CRISPR-Cas9系统介导的工业酵母营养缺陷型菌株构建

以组氨酸营养缺陷型菌株构建为例,在前期分离、诱变和筛选得到的安琪酵母工业菌株衍生菌株K-a中试用CRISPR-Cas9系统进行基因修饰。针对菌株K-a为单倍体、ura3和对潮霉素B敏感的特点,构建了以URA3为选择标记的Cas9表达载体YCplac33-Cas9、以hph NT1为选择标记的gRNA表达载体pRS42H-gHIS1,使用PCR方法合成donor DNA片段。使用醋酸锂法制备感受态细胞K-a (YCplac33-Cas9)、将pRS42H-gHIS1和donor DNA共转化,涂布(CMG~(-URA)+300μg/ml潮霉素B)平板,经表型筛选和PCR产物测序证明筛选平板生长菌落为目的转化子K-a (his1)的比例为74. 4%,初步建立了适于利用CRISPR/Cas 9系统进行基因修饰的工业菌株宿主平台和相应的简便、快速进行基因修饰的操作技术流程。     

应用营养缺陷型回复突变的方法筛选枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)α-淀粉酶的高产菌株

用甲基磺酸乙脂(EMS)处理枯草杆菌(Bacillus Subtilis)BF-7658的孢子,从中分离到氨基酸、维生素和嘌呤、嘧啶的单项和多重营养缺陷型共47株。营养缺陷菌株和原养型的出发菌株比较,除MA-46突变株的α-淀粉酶活力稍高于出发菌株外,其余均有不同程度的下降。α-淀粉酶活力降至原水平1/6—1/9左右的维生素或嘌呤嘧啶缺陷型VPP-36,VPP-37,酶活力完全丧失的脂肪族氨基酸缺陷型NA-27等,经EMS诱发回复突变后,从回复体中分离到α-淀粉酶高产菌株十余株,最高增产幅度比原始菌株达15％以上。     

食品上的应用

<正>一株高产率的L一天冬氨酸生产菌株,是从能够产生谷氨酸的野生菌株,经过几个阶段,即缺乏柠檬酸合成酶的谷氨酸营养缺陷型、能产生10克/升的天冬氨酸的原养型回复突变株和抗S一(2一氨基乙基)一L一半脱氨酸突变株1一231菌株(具有低的丙酮酸激酶活性和高半眺氨酸     

放线菌的种间基因重组初步报告

金霉素、土霉素、红霉素和新生霉素的生产菌种,分别经过诱变因素处理后,获得了各种营养缺陷型,将配对两营养缺陷型混合接种在液体基本培养基后,能迅速和清楚地看到异核菌丝体的形成,从而可以更简便和确切地测定种间异核现象的适合性和种间杂种的获得。种间原养型菌株经传代分离后,很少发现选择性标雷己基因的分离现象。从金霉菌与杠霉菌重组所得的原养型菌株的形态特征和抗菌活性的初步分析结果来看,发现它们在分生孢子,浸没菌丝和斜面培养特征上表现为中间型。抗菌素柢上层析生物显影赭果观察到有类似两野生型的两种抗菌物质,井有包括野生型的和鞍野生型为广的抗菌谱,因而基本上证明了种间原养型菌株,在这些遗传性状方面发生了基因重组,至于新抗菌素的理化性状,尚待进一步研究。     

高产谷胱甘肽酵母菌株的选育及其代谢通量分析

利用UV和HNO2及其复合诱变处理S.cerevisiae 的原生质,筛选得到ZnCl2和半胱氨酸抗性菌株S.cerevisiae YZM-14(ZnCl2r,Cysr),其谷胱甘肽(GSH)产量(84.72mg/L)、生物量(7.63g/L)及胞内GSH含量(11.10mg/g)分别是出发菌株的2.79倍、1.63倍和1.71倍,且性状稳定。根据细胞比生长速率和GSH得率变化曲线,将GSH生物合成过程分为三个阶段,第二阶段诱变菌株与出发菌株相比PP途径代谢通量增加8.1 mmol/(g·h),GSH前体合成途径通量增加,且诱变菌株的有机酸分泌通量减少,提高了细胞的碳源利用效率,增大了GSH的生成。     

