Identification of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker for differentiating male from female and sporophytic thalli of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gracilaria changii</Emphasis> (Rhodophyta)

There have been limited reports on molecular sex markers for macroalgae. We report the use of random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) to identify molecular sex markers for Gracilaria changii (Xia et Abbott) Abbott, Zhang et Xia. Two DNA extraction methods were used: a modified CTAB and phenol-chloroform combination method and the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit. The CTAB and phenol-chloroform method gave the best yield of DNA in quality and quantity and is suitable for larger-sized specimens like G. changii. Sixty-nine RAPD primers were screened to search for sex-linked DNA markers for G. changii, and only one sex-linked marker (716 bp) was identified using OPA 18. RAPD was also used to investigate the molecular characteristics of the three life-stages (male, female, tetrasporophyte) of G. changii. Seven (OPA7, OPA18, S14, S61, S64, S75 and S76) out of the 69 primers showed polymorphism and were selected for interpopulation analysis for DNA isolated from 23 samples collected from Morib and Sungai Pulai in Malaysia. The combination of data produced by the seven primers generated a dendrogram that grouped the specimens into different clades according to their sex and life-stage using the unweighted pair group and arithmetic averages (UPGMA) method. It showed that RAPD was able to differentiate tetrasporophytes, females, and males. Presented at the 6th Meeting of the Asian Pacific Society of Applied Phycology, Manila, Philippines.     

Temperature responses of macroalgae from the tropical island Hainan (P.R. China)

The temperature tolerances of 24 tropical macroalgae collected on Hainan Island (P.R. China) were investigated. For some isolates, growth response curves were also determined. The upper survival temperatures (USTs, 32–37°C) of these tropical west Pacific strains are similiar to those of tropical Atlantic species. With regard to their lower survival temperatures (LSTs) the species investigated show high variations: 12 species have LSTs between 16 and 7°C (Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) Lamx. var esperi J, Ag., Centroceras clavulatum (C. Ag) Mont., Falkenbergia hillebrandii (Bornet) Falkenberg, Gelidiopsis intricata (Ag.) Vickers, Halymenia maculata J. Ag., Hypnea cenomyce J. Ag., Hypnea spinella (C. Ag.) Kütz., Gracilaria changii (Xia et Abott) Abott, Chang et Xia, Dictyopteris repens (Okam.) Boerg., Laurencia cartilaginea Yamada, Gelidium pusillum (Stackh.) Le Jol., Laurencia sp.). Their LSTs and temperature requirements for growth (range: 15–30 °C, optimum: 25–30 °C) are mostly similar to those of tropical west Atlantic and amphi-Atlantic (sub)tropical macroalgae as well as to tropical isolates of species with an Atlantic tropical to warm-temperate distribution. The remaining 12 species have LSTs between 6 and 1 °C (Ulva conglobata Kjellm., Ulva fasciata Delile, Padina boryana Thivy, Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forssk.) Boerg., Boodlea composita (Harv.) Brand, Boergesenia forbesii (Harv.) Feldm., Cladophora vagabunda (L.) van den Hoek, Enteromorpha compressa (L,) Grev., Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link, Gracilaria tenuistipitata Chang et Xia, var liui Chang et Xia, Monostroma nitidum Wittr. and Valonia aegagropila C. Ag.). Their LSTs are mostly similar to those of Atlantic macroalgae with a tropical to (warm-) temperate distribution. The results are discussed with respect to the factors which may have triggered the development of the temperature requirements of the various species.     

Studies on some new red algae from China (Ⅰ)

The present paper reports four new species of Chinese marine red algae belonging to Ahnfeltiales and Gigartinales. They are Ahnfeltia yinggehaiensis Xia et Zhang, Ahnfeltiopsis guangdongensis Xia et Zhang, Ahnfeltiopsis hainanensis Xia et Zhang, Ahnfeltiopsis masudai Xia et Zhang. Key words Ahnfeltia;A．yinggehaiensis;Ahnfeltiopsis;A．guangdongensis;A．hainanensis;A．masudai;Hainan;Guangdong;New species     

广东竹亚科新组合及新异名

报道了广东竹亚科13新组合,1新名称和3新异名,其中筋竹属3新组合1新名称,牡竹属4新组合,青篱竹属5组合1新异名,箬竹属2新异名及方竹属1新组合.     

Two New Species of Dendrocalamus Nees (Bambusoideae) from China

Two new species of bamboo, Dendrocalamus ovatus Xia et Chia and D. textilis Xia, Chia et C. Y. Xia, collected from southwestern China aredescribed.     

