乙型肝炎病毒蛋白和绿色荧光蛋白的共表达研究

目的：构建增强型绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）标记的乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）真核表达载体,并研究其在真核细胞和小鼠体内的共表达。方法：以质粒pBR322-HBVadr2．0和pCX-EGFP为基础,构建含有双拷贝HBV全基因组DNA和EGFP基因的真核表达载体pCX-EGFP-HBVadr2．0,分别转染真核细胞和小鼠肝组织,建立体外、体内表达系统,研究GFP和HBV基因的表达。结果：构建了真核表达载体pCX-EGFP-HBVadr2．0,EGFP和HBV病毒蛋白在体内和体外均可表达。结论：构建的pCX-EGFP-HBVadr2．0真核表达载体可以GFP作为HBV存在与否的报告基因,提高了培育检测转基因小鼠的效率,为转基因小鼠的制备及后续研究奠定了基础。     

水稻牺叶枯病毒基因产物在水稻和昆虫体内的Western印迹分析

将ＲＳｔＶ基因组组分３编码的ＮＳ３和ＮＣ蛋白基因以及组分４编码的ＮＣＰ和ＮＳｖｃ４蛋白基因分别克隆于大肠杆菌表达载体ｐＧＥＸ３Ｘ,在ＩＰＴＧ诱导下,表达出４种融合蛋白。这些表达产物用于免疫动物产生多克隆抗血清,以制备的多克隆抗血清为探针,Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹分析了宿主植物和介体昆虫体内ＮＳ３,ＮＣ,ＮＣＰ和ＮＳｖｃ４种基因表达的产物。     

庚型肝炎病毒转基因小鼠的建立

利用受精卵原核显微注射的方法,产生了含有ＨＧＶ结构蛋白Ｃ、Ｅ１、Ｅ２及部分非结构蛋白ＮＳ２、ＮＳ３的转基因小鼠。得到１０只ｆｏｕｍｄｅｒ小鼠,其中有３只ｆｏｕｎｄｅｒ小鼠与正常小鼠交配后得到了整合有外源基因的Ｆ１代阳性小鼠。ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ的结果显示,外源基因可在ｆｏｕｎｄｅｒ小鼠及Ｆ１代小鼠的血液有核细胞及肝细胞内转录;组织病理学检查显示,某些转基因小鼠的肝细胞出现了水样变、脂肪变性及轻微炎性反应等     

狂犬病毒G蛋白和N蛋白在痘苗病毒天坛株中共同表达

本文构建了一个能同时表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白（Ｇ）和核蛋白（Ｎ）两种蛋白的重组组痘苗病毒。用Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ和免疫荧光等方法证明Ｇ和Ｎ基因已重组到痘苗病毒ＴＫ基因区,而且能良好地表达。并证明该重组病毒在小鼠中具有良好的免疫效果。     

人SP-B蛋白转基因小鼠及细菌性肺炎模型的构建

目的:构建携带人SP-B蛋白+1580 SNP不同等位基因的转基因小鼠并进行细菌性肺炎模型的造模。方法:利用受精卵原核注射技术将hSP-B基因整合至小鼠染色体上获得F0代小鼠,将其与mSP-B基因敲除鼠进行交配,逐步去除转基因小鼠体内m SP-B基因。利用PCR技术鉴定小鼠基因型,通过测序确定+1580位点的等位基因。将铜绿假单胞菌经支气管灌注接种至小鼠肺内进行细菌性肺炎造模,对照组注射等量灭菌生理盐水。结果:F2代小鼠只表达人SP-B蛋白而不表达鼠SP-B蛋白,蛋白表达量与人肺内含量相近,即为构建成功的转基因小鼠。3个小鼠家系+1580位点等位基因为T,1个家系为C。细菌接种(1×10~6CFU/mouse)后24小时,小鼠肺泡内炎症渗出明显,大量中性粒细胞浸润,SP-B蛋白含量明显降低,但不同等位基因间在此条件下无明显差异。结果:成功构建只表达人SP-B蛋白的转基因小鼠模型,细菌性肺炎模型造模成功,为今后进一步研究人SP-B蛋白的生理功能及+1580基因多态性与肺疾病的关系提供了有力的工具。     