抗生素

Sfreptomyces incarnatus 原养型菌株可高效地由柠檬酸铵制得西尼霉素(一种抗真菌和寄生虫的抗生素)。用营养缺陷突变株和一静止细胞系统研究了核苷(由腺苷和鸟氨酸组成)生物合成的调节过程。使用了含0.5%柠檬酸铵的化学限定培养基 N7进行了实验。原养型菌株被培养在含有0.4%葡萄糖、0.4%酵母膏、1%麦芽汁、0.15%酪蛋白氨基酸和0.05%MgSO4的 G4培养基中。用来自冲洗过的 G4培养基中培养72小     

分枝杆菌LY-1内源性表达元件的筛选及其在降低Cas9蛋白毒性中的应用

【背景】分枝杆菌LY-1因能够将天然植物甾醇代谢转化为重要甾体药物中间体,目前已成为工业上的优势生产菌株。高效的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术是工业菌株代谢工程改造进行产量性状提升的关键。然而由于Cas9蛋白的高表达毒性问题且分枝杆菌中已公开报道的可用表达元件较少,极大地限制了Cas9蛋白在该菌株中的适度表达。【目的】筛选内源性表达元件,利用合适的表达元件启动Cas9蛋白的表达,降低其对菌株的毒性。【方法】依据文献和前期研究获得的分枝杆菌基因转录组水平数据,并结合启动子在线预测网站BDGP(https://www.fruitfly.org/seq＿tools/promoter.html),筛选内源性表达元件。以增强型绿色荧光蛋白作为报告基因对表达元件的强度进行评估,并采用不同强度的表达元件启动Cas9蛋白的表达。【结果】获得了23个不同表达强度的表达元件,采用中等强度的表达元件及弱表达元件都降低了Cas9蛋白对分枝杆菌LY-1的毒性,实现了Cas9蛋白在该菌株中的适度表达。【结论】建立了分枝杆菌LY-1内源性表达元件库,为后续菌株中高效CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术的构建及关键...     

血红铆钉菇氨基酸缺陷型菌株的紫外诱变选育

通过原生质体去细胞壁技术,以血红铆钉菇原生质体为材料,利用紫外线对其进行诱变处理,筛选出6株氨基酸营养缺陷型突变株,经稳定性试验确认1株突变株性状可以稳定遗传,利用生长谱法对缺陷型进行了鉴定、分析。结果表明,该菌株为L-半胱氨酸缺陷型菌株,为营养缺陷型突变株的筛选奠定了基础。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9核酸酶靶向细菌必需基因的特异性抗菌剂研究（英文）

CRISPR/Cas9核酸酶是一种高效和精确的基因组DNA编辑工具。目前,CRISPR/Cas9被开发成一种新型抗菌剂,通过靶向破坏目标基因,例如抗生素耐药基因来诱导细菌死亡。本研究利用CRISPR携带多靶点优势,同时靶向大肠杆菌必需基因gyrA、gyrB和folA,以达到杀菌作用。本设计针对3个内源基因的CRISPR系列载体,分别含有1个、2个或3个靶点。当IPTG诱导Cas9表达后,CRISPR RNA (crRNA)和反式作用CRISPR RNA (trans-activating CRISPR RNA, tracrRNA)复合物募集Cas9切割靶基因,导致细菌死亡。随着crRNA中靶点数量的增加,杀菌效率显著提高。当含有3个靶点的crRNA作用于细菌基因组时,杀菌效率达到99.35%。此外,在存活的大肠杆菌中,crRNA表达质粒的靶序列和直接重复序列发现碱基缺失,而内源靶基因和Cas9基因均未发生突变。最后,该CRISPR系统还应用于其他大肠杆菌实验室菌株和产肠毒素K88菌株,并表现出高效的杀菌作用。我们设计了一种基于CRISPR/Cas9核酸酶的新型抗菌剂,为抗菌剂的研发提供新策略。     