峡东地区庙坡组栉虫类、宝石虫类和斜视虫类三叶虫

系统描述湖北宜昌和秭归新滩晚奥陶世庙坡组三叶虫动物群中的３科６属６种。根据化石保存状态,挤压变形以及个体发育特征,对前人所报道的产于同一层位的有并三叶虫的研究成果作了重新厘定。     

PROTEOMICS OF THE RED ALGA,GRACILARIA CHANGII (GRACILARIALES,RHODOPHYTA)1

The application of proteomics in alga research is still quite limited. The present report describes the establishment of the proteome of a red alga of economic importance, Gracilaria changii (Xia et Abbott) Abbott, Zhang et Xia. Initially, four protein extraction methods including direct precipitation by trichloroacetic acid/acetone, direct lysis using urea buffer, Tris buffer, and phenol/chloroform extraction were compared for their suitability to generate G. changii proteins for two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE). The phenol/chloroform protein extraction method gave the best 2‐DE resolution of the proteins. Using these 2‐DE gels and mass spectrometry, several proteins including pigment proteins, metabolic enzymes, and ion transporters were identified. These findings highlight the potential of using proteomic approaches for the investigation of G. changii protein function.     

中国(竹思)簩竹属(Schizostachyum Nees)的研究及其它

对国产(竹思)(竹劳)竹属(Schizostachyum Nees)进行了系统整理。对属的范围进行了修订,认为本属应包括乔草竹属(Dendrochloa Parkinson),薄竹属(Leptocanna Chia et H.L.Fung),长穗竹属(Teinostachyum Munro)和李海竹属(Neohouzeaua A.Camus),并首次建立了本属的属下分类系统。此外,对二种竹子起了新名:甲竹(Bambusa austro-sinensis Xia)和毛环单竹(B.yunnanensis Xia);作了4个新组合,即Schizostachyum coradatum(Wen et Dai)Xia, S.dumetorum(Hance)Munro var.xinwuense(Wen et J. Y Chin)Xia, Bambusa glaucescens glaucescens(Willd)Sieb. ex Munro var.annulata(W.T.Lin et Z.J.Feng)Xia和B.glaucescens (Willd)Sieb.ex Munro var.pubivagina(W.T.Lin et Z.J.Feng)Xia.     

Reproductive morphology of Gastroclonium pacificum (Champiaceae,Rhodymeniales) from Japan

Morphological studies were undertaken on Gastroclonium pacificum (E.Y. Dawson) C.F. Chang et B.M. Xia (Champiaceae, Rhodymeniales) from Japan. We describe the details of male reproductive structures, the procarp and early post‐fertilization stages. This species has a solid axis, with both tetrasporangia and polysporangia, spermatangia are cut off from spermatangial parent cells, and a procarp is composed of a 4‐celled carpogonial branch and two 2‐celled auxiliary cell branches. The mature cystocarp lacks a conspicuous ostiole, a characteristic of the genus Gastroclonium. The most distinctive characteristic of the species is the tela arachnoidea, which is lacking in other species of Gastroclonium.     

A Taxonomic Study on the Genus Vicia L. in China

Presented in this paper is a taxonomical note on the genus Vicia L. of China with 43 species, four varieties and six forms recognized. Four new species, one new variety and one new state are reported. They areV. multijuga Xia; V. ternata Xia; V. wushanica Xia; V. longidentata Xia; V. unijuga A. Br. var. trifoliolata Xia; V. chianshanensis (P. Y. Fu et Y. A. Chen) Xia.     

中国野豌豆属的分类研究

本文报道了国产野豌豆属43种,4变种及6变型,其中包括4个新种(多叶野豌豆,三尖野豌豆,武山野豌豆,长齿野豌豆);一个新变种(三叶歪头菜)及一个新等级(千山野豌豆)。     

假地枫皮的订正

作者查阅了全国42个标本馆所收藏的403号假地枫皮Illicium jiadifengpi B.N.Chang标本, 确认该种植物为中国特有, 分布于安徽、浙江、江西、福建、湖北、湖南、广东和广西。将百山祖八角I.jiadifengpi B.N.Changvar.baishanense B.N.Chang et S.H.Ou归并到假地枫皮;将闽皖八角I.minwanense B.N.Changet S.D.Zheng作为假地枫皮的一个变型--紫花八角I.jiadifengpi B.N.Changf.minwanense(B.N.ChangetS.D.Zhang)Q.Lin, 将武夷八角I.wuyishanum Q.Lin归并到紫花八角中。     

MOLECULAR DELINEATION OF SPECIES AND SPECIES RELATIONSHIPS IN THE RED ALGAL AGAROPHYTES GRACILARIOPSIS AND GRACILARIA (GRACILARIALES)1

Delineation of species in the economically important agarophyte genera Gracilaria and Gracilariopsis has proven extremely difficult using available morphological characteristics. In this study, we examine the usefulness of two transcribed spacers for molecular systematic studies of these genera. The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) and the intervening 5.8S ribosomal DNA of the nuclear ribosomal repeat region. In addition, a plastid spacer region and flanking regions of coding genes were amplified from the RUBISCO operon. Both regions were sequenced for individuals and populations of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Bory) Dawson, Acleto, et Foldvik to determine the usefulness of these spacers in delimiting populations. These studies reveal that there is as much variation among individuals of a population as there is between individuals of geographically separate populations. In addition, the ITS spacer regions were compared between different species of Gracilariopsis and Gracilaria. The nuclear ITS spacer region is conserved at a species level in both genera and provides phylogenetically informative characters that can be used to examine species interrelationships among relatively closely related taxa. However, because of the difficulties of aligning this entire region among species from the two genera, the ITS region is not useful for examining intergenera relationships. ITS interspecies sequence comparisons indicate that Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis from California is significantly different from G. lemaneiformis from China and that a species of Gracilariopsis from Peru is more closely related to G. lemaneiformis from North Carolina than it is to the other Gracilariopsis species examined. In addition, these studies indicate that Gracilaria chilensis Bird, McLachlan, et Oliveira from New Zealand and Gracilaria tenuistipitata Chang et Xia from southeast Asia are as closely related as are Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss, G. pacifica Abbott, and Gracilaria robusta Kylin. Phylogenetic analysis of aligned plastid spacer sequences from Gracilaria and Gracilariopsis taxa provide similar conclusions about species relationships.     