Ⅱ型肺泡细胞特异表达SARS冠状病毒核衣壳蛋白转基因小鼠的建立

目的:建立Ⅱ型肺泡细胞特异表达SARS冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)核衣壳蛋白(N蛋白)的转基因小鼠。方法:用分子克隆的方法构建包括肺表面活性蛋白A(SP-A)启动子、SARS-CoVN蛋白基因、β-半乳糖苷酶(LacZ)报告基因和人生长激素(hGH)polyA的转基因载体pSP-A-N。以显微注射的方法将8.3kb的转基因片段引入小鼠受精卵。通过PCR、Southern印迹和LacZ染色检测子代小鼠中转基因的整合及表达。结果:共注射952枚受精卵,移植至42只假孕母小鼠的输卵管中发育,获得子代小鼠128只,经PCR、Southern印迹鉴定,其中11只小鼠基因组上整合有SARS-CoVN蛋白基因,整合率为8.6%。鉴定结果显示,11只转基因首建者小鼠中有1只表达外源基因并能正常传代。LacZ染色结果表明N蛋白基因在转基因小鼠Ⅱ型肺上皮细胞中特异表达。结论:成功构建了Ⅱ型肺泡细胞特异表达SARS-CoVN蛋白的转基因小鼠,为深入研究该基因的病理生理学效应奠定了基础。     

羧端部分缺失的HCV核心蛋白的融合表达,免疫原性及其应用

构建了丙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白的全长及Ｎ端和Ｎ端与谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶（ＧＳＴ）的融合表达克隆,比较了在不同大肠杆菌中的表达。表达蛋白为水溶性,经ＥＬＩＳＡ和蛋白质印迹分析,ＧＳＴＣ１９１的表达和稳定性都较差,ＧＳＴＣ６９和ＧＳＴＣ４０具有良好的稳定性,用ＧＳＴ亲和柱一步纯化,纯度可达９０％,免疫小鼠可产生高滴度的抗体。应用表达的ＧＳＴＣ６９和ＧＳＴＣ４０抗原,检测人血清中的ＨＣＶ核心蛋白抗体,初步结果     

过氧化物酶蛋白1 真核表达载体构建及在Hela 细胞的表达与定位

目的:构建过氧化物酶蛋白1(PRDX 1)的真核表达载体,观察其在Hela细胞内表达及定位。方法:提取BALB/c小鼠肝脏组织总RNA,通过RT-PCR方法扩增得到小鼠PRDX 1编码序列,酶切后克隆至pcDNA3-myc载体。重组质粒通过PCR、酶切、测序证明构建正确后经脂质体转染Hela细胞,然后利用Western blot和荧光显微镜技术观察该融合蛋白在细胞内表达及定位。结果:经鉴定证明重组质粒构建正确;Western blot实验显示,该质粒能够在Hela细胞中特异表达;免疫荧光试验显示,蛋白产物分布在胞浆和胞核,证明该蛋白在细胞内高表达。结论:成功构建带有myc标签的PRDX 1真核表达载体,该质粒能够在哺乳细胞中特异表达并且外源性PRDX 1蛋白分布在Hela细胞胞浆胞核内,为深入研究PRDX 1蛋白在细胞内相关生物学研究奠定了基础。     

丙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白基因在大肠杆菌内的表达及应用

将从中国丙肝病人血清中扩增克隆的丙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白基因（４０８ｂｐ）酶切处理后插入表达载体ｐＪＬＡ５０２内,获得高表达核心蛋白的重组工程菌。将重组菌经４２℃热诱导５ｈ,ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析表明,表达的核心蛋白占菌体蛋白总量的２０％。经分子筛和吸附层析纯化后获得的核心蛋白,ＥＬＩＳＡ检测证实有较好的抗原性和特异性。用表达的核心抗原加用表达的ＮＳ＿３抗原（Ｃ＿３３）装配的抗－ＨＣＶ试剂盒,经用标准血清验证及与国外第二代抗－ＨＣＶ试剂盒比较,证实符合丙肝诊断试剂要求。     

生长素结合蛋白cDNA的克隆及其在烟草中的表达

基于拟南芥内质网生长素结合蛋白基因的ｃＤＮＡ序列,设计合成了Ａｐ５和Ａｐ３两个引物,应用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术扩增了拟南芥的ＡＢＰ基因。将该基因克隆在植物表达载体ｐ３５ＳＳＩＮ的３５Ｓ启动子必Ｎｏｓ３‘端之间,得到植物表达载体ｐ３５ＳＥ。通过农杆菌介导的方法对烟草ＳＲ１进行了转化,由分子杂交等检测证明,生长素结合蛋白基因已在烟草中表达,同时转基因烟草后代对生长素的敏感性明显增加。     

Inhibition of cytochrome c release in Fas-mediated signaling pathway in transgenic mice induced to express hepatitis C viral proteins

Persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection often progresses to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Numerous viruses have been reported to escape from apoptotic mechanism to maintain persistent infection. In the present study, we characterized the effect of HCV proteins on the Fas signal using HCV transgenic mice, which expressed core, E1, E2, and NS2 proteins, regulated by the Cre/loxP switching system. The transgene expression of HCV transgenic mice caused resistance to Fas antibody stimulated lethality. Apoptotic cell death in the liver of HCV protein expressing mice was significantly reduced compared with nonexpressing mice. Histopathological analysis and DNA fragmentation analysis revealed that the HCV proteins suppressed Fas-mediated apoptotic cell death. To identify the target pathway of HCV proteins, we characterized caspase activity. The activation of caspase-9 and -3/7 but not caspase-8 was inhibited by HCV proteins. Cytochrome c release from mitochondria was inhibited in HCV protein expressing mice. These results indicated that the expression of HCV proteins may directly or indirectly inhibit Fas-mediated apoptosis and death in mice by repressing the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, thereby suppressing caspase-9 and -3/7 activation. These results suggest that HCV may cause persistent infection, as a result of suppression of Fas-mediated cell death.     