基于CRISPR/Cas9系统构建FOXA2表达示踪体系

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统在基因FOXA2蛋白质编码区后插入绿色荧光蛋白核酸序列,实现对FOXA2基因开启和关闭的示踪。通过靶向序列选择、Cas9靶向质粒及Donor片段的克隆、细胞转染并进行流式细胞荧光分选、阳性细胞有限稀释、富集培养及单克隆细胞的鉴定和转录翻译水平验证等5个方面,进行实验研究。在编辑的乳腺肿瘤细胞MCF-7中,绿色荧光蛋白有效表达;乳腺癌细胞内绿色荧光蛋白的表达水平同FOXA2蛋白的表达水平正相关,且经肿瘤细胞上皮间质转化进程诱导因子EGF的诱导,绿色荧光蛋白和FOXA2表达水平同步降低。方法学上CRISPR/Cas9靶向FOXA2并利用细胞内同源性定向修复插入绿色荧光蛋白序列成功;利用报告基因蛋白表达水平示踪目的基因的开启、关闭及表达量高低结果准确、方法简单,效果明显。     

Auxotrophic mutants in the selection of the rubomycin producer, Actinomyces coeruleorubidus

A total of 351 auxotrophic mutants with different antibiotic activity, including several mutants with activity higher than that of the parent prototrophic strains were obtained under the effect of gamma-rays from 3 prototrophic strains of Act. coeruleorubidus. It was shown that most of the auxotrophic mutants did not preserve the property of biochemical insufficiency on passages on complete media. A mutant strain 1059-32 with activity 2 times higher than that of the prototrophic strain 2-39 and the parent auxotrophic culture was obtained from the revertants. Requirements in 29 growth factors including 17 amino acids, 4 nitrous bases, 8 vitamins and coenzymes were determined in 46 stable auxotrophic mutants isolated. The effect of the specific and non-specific growth factors on the culture antibiotic production was studied.     

Standard YPD, even supplemented with extra nutrients, does not always compensate growth defects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae auxotrophic strains

Conventional complex media are routinely used to grow auxotrophic strains under the assumption that they can compensate the latter's nutritional deficiencies. We here demonstrate that this is not always true. This study compares the growth parameters of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S288C) and its derived auxotrophic strains FY1679-14C and BY4741 in synthetic minimal medium (SD), standard YPD medium from two of the most commonly used suppliers, or modified YPD medium. Maximum specific growth rates of auxotrophic strains were slightly lower than the prototrophic case in all growth conditions tested. Also, the biomass production of auxotrophic strains in synthetic medium was slightly less than the prototrophic case. However in both of the two standard YPD media used, the biomass production of both auxotrophic strains was markedly lower than that of the prototrophic one. The extent of the differences depended on the medium used. Indeed in one of the two YPD media, the lower biomass production of auxotrophic strains was evident even at the diauxic shift. Uracil seems to be the main limiting growth factor for both auxotrophic strains growing in the two standard YPD medium tested. No YPD media or specific supplement was able to compensate for the effect of the auxotrophic mutations in the multiple auxotrophic marker strain BY4741. The fact that auxotrophic strains grew poorly on YPD when compared to their prototrophic counterpart indicates that standard YPD medium is not sufficient to overcome the effect of auxotrophic mutations.     

Recombination analysis of naturally diploid Candida albicans.

A multiply auxotrophic strain, hOG45, was derived from Candida albicans ATCC 10261. Prototrophic revertants of this multiple auxotroph were selected after mutagenesis. These prototrophic revertants were distinguishable from the original prototroph, ATCC 10261, because of their mitotic instability. They gave rise to auxotrophic derivatives which displayed one or more of the auxotrophic requirements characteristic of hOG45. Two of the auxotrophic requirements, those for adenine and methionine, frequently reappeared together in the auxotrophic derivatives of the prototrophic revertants. This apparent linkage of ade and met was confirmed by protoplast fusion analysis of the original auxotroph. These data indicate that C. albicans ATCC 10261 is diploid, the multiple auxotroph h0G45 is homozygous for recessive auxotrophic alleles, the prototrophic revertants are multiple heterozygotes, the auxotrophic derivatives are homozygotes produced by mitotic crossing-over, and the association between the ade and met alleles is due to linkage.     

