机械通气辅助抗蛇毒血清抢救银环蛇咬伤致呼吸衰竭的临床分析

目的观察抗蛇毒血清和机械通气对银环蛇咬伤致呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法应用机械通气和抗蛇毒血清救治16例银环蛇咬伤致呼吸衰竭患者。结果16例病人全部救活。患者出现眼睑下垂,呼吸节律改变或呼吸困难时,及早予经鼻气管插管行机械通气和应用抗蛇毒血清,能有效地抢救蛇伤致呼吸衰竭患者生命。结论机械通气辅助抗蛇毒血清是救治银环蛇咬伤致呼吸衰竭的有效方法。     

机械通气联合抗蛇毒血清救治银环蛇咬伤致呼吸麻痹25例

目的观察机械通气联合抗蛇毒血清救治银环蛇咬伤中毒致呼吸麻痹的效果。方法对我院急诊科联合应用有创机械通气和抗银环蛇毒血清救治的25例银环蛇咬伤中毒致呼吸麻醉患者的经验进行总结。结果经机械通气联合抗银环蛇毒血清治疗后,25例患者全部治愈出院。结论及时应用机械通气呼吸支持,配合应用抗银环蛇毒血清中和蛇毒治疗是提高银环蛇咬伤致呼吸麻痹抢救成功的有效措施。     

中西医结合救治毒蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭的临床观察

目的 探讨中西医结合救治毒蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭的治疗效果.方法 应用中西医结合的方法(机械通气、抗蛇毒血清结合中医中药)救治46例毒蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭患者.结果 46例全部痊愈出院.结论 中西医结合治疗措施是救治毒蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭的最有效方法.     

152例银环蛇咬伤致呼吸麻痹的救治体会

目的探索抗银环蛇毒血清、机械通气治疗银环蛇咬伤致呼吸麻痹的方法。方法收集我院救治的银环蛇咬伤致呼吸麻痹152例临床资料,阐明抗银环蛇毒血清、机械通气的临床疗效。结果治愈147例,治愈率为96.7％。结论银环蛇咬伤局部症状不明显,全身中毒症状重．死亡率高。银环蛇咬伤主要发生在农村,基层医院要尽快推广使用抗银环蛇毒血清;一但出现呼吸麻痹要尽早使用机械通气,对抢救成功致关重要。     

毒蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭38例救治分析

目的探讨毒蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭的发病机制和治疗措施。方法选择毒蛇咬伤患者38例,应用抗蛇毒血清、机械通气等综合治疗。结果经综合救治措施治疗,38例全部痊愈出院。结论综合救治措施是抢救毒蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭最有效的方法。     

机械通气救治4例银环蛇咬伤急性呼吸衰竭

目的 探讨机械通气救治银环蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭的治疗效果。方法 院前正确清创急救处理,及时行机械通气救治4例银环蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭患者。结果 气管内插管是最佳的气道开放方法,气管插管者辅助通气4～6h后撤机及拔管可获得成功。结论 正确急救和清创,气管内插管及机械通气是救治银环蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭的最有效的方法。     

缺抗蛇毒血清治疗重症银环蛇咬伤的护理体会

目的探讨缺抗蛇毒血清救治银环蛇咬伤所致急性呼吸衰竭的护理措施。方法对2011年3月~2014年3月我院收治银环蛇咬伤未用抗银环蛇血清患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结护理措施及特点,并评价患者的预后。结果 11例患者全部抢救成功,但住院时间较使用抗银环蛇血清的患者延长,差异有显著统计学意义(P0.05);其中4例病人发生呼吸机相关性肺炎;2例患者因镇静不良,出现严重的焦虑与恐慌等精神症状。结论在缺抗银环蛇毒血清救治银环蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭患者的抢救中,呼吸机辅助呼吸是抢救的主要措施,而正确执行护理措施、减少呼吸机相关性肺炎可提高抢救成功率。     

缺抗蛇毒血清银环蛇伤的临床观察

目的探讨临床上缺乏抗银环蛇蛇毒血清治疗银环蛇咬伤的临床效果。方法将我院急诊科2011年3月~2013年10月收治的银环蛇咬伤患者9例与同期67例应用抗银环蛇毒血清治疗的病例进行比较,观察两组患者住院期间的临床变化与转归。结果经机械通气支持、胆碱酯酶抑制剂联合抗胆碱药物,以及肺部抗感染治疗,9例未经抗银环蛇毒血清治疗的患者均成活,但较使用抗银环蛇毒血清的患者住院时间延长、费用明显增加。结论重症银环蛇伤患者在缺乏抗银环蛇毒血清治疗时,应用机械呼吸支持,胆碱酯酶抑制剂联合抗胆碱药物,以及积极抗感染治疗也能救治患者生命。     