Hepatitis C virus infection activates the immunologic (type II) isoform of nitric oxide synthase and thereby enhances DNA damage and mutations of cellular genes

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and B-cell lymphomas in a significant number of patients. Previously we have shown that HCV infection causes double-stranded DNA breaks and enhances the mutation frequency of cellular genes, including proto-oncogenes and immunoglobulin genes. To determine the mechanisms, we studied in vitro HCV infection of cell culture. Here we report that HCV infection activated the immunologic (type II) isoform of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS), i.e., inducible NOS (iNOS), thereby inducing NO, which in turn induced DNA breaks and enhanced the mutation frequencies of cellular genes. Treatment of HCV-infected cells with NOS inhibitors or small interfering RNA specific for iNOS abolished most of these effects. Expression of the core protein or nonstructural protein 3 (NS3), but not the other viral proteins, in B cells or hepatocytes induced iNOS and DNA breaks, which could be blocked by NOS inhibitors. The core protein also enhanced the mutation frequency of cellular genes in hepatocytes derived from HCV core transgenic mice compared with that in control mice. The iNOS promoter was activated more than fivefold in HCV-infected cells, as revealed by a luciferase reporter assay driven by the iNOS promoter. Similarly, the core and NS3 proteins also induced the same effects. Therefore, we conclude that HCV infection can stimulate the production of NO through activation of the gene for iNOS by the viral core and NS3 proteins. NO causes DNA breaks and enhances DNA mutation. This sequence of events provides a mechanism for HCV pathogenesis and oncogenesis.     

Genetic Immunization of Wild-Type and Hepatitis C Virus Transgenic Mice Reveals a Hierarchy of Cellular Immune Response and Tolerance Induction against Hepatitis C Virus Structural Proteins

To study the effect of genetic immunization on transgenic expression of hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins, we evaluated the immunological response of HCV transgenic mice to HCV expression plasmids. FVB/n transgenic mice expressing HCV structural proteins (core, E1, and E2) and wild-type (WT) FVB/n mice were immunized intramuscularly with plasmids expressing core (pHCVcore) or core/E1/E2 (pHCVSt). After immunization, HCV-specific humoral and cellular immune response was studied. Both WT and transgenic mice immunized with either HCV construct produced antibodies and exhibited T-cell proliferative responses against core or envelope. In WT mice immunized with pHCVSt, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activities were detected against E2 but not against core or E1, whereas strong CTL activities against core could be detected in WT mice immunized with pHCVcore. In pHCVSt-immunized, transgenic mice, CTL activities against the core or envelope were completely absent, but core-specific CTL activities could be detected in pHCVcore-immunized transgenic mice. A similar pattern of immune responses was also observed in other mouse strains, including a transgenic line expressing human HLA-A2.1 molecules (AAD mice). Despite the presence of a peripheral cellular immunity against HCV, no liver pathology or lymphocytic infiltrate was observed in these transgenic mice. Our study suggests a hierarchy of CTL response against the HCV structural proteins (E2 > core > E1) in vivo when the proteins are expressed as a polyprotein. The HCV transgenic mice can be induced by DNA immunization to generate anti-HCV antibodies and anticore CTLs. However, they are tolerant at the CTL level against the E2 protein despite DNA immunization.     

三种丙型肝炎病毒转基因小鼠系的同时制备

为研究丙型肝炎病毒的致病致瘤机理及结构基因与非结构基因3区(NS3)的功能及其在HCV感染致病中的作用,建立一个HCV分子治疗的动物模型,构建了含金属硫蛋白启动子和HCV结构基因或NS3基因的质粒,将两者等量混合后用显微注射法接种于昆明白小鼠受精卵内制备转基因小鼠.通过PCR筛选获得三种整合HCV结构基因或/和NS3基因的首建鼠.结果表明:a.注射后卵存活率与仔鼠出生率分别为81%、30%;b.检测60只G0代小鼠,结构基因整合鼠6只(10%),NS3基因整合鼠4只(6.7%),双基因整合鼠9只(15%),总整合率为31.7%;c.RT-PCR法检测阳性鼠肝中有靶基因mRNA的转录;d.4只首建鼠与正常鼠回交获得38只G1小鼠,其中20只为整合鼠,整合率为52.6%;e.转基因鼠表型迄今无明显异常.表明一次显微注射同时获得了三种整合HCV结构基因或/和NS3基因的转基因小鼠.     