Acetic acid inhibits nutrient uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: auxotrophy confounds the use of yeast deletion libraries for strain improvement

Acetic acid inhibition of yeast fermentation has a negative impact in several industrial processes. As an initial step in the construction of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with increased tolerance for acetic acid, mutations conferring resistance were identified by screening a library of deletion mutants in a multiply auxotrophic genetic background. Of the 23 identified mutations, 11 were then introduced into a prototrophic laboratory strain for further evaluation. Because none of the 11 mutations was found to increase resistance in the prototrophic strain, potential interference by the auxotrophic mutations themselves was investigated. Mutants carrying single auxotrophic mutations were constructed and found to be more sensitive to growth inhibition by acetic acid than an otherwise isogenic prototrophic strain. At a concentration of 80 mM acetic acid at pH 4.8, the initial uptake of uracil, leucine, lysine, histidine, tryptophan, phosphate, and glucose was lower in the prototrophic strain than in a non-acetic acid-treated control. These findings are consistent with two mechanisms by which nutrient uptake may be inhibited. Intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were severely decreased upon acetic acid treatment, which likely slowed ATP-dependent proton symport, the major form of transport in yeast for nutrients other than glucose. In addition, the expression of genes encoding some nutrient transporters was repressed by acetic acid, including HXT1 and HXT3 that encode glucose transporters that operate by facilitated diffusion. These results illustrate how commonly used genetic markers in yeast deletion libraries complicate the effort to isolate strains with increased acetic acid resistance.     

Identification and characterization of a novel biotin biosynthesis gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells generally cannot synthesize biotin, a vitamin required for many carboxylation reactions. Although sake yeasts, which are used for Japanese sake brewing, are classified as S. cerevisiae, they do not require biotin for their growth. In this study, we identified a novel open reading frame (ORF) in the genome of one strain of sake yeast that we speculated to be involved in biotin synthesis. Homologs of this gene are widely distributed in the genomes of sake yeasts. However, they are not found in many laboratory strains and strains used for wine making and beer brewing. This ORF was named BIO6 because it has 52% identity with BIO3, a biotin biosynthesis gene of a laboratory strain. Further research showed that yeasts without the BIO6 gene are auxotrophic for biotin, whereas yeasts holding the BIO6 gene are prototrophic for biotin. The BIO6 gene was disrupted in strain A364A, which is a laboratory strain with one copy of the BIO6 gene. Although strain A364A is prototrophic for biotin, a BIO6 disrupted mutant was found to be auxotrophic for biotin. The BIO6 disruptant was able to grow in biotin-deficient medium supplemented with 7-keto-8-amino-pelargonic acid (KAPA), while the bio3 disruptant was not able to grow in this medium. These results suggest that Bio6p acts in an unknown step of biotin synthesis before KAPA synthesis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that expression of the BIO6 gene, like that of other biotin synthesis genes, was upregulated by depletion of biotin. We conclude that the BIO6 gene is a novel biotin biosynthesis gene of S. cerevisiae.     

提高光滑球拟酵母乙酰辅酶A水平促进a-酮戊二酸合成

【目的】为了了解光滑球拟酵母中乙酰辅酶A含量对其碳代谢及其通量的影响。【方法】将来源于酿酒酵母中编码乙酰辅酶A合成酶ACS2基因过量表达于发酵法生产丙酮酸的生产菌株Torulopsis glabrata中,获得了一株乙酰辅酶A合成酶活性提高9.2倍(1.20 U/mg protein)的重组菌T. glabrata ACS2-1。【结果】与出发菌株WSH-IP303相比,重组菌T. glabrata ACS2-1：(1)能以乙酸为唯一碳源在胞内积累0.94 mmol/(L·g DCW)的乙酰辅酶A;(2)以葡萄糖为唯一碳源时胞内乙酰辅酶A浓度、a-酮戊二酸产量和Ca-KG/Cpyr是出发菌株WSH-IP303 的3.22、2.05和2.52倍;(3)在葡萄糖培养基中添加4 g/L乙酸,使乙酰辅酶A浓度、a-酮戊二酸产量和Ca-KG/Cpyr是出发菌株WSH-IP303的4.55、2.47和3.75倍,a-酮戊二酸浓度达到17.8 g/L。【结论】这一结果表明,改变细胞内关键辅因子的浓度能使碳代谢流的流向与通量发生改变,从积累丙酮酸转向过量积累a-酮戊二酸。     

