Length‐weight and length‐length relationships of five fish species from the Zigui section of the lower Three Gorges Reservoir,Hubei Province,China

This paper provides the length‐weight and length–length relationships for five fish species in the Zigui section of the lower Three Gorges Reservoir of the Yangtze River. Specimens were collected from December 2014 to January 2017, using various types of fishing gear and electroshock fishing techniques. Length‐weight relationships (LWRs) for one fish species and Length–length relationships (LLRs) for five fish species are unknown to FishBase. New maximum total lengths for four species were also recorded for FishBase. Moreover, standard‐length to total‐length equations for converting size measurements for these five species are presented.     

Population characteristics of yellow catfish (Peltobagrus fluvidraco) along the longitudinal profile of Three Gorges Reservoir,China

The length–frequency and age distributions, condition factor (K), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and gastrosomatic index (GaSI) of yellow catfish (Peltobagrus fluvidraco) were studied at three sites along the 500‐km longitudinal profile of Three Gorges Reservoir. Across all three sites (dam, mid‐reservoir and upper reservoir), GSI increased from April through June, with peak values observed in May and June. Mean K and GSI for fish captured near the dam were significantly higher compared to mid‐reservoir or upper‐reservoir areas. The GaSI index showed no significant variations across sites. However, the length‐frequency histogram of yellow catfish in the more riverine upper reservoir was log‐normal and skewed towards larger (total length) fish, a pattern that was significantly different from mid‐reservoir or near‐dam habitats, where fish length data were normally distributed but at a smaller length mode. Age estimations using otolith sagittae revealed that the spawning population was dominated by fish from only two age‐classes (1 and 2). This study provides novel insight into population characteristics of fish along the substantial spatial scale of Three Gorges Reservoir. Given the irregular population size‐ and age‐structure and the fact that the species is currently commercially exploited, this population is believed to be susceptible to overfishing. Restricted harvesting during peak reproductive months is recommended and suggested that additional research is needed on recruitment and harvest dynamics of this species throughout Three Gorges Reservoir. Additional research is also required to determine whether the spike in K and GSI at lentic sites is a transient product of recent impoundment or an indicator of optimal hydrologic habitat for the species.     

Length–weight relationships of 55 fish species from the Three Gorges Reservoir in the Yangtze River,China

The paper reports the length–weight relationships of 55 species from the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) of the Yangtze River, China, and the largest reservoir in the world. A total of 24,176 specimens were collected from July 2012 to January 2015. Length–weight relationships for 33 fish species not recorded previously in FishBase, and the maximum total lengths computed for eight species are presented. The a values varied between 0.00054 and 0.01923, and the b values ranged from 2.729 to 3.583. The results will be useful for the application of sustainable management and conservation of these fishes in the TGR of the Yangtze River.     

三峡库区短颌鲚年龄和生长特性的研究

为调查短颌鲚(Coilia nasus)在三峡库区的资源现状,自2019年7—12月于三峡库区的长江一级支流澎溪河、梅溪河、草堂河、大宁河共采集短颌鲚样本459尾,用以分析三峡库区现有短颌鲚的年龄结构及生长特征.研究结果显示,三峡库区短颌鲚群体由1—6龄组成,1龄即可达性成熟,群体中1—3龄个体占比90.85％;群体平...     

三峡水库消落区不同生活史类型植物群落的空间分布格局

为探究三峡水库消落区不同生活史植物群落随海拔梯度及水库干流沿程的空间分布规律,于2017年8月至2017年9月对三峡水库干流消落区植被进行了调查。研究结果表明:(1)三峡水库消落区植被的植物物种丰富度随距大坝里程距离的缩短而呈现逐渐减小的趋势。(2)三峡水库消落区不同生活史类型植被群落盖度对水淹梯度胁迫的响应呈现相反的变化规律:随着消落区高程的升高,一年生植物对消落区植被覆盖度的贡献逐渐增加,而多年生植物对植被群落覆盖度的贡献逐渐降低。但是,在消落区的任一高程区域,多年生植物物种盖度均要大于一年生植物物种盖度。(3)采用TWINSPAN植被分类方法可对9个样地607个样方的三峡水库消落区植被划分为25个组,其中苍耳+狗牙根群落Ass.Xanthiumsibiricum+Cynodon dactylon(含213个样方)、狗牙根群落Ass.Cynodon dactylon(包含137个样方)、狗牙根+香附子群落Ass.Cynodon dactylon+Cyperus rotundus(含55个样方)、狗牙根+酸模叶蓼群落Ass.Cynodon dactylon+Polygonum lapathifolium(40个样方)、苍耳+藿香蓟群落Ass.Xanthiumsibiricum+Ageratum conyzoides(38个样方)等为消落区的优势植物群落,群落特征明显表现出对水位涨落及小生境差异的适应。     

小江拟尖头鲌的年龄、生长、繁殖及其资源开发状况研究

拟尖头鲌(Culter oxycephaloides)属鲤形目(Cypriniformes), 鲤科(Cyprinidae), 鲌亚科(Cultrinae), 鲌属(Culter), 为中国特有鱼类, 分布于长江流域的四川、湖北、湖南等省的江河湖泊中。2013年47月以及1012月在三峡库区支流小江江段收集拟尖头鲌样本1741尾, 对其年龄、生长、繁殖及其资源开发状况进行了研究。结果表明: 所采集的拟尖头鲌包括5个年龄组, 其中23龄年龄组为优势年龄组, 占78.59% (N=425尾); 体长与体重呈幂函数关系, 表达式为W = 0.000007L3.10(R2=0.99, N=789尾), 其生长属于匀速生长类型; 采用von Bertalanffy生长方程分别拟合体长、体重与年龄的关系, 其表达式分别为: Lt=519.631-e-0.22(t+0.12), Wt=1806.081-e-0.22(t+0.12)3.10; 生长拐点年龄t=5.02龄, 此时对应的体长348 mm, 体重558.8 g; 绝对繁殖力变动范围为2038288430粒/尾, 相对繁殖力变动范围为54161粒/g, 体重与绝对繁殖力的关系以二次方程曲线拟合度最优, 其表达式为Fabs＝33462.08+0.11W-44.01W2(R2=0.49, sig.=0.020.05, N=31); Ⅳ卵巢卵径变动范围为0.06750.1325 cm, 平均值为0.1060 cm; 拟尖头鲌产卵类型为分批产卵类型; 小江拟尖头鲌的现有开发率为E=0.51/年; Beverton-Holt动态综合模型显示, 目前小江拟尖头鲌的Emax为0.40/年, E10为0.32/年, E50为0.25/年。根据研究, 目前小江拟尖头鲌的种群处于过度开发状况, 应采取措施, 加强其资源保护。       

Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Rotifers in Xiangxi Bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

From July 2003 to June 2005, investigations of rotifer temporal and spatial distributions were car‐ried out in a bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir, Xiangxi Bay, which is the downstream segment of the Xiangxi River and the nearest bay to the Three Gorges Reservoir dam in Hubei Province, China. Thirteen sampling sites were selected. The results revealed a high species diversity, with 76 species, and 14 dominant species; i.e., Polyarthra vulgaris, Keratella cochlearis, Keratella valga, Synchaeta tremula, Synchaeta stylata, Trichocerca lophoessa, Trichocerca pusilla, Brachionus angularis, Brachionus calyciflorus, Brachionus forficula forficula, Ascomorpha ovalis, Conochilus unicornis, Ploesoma truncatum and Anuraeopsis fissa. After the first year of the reservoir impoundment, the rotifer community was dominated by ten species; one year later it was dominated by eight species. The community in 2003/2004 was dissimilar to that in 2004/2005, which resulted from the succes‐sion of the dominant species. The rotifer community exhibited a patchy distribution, with significant heterogeneity observed along the longitudinal axis. All rotifer communities could be divided into three groups, corresponding to the riverine, the transition and the lacustrine zone, respectively. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

三峡库区5 个鲢群体遗传变异的微卫星分析

研究利用10 个高度多态的微卫星标记对三峡水库秭归、巫山、云阳、忠县、木洞等5 个库区鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)的野生群体进行了遗传多样性分析。检测到161 个等位基因, 群体共有等位基因84 个, 每个微卫星位点的等位基因数729 不等。平均观测杂合度Ho 为0.7840.846, 平均期望杂合度He 为0.8280.847, 平均多态信息含量PIC 为0.7970.817。Fst 值为-0.0010.009, 表明5 个鲢群体间没有遗传分化。Hardy-Weinberg 平衡检验表明巫山、云阳、木洞群体在一些位点上偏离遗传平衡。Bottleneck 分析显示长江三峡库区江段的鲢群体可能在历史上经历了遗传瓶颈。5 个群体间的遗传相似系数为0.8910.950, 遗传距离为 0.0500.115, 根据 Nei's 遗传距离所绘制的聚类图, 表明鲢群体间的遗传距离与其地理距离基本一致。贝叶斯分析结果也证实三峡库区5 个鲢群体可视为一个类群。尽管没有检测到遗传分化, 数据清晰地表明三峡库区的鲢群体仍有很高的遗传多样性, 研究结果为三峡地区和长江上游的鲢种质资源保护和种群评估提供了参考。       

三峡水库消落带外来植物组成及分布特征

[目的]探究三峡水库消落带外来植物的物种组成及分布特征,为库区外来植物管理防控、生物多样性保护和生态安全管理提供理论支持和数据参考。[方法]通过对库区消落带外来植物的实地调查,结合文献资料,研究外来植物的物种组成、原产地、引入途径、生活型及消落带外来植物的分布现状。[结果]三峡水库消落带存在66种外来植物,隶属于22个科50属,其中菊科、豆科、茄科和苋科是三峡水库消落带外来植物的优势科,共有40种,占总种数约60.6%,菊科的数目最多,达到21种;外来植物中来源于美洲的物种最多,达到66.7%;生活型以一年生草本植物居多;花果期多集中于5—10月份;外来植物中分布最为广泛的物种是大狼杷草、喜旱莲子草、鬼针草、钻叶紫菀、小蓬草和土荆芥;三峡水库内库首和库中区域消落带分布的外来植物较多。[结论]三峡水库消落带外来植物种类较多,分布广泛,在常年回水区外来植物入侵态势较为严重,入侵植物防控的形势不容乐观。建议结合消落带管理方法和消落带植物群落特征建立外来植物防治机制,积极采取相关措施,加强消落带外来植物扩散机制及其对本地生态系统影响的研究。     

不同土地利用方式对三峡库区消落带土壤细菌和真菌多样性的影响

旨在为三峡消落带选择适合的生态恢复方式提供参考依据。以三峡库区重庆忠县汝溪河流域典型消落带为研究区域,于2015年6月进行原位取样,利用末端限制性片段长度多态性(Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism,T-RFLP)方法,对消落带的耕地、林地、弃耕地土壤细菌和真菌群落多样性进行研究。研究发现:(1)除容重和密度外,不同用地类型对土壤各理化特性均产生显著影响,林地的含水量、有机质(OM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、速效氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)、速效磷(AP)的含量显著高于耕地和弃耕地(P0.05)。(2)在三峡库区消落带不同土地利用方式下细菌和真菌多样性均有显著性差异。(3)耕地和林地的细菌多样性无显著性差异,均显著高于弃耕地;不同用地方式中,土壤全磷(TP)和速效磷(AP)显著影响细菌群落结构(P0.05)。(4)真菌群落的Shannon-Weiner指数和辛普森指数在耕地中均为