LXR-alpha/SREBP-1c通路参与HCV NS5A诱导的肝细胞脂质代谢紊乱

肝细胞脂肪变性是丙型肝炎患者的突出病理特征,但丙肝病毒（HCV）诱导脂肪变性的分子机制尚不清楚.为探究HCV非结构蛋白5A（NS5A）参与诱导脂肪变性的可能分子机制,本研究以HCV NS5A转基因小鼠为研究对象,采集3～16月龄NS5A转基因小鼠和同窝非转基因小鼠的肝组织,进行病理学检测,并用气相色谱 质谱（GC-MS）法分析脂质主要成分胆固醇酯的含量.采用RT-PCR法检测肝细胞中与脂质代谢密切相关基因肝X受体（LXR-alpha）、固醇调节元件结合蛋白（SREBP-1c）、脂肪酸合成酶（FAS）、硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶1（SCD1）、过氧化物酶体增殖物受体alpha（PPAR-alpha）的mRNA表达水平.结果表明,与同窝非转基因对照小鼠相比,3～5月龄NS5A转基因小鼠的肝组织没有发生显著的病理性变化,但6～16月龄的NS5A转基因小鼠的肝脏发生了显著的脂肪变性（47.1% vs 130%;P=0.003）.与此相一致,胆固醇酯的含量在NS5A转基因小鼠的肝脏中显著升高（P < 0.01）.RT PCR检测结果表明,与对照小鼠相比,14月龄NS5A转基因小鼠肝组织中与脂质代谢相关的基因LXR.alpha、SREBP.1c、FAS、SCD1的mRNA表达水平显著增高（P < 0.05）,而PPAR alpha的表达则没有显著变化（P > 0.05）. 以上结果提示,NS5A在小鼠肝细胞中可能通过调高LXR.alpha/SREBP.1c信号通路相关基因的表达,进而促进脂质重新合成,诱导脂肪变性.     

Nuclear localization of nucleocapsid-like particles and HCV core protein in hepatocytes of a chronically HCV-infected patient

Little is known about the life cycle of hepatitis C virus. Determination of the subcellular localization of HCV proteins may contribute to our understanding of the in vivo functions of the viral proteins. HCV core protein regulates multiple functions in host cells and it has been detected both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus using different expression systems. In this study, nucleocapsid-like particles were observed in the nucleus of hepatocytes from a chronically HCV-infected patient. They were similar in size and shape to those of HCV core-like particles purified from recombinant Pichia pastoris cells. In addition the HCV core protein was detected not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus and nucleolus of hepatocytes by immunoelectron microscopy. This is the first report showing nuclear localization of HCV core protein and nucleocapsid-like particles in hepatocytes during in vivo HCV infection.     

Hepatitis C virus core and nonstructural protein 3 proteins induce pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibit dendritic cell differentiation

Antiviral immunity requires recognition of viral pathogens and activation of cytotoxic and Th cells by innate immune cells. In this study, we demonstrate that hepatitis C virus (HCV) core and nonstructural protein 3 (NS3), but not envelope 2 proteins (E2), activate monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) and partially reproduce abnormalities found in chronic HCV infection. HCV core or NS3 (not E2) triggered inflammatory cytokine mRNA and TNF-alpha production in monocytes. Degradation of I-kappa B alpha suggested involvement of NF-kappa B activation. HCV core and NS3 induced production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Both monocyte TNF-alpha and IL-10 levels were higher upon HCV core and NS3 protein stimulation in HCV-infected patients than in normals. HCV core and NS3 (not E2) inhibited differentiation and allostimulatory capacity of immature DCs similar to defects in HCV infection. This was associated with elevated IL-10 and decreased IL-2 levels during T cell proliferation. Increased IL-10 was produced by HCV patients' DCs and by core- or NS3-treated normal DCs, while IL-12 was decreased only in HCV DCs. Addition of anti-IL-10 Ab, not IL-12, ameliorated T cell proliferation with HCV core- or NS3-treated DCs. Reduced allostimulatory capacity in HCV core- and NS3-treated immature DCs, but not in DCs of HCV patients, was reversed by LPS maturation, suggesting more complex DC defects in vivo than those mediated by core or NS3 proteins. Our results reveal that HCV core and NS3 proteins activate monocytes and inhibit DC differentiation in the absence of the intact virus and mediate some of the immunoinhibitory effects of HCV via IL-10 induction.