Transducing activity of the temperate SM bacteriophage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The temperate bacteriophage SM is not serologically related to the known transducing phages F116, G101, B3 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The strains with auxotrophic mutations within the wide ranges of the genetic map of P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 were used for studying the transducing activity of the SM phage. All of the 7 bacterial markers tested are transduced with SM phage grown on a prototrophic donor strain. The frequency of transduction of separate bacterial markers using the wild type SM phage is 2.3 to 4.6 X 10(-8). Linked ilv202+ - met28+ markers are cotransduced with SM phage at a frequency of about 1.5%.     

Induced parasexual processes in Claviceps sp. strain SD58.

A homokaryotic, clavine alkaloid-producing strain of ergot, Claviceps sp. strain SD 58, was used in an attempt to demonstrate parasexuality. Genetically marked auxotrophic strains were produced by mutation with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Protoplast fusion of pairs of unlike doubly auxotrophic strains and isolation of stable prototrophic fusion products were carried out. By growth of the fusion products on complete medium, selective pressure for prototrophy was removed and auxotrophic segregants were allowed to form. Analysis of these and recovery of segregants with nonleaky, non-parent-type combinations of auxotrophic characteristics has provided strong evidence that a parasexual cycle can function in Claviceps sp. strain SD 58. Preliminary work suggests that the genetics of ergot might be studied by mitotic analysis and that protoplast fusion and selection procedures might be useful for the enhancement of favorable characteristics in Claviceps strains.     

Induced parasexual processes in Claviceps sp. strain SD58

A homokaryotic, clavine alkaloid-producing strain of ergot, Claviceps sp. strain SD 58, was used in an attempt to demonstrate parasexuality. Genetically marked auxotrophic strains were produced by mutation with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Protoplast fusion of pairs of unlike doubly auxotrophic strains and isolation of stable prototrophic fusion products were carried out. By growth of the fusion products on complete medium, selective pressure for prototrophy was removed and auxotrophic segregants were allowed to form. Analysis of these and recovery of segregants with nonleaky, non-parent-type combinations of auxotrophic characteristics has provided strong evidence that a parasexual cycle can function in Claviceps sp. strain SD 58. Preliminary work suggests that the genetics of ergot might be studied by mitotic analysis and that protoplast fusion and selection procedures might be useful for the enhancement of favorable characteristics in Claviceps strains.     

Synthesis of FUDP-N-acetylglucosamine and FUDP-glucose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells treated with 5-fluorouracil

Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells (strain W303-1A) treated with 5-fluorouracil and grown in 2% (fermentative conditions) or in 0.1% glucose (oxidative conditions) accumulated two types of 5-fluoro-UDP-sugars (FUDP-sugars): FUDP-N-acetylglucosamine and FUDP-glucose. No difference was observed in both conditions of culture. The viability of yeast cells on treatment with 5-fluorouracil was also followed. Both FUDP-sugars were partially purified by column chromatography (on Hypersil ODS and Mono Q columns) and characterized by: (i) treatment with alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), snake venom phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.1) and UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.22); (ii) UV spectra; and (iii) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass analysis and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The syntheses of both FUDP-sugars were inversely related to the concentration of uracil and directly related to the concentration of 5-fluorouracil in the culture medium. The strain W303-1A, requiring uracil for growth, was useful as a tool to analyze the effect of 5-fluorouracil on nucleotide metabolism.