银环蛇咬伤72例的救治与护理

银环蛇是我国常见的剧毒蛇之一,被其咬伤局部症状不明显,容易被病人忽视而延误抢救时机。我院蛇伤科采用抗银环蛇毒血清、机械通气及中西医结合救治银环蛇咬伤中毒患者,取得满意疗效,现报告如下。     

机械辅助通气在重危型神经毒毒蛇咬伤应用路径的评价

目的 通过对重危型神经毒毒蛇咬伤的病情预测和处理,建立和评价机械通气应用路径的价值.方法 对132例神经毒毒蛇咬伤患者进行临床病情分型,其中重危型69例,即予病情预测,以路径式管理,在呼吸困难早期及时使用呼吸机辅助通气,同时对伤口局部和全身程序化综合救治,并观察病情变化及血氧饱和度、血气分析、平均住院时间.结果 重危型神经毒毒蛇咬伤患者,经及时应用机械通气后的抢救成功率100%,无过敏反应发生,平均住院时间较前缩短.结论 早期准确预测病情变化,在使用抗蛇毒血清的同时尽快建立临床路径,应用机械通气方法能提高毒蛇咬伤的疗效,并明显减少并发症的发生.     

毒蛇咬伤患者院前早期程序化急救处理方案的应用观察

目的探讨毒蛇咬伤患者院前早期程序化急救处理方案的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院58例毒蛇咬伤患者应用院前早期程序化急救处理方案的临床资料。结果 58例毒蛇咬伤患者经院前早期程序化急救处理后,痊愈出院53例,好转3例,自动出院1例,院前死亡2例（眼镜王蛇咬伤1例,银环蛇咬伤1例）。结论院前急救是蛇伤治疗前期的一个关键性步骤,院前早期程序化急救处理方案应用于蛇伤患者,有利于提高抢救成功率。     

中华眼镜蛇咬伤致局部组织损伤三种疗法的临床疗效观察

目的对中华眼镜蛇咬伤致局部组织损伤的各种治疗方法进行疗效优劣比较,找出最佳治疗方法。方法总结我院569例中华眼镜蛇咬伤致局部组织损伤的各种治疗方法。结果治疗方法从优到劣依次是：抗蛇毒血清局部注射-糜蛋白酶局部注射-蛇伤药酒外敷-坏死组织早期切除-局部烧灼法-局部组织切开冲洗。结论中华眼镜蛇伤致局部组织损伤的治疗方法应首选抗蛇毒血清局部注射和糜蛋白酶局部注射,其次选用蛇伤药酒外敷。     

Venomous snakebites in southern Croatia

This retrospective study is based on the analysis of 542 snakebite envenomation cases in southern Croatia, which were treated in the University Hospital Split over the period of 21 years. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of venomous snakebite in southern Croatia, epidemiological and clinical features of snakebite and treatment in the region. The mean annual snakebite incidence in southern Croatia was 5.2 per 100,000 inhabitants. The nose- horned viper (Vipera ammodytes) was responsible for most bites, only a small proportion being inflicted by the adder (Vipera berus). People of all ages were affected (1 - 82 year old), but the bites were more frequent in individuals older than 50 (46% of the cases) and in children and adolescents 19 year old and younger (27% of the cases). Most snakebite accidents happened in warm spring and summer months, the highest number occurring in May (22%). A majority of the victims were rural people engaged in agricultural activities. Bites on the upper limbs were more frequent (57%) than bites on the lower limbs (42%). With regard to envenomation severity, there were 15.1% minor, 40.5% mild, 26% moderate and 18% severe cases. Two victims died (0.4%). The antivenom produced by the Institute of Immunology in Zagreb was given to virtually all patients, and complications following its administration were rare. The antivenom was used more often than it was suggested by the symptoms present.     

激素联合抗蛇毒血清环行封闭治疗毒蛇咬伤伤口溃疡

目的探讨激素联合抗蛇毒血清环行封闭治疗毒蛇咬伤伤口溃疡的疗效及实用价值。方法对81例伤口溃疡形成,且周围组织肿胀的毒蛇咬伤患者,在静脉应用抗蛇毒血清的同时,迅速清除及破坏伤口局部蛇毒,伤口常规扩创、负压吸引冲洗,予同种抗蛇毒血清1／2支加甲基强的松龙40mg(或地塞米松10mg)环行封闭,观察治疗后患者自觉症状、伤口愈合程度。结果治疗1～3天后症状明显好转,疼痛减轻,伤口肿胀、溃烂、渗血明显减轻,无1例需植皮或截肢。结论激素联合抗蛇毒血清环行封闭对毒蛇咬伤伤口疗效明显,具有一定的推广价值。     

