilled at 0 to 1°C for 30 min. The frequency diminished from 89 ± 9.4% for the survivors of those that were chilled <16 hr after their last ecdysis, to 25 ± 11.2% for those 46 to 88 hr old, and was no longer evident beyond 123 hr.Irrespective of their ages, the larvae never became “superlarvae” unless they had fed after they had been chilled. This was unlike the requirement for metamorphosis, when a feeding period of 40 to 48 hr immediately following ecdysis allowed half the larvae that were subsequently chilled and starved to pupate. The propensity to become superlarvae could be extended by starvation. Chilling signaled the occurrence of the larval moulting program, but its expression was held in abeyance until the larvae had fed.Brains from chilled or unchilled donors were equally effective initiators of supernumerary larval apolyses. The capacity to respond to chilling was abolished following bilateral extirpation of the corpora cardiaca and corpora allata, but not after the corpus cardiacum and corpus allatum of one side were removed. This effect of bilateral cardiacectomy and allatectomy could be remedied by applying Altosid, a juvenile hormone analog. Potentiation of the larval-larval apolysis by chilling and by JH may involve separate mechanisms, for the analog was less effective on unchilled larvae than on those that had been chilled. The results are discussed with reference to the hypothesis that the brains of young larvae produce an “allatotropic hormone”.     

刚竹毒蛾的生物学特性及其防治

刚竹毒蛾PantanaphyllostachysaeChao在云南金平 1年发生 3代 ,以卵和初孵幼虫越冬。幼虫群集于龙竹、慈竹、绵竹、苦竹、毛竹、金竹的竹叶背面取食为害 ,气温是影响刚竹毒蛾生长发育的主要因素。防治可采用药剂喷粉、人工刮除虫茧、灯光诱杀等方法 ,防治效果达 92 %。     

Effects of leaf age on feeding 'preference' and egg laying in the chrysomelid beetle, HaZtica lythri

Final instar larvae and adults of the chrysomelid beetle Haltica lythri Aubé were tested for their feeding preferences on young and senescent leaves of their host plant Epilobium hirsutum L., and found to spend most of the time feeding on young leaves when in a free-choice situation. Females fed senescent leaves laid significantly fewer eggs than females fed young leaves. Feeding on senescent leaves is discussed in an ecological context.