Production of clonal planting materials from Gracilaria changii and Kappaphycus alvarezii through tissue culture and culture of G. changii explants in airlift photobioreactors

Global demand for seaweed resources has increased due to their emergent use as sources of biopharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and biofuels. These high-valued products make possible the use of micropropagation techniques that may be more costly than conventional mariculture. This study reports the successful tissue culture of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P. C. Silva and Gracilaria changii (B. Xia & Abbott) Abbott, Zhang and Xia. Callus induction of K. alvarezii was successfully developed following an explant sterilisation protocol. Callus formation and regeneration of K. alvarezii was observed in solidified Provasoli’s enriched seawater medium. Different culture conditions such as agar concentration, growth hormones, nutrients, irradiance and enrichment media were investigated to determine the suitable conditions for explant culture of G. changii. Proliferations of adventitious shoots were induced under the most suitable culture conditions. G. changii explants were successfully cultured in airlift photo-bioreactors, with no decrease in the carbohydrate content in the G. changii explants. This micropropagation technique can provide a useful alternative system for seedling production of economically important seaweeds.     

夏蜡梅属花粉形态的研究

本文首次报道了夏蜡梅(Calycanthus chinensis)花粉的扫描电镜观察结果,并与西美国蜡梅(C.occidentalis)、美国蜡梅(C.floridus)的作了比较,表明前者较为原始,后者比较进化,夏蜡梅属(Calycanthus L.)可能以夏蜡梅起源于东亚(中国),与从细胞学、形态学等得到的结果一致。鉴于夏蜡梅与西美国蜡梅、美国蜡梅在许多性状上的较大差异,作者认为以Sinocalycanthus chinensis (Cheng et S.Y.Chang) Cheng et S.Y.Chang为模式种的单型属Sinocalycanthus Cheng et S.Y.Chang也许应予确认。     

命名建议——以Diabolepis代替Diabolichthys Chang et Yu,1984

<正> 因肺鱼 Diabolichthys Chang et Yu,1984 是鳐类 Diabolichthys Holmes,1856 (p.45) 的晚出同名,应予废弃,建议代之以 Diabolepis.     

SYSTEMATICS OF THE GRACILARIACEAE (GRACILARIALES,RHODOPHYTA): A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT BASED ON RBCL SEQUENCE ANALYSES1

Generic concepts in the economically important agarophyte red algal family Gracilariaceae were evaluated based on maximum parsimony, Bayesian likelihood, and minimum evolution analyses of the chloroplast‐encoded rbc L gene from 67 specimens worldwide. The results confirm the monophyly of the family and identify three large clades, one of which corresponds to the ancestral antiboreal genera Curdiea and Melanthalia, one to Gracilariopsis, and one to Gracilaria sensu lato, which contains nine distinct independent evolutionary lineages, including Hydropuntia. The species currently attributed to Hydropuntia comprise a single well‐supported clade composed of two distinct lineages. The two most basal clades within Gracilaria sensu lato deserve generic rank: a new genus centered around G. chilensis Bird, McLachlan et Oliveira and G. aff. tenuistipitata Chang et Xia and a resurrected Hydropuntia encompassing primarily Indo‐Pacific (G. urvillei [Montagne] Abbott, G. edulis [S. Gmelin] P. Silva, G. eucheumatoides Harvey, G. preissiana [Sonder] Womersley, and G. rangiferina [Kützing] Piccone) and western Atlantic species (G. cornea J. Agardh, G. crassissima P. et H. Crouan in Mazé et Schramm, G. usneoides [C. Agardh] J. Agardh, G. caudata J. Agardh, and G. secunda P. et H. Crouan in Mazé et Schramm). Cystocarpic features within the Gracilaria sensu lato clades appear to be more phylogenetically informative than male characters. The textorii‐type spermatangial configuration is represented in two distinct clusters of Gracilaria. The rbc L genetic divergence among the Gracilariaceae genera ranged between 8.46% and 16.41%, providing at least 2.5 times more genetic variation than does the 18S nuclear rDNA. rbc L also resolves intrageneric relationships, especially within Gracilaria sensu lato. The current number of gracilariacean species is underestimated in the western Atlantic because of convergence in habit and apparent homoplasy in vegetative and reproductive anatomy.