Control of snakebite envenoming: A mathematical modeling study

A mathematical model is designed to assess the impact of some interventional strategies for curtailing the burden of snakebite envenoming in a community. The model is fitted with real data set. Numerical simulations have shown that public health awareness of the susceptible individuals on snakebite preventive measures could reduce the number of envenoming and prevent deaths and disabilities in the population. The simulations further revealed that if at least fifty percent of snakebite envenoming patients receive early treatment with antivenom a substantial number of deaths will be averted. Furthermore, it is shown using optimal control that combining public health awareness and antivenom treatment averts the highest number of snakebite induced deaths and disability adjusted life years in the study area. To choose the best strategy amidst limited resources in the study area, cost effectiveness analysis in terms of incremental cost effectiveness ratio is performed. It has been established that the control efforts of combining public health awareness of the susceptible individuals and antivenom treatment for victims of snakebite envenoming is the most cost effective strategy. Approximately the sum of US$72,548 is needed to avert 117 deaths or 2,739 disability adjusted life years that are recorded within 21 months in the study area. Thus, the combination of these two control strategies is recommended.     

Time delays in treatment of snakebite patients in rural Sri Lanka and the need for rapid diagnostic tests

Delays in treatment seeking and antivenom administration remain problematic for snake envenoming. We aimed to describe the treatment seeking pattern and delays in admission to hospital and administration of antivenom in a cohort of authenticated snakebite patients. Adults (> 16 years), who presented with a confirmed snakebite from August 2013 to October 2014 were recruited from Anuradhapura Hospital. Demographic data, information on the circumstances of the bite, first aid, health-seeking behaviour, hospital admission, clinical features, outcomes and antivenom treatment were documented prospectively. There were 742 snakebite patients [median age: 40 years (IQR:27–51; males: 476 (64%)]. One hundred and five (14%) patients intentionally delayed treatment by a median of 45min (IQR:20-120min). Antivenom was administered a median of 230min (IQR:180–360min) post-bite, which didn’t differ between directly admitted and transferred patients; 21 (8%) receiving antivenom within 2h and 141 (55%) within 4h of the bite. However, transferred patients received antivenom sooner after admission to Anuradhapura hospital than those directly admitted (60min [IQR:30-120min] versus 120min [IQR:52-265min; p<0.0001]). A significantly greater proportion of transferred patients had features of systemic envenoming on admission compared to those directly admitted (166/212 [78%] versus 5/43 [12%]; p<0.0001), and had positive clotting tests on admission (123/212 [58%] versus 10/43 [23%]; p<0.0001). Sri Lankan snakebite patients present early to hospital, but there remains a delay until antivenom administration. This delay reflects a delay in the appearance of observable or measurable features of envenoming and a lack of reliable early diagnostic tests. Improved early antivenom treatment will require reliable, rapid diagnostics for systemic envenoming.     

眼镜王蛇咬伤救治成功临床分析

目的探讨眼镜王蛇咬伤患者的最佳抢救方法。方法对6例眼镜王蛇咬伤患者的抢救过程进行回顾性分析总结。结果通过及时使用抗蛇毒血清、中草药等治疗,6例患者均痊愈出院。结论早期正确局部处理伤口是抢救成功的前提;早期足量应用抗眼镜蛇毒血清和抗银环蛇毒血清治疗是抢救成功的关键;中西医结合治疗是抢救成功和治愈的保证。     

16例孕妇毒蛇咬伤的临床治疗和研究

目的　探讨抗蛇毒血清、蛇毒素对孕妇及胎儿的影响。　方法　将 193例蛇伤妇女随机分为 2组 ,孕妇组 (治疗组 ) 16例 ,非孕妇组 (对照组 ) 177例。两组均采用抗蛇毒血清、抗生素治疗。治疗组结合中药治疗 ,对照组配合激素 ,改善微循环及抗过敏药物治疗。防治血清反应措施 ,两组在用药时间和药物选择上均有严格区别。　结果　治疗组与对照组的治愈率分别为 87.50 % ( 14 /16 )和 89.83% ( 159/177) ;好转率分别为 12 .50 % ( 2 /16 )和 10 .17% ( 18/177)。两组临床疗效比较 ,差异均无显著性意义 ( P>0 .0 5)。治疗组与对照组的血清反应率分别为 12 .5% ( 2 /16 )和 1.6 9% ( 3/177)。两组血清反应率比较 ,治疗组明显高于对照组 ,差异有极显著性意义 ( P <0 .0 1)。治疗组中新生儿全部存活 ,无溶血性贫血 ,也未发现缺陷和畸形 ,各项生理指标均正常。　结论　临床证实 ,国产精制抗蛇毒血清制品纯度高、质量好、中和力强、副作用少 ,是治疗孕妇毒蛇咬伤的安全特效药物。孕妇抗生素的选择和抗过敏等药物的应用一定要坚持孕期用药的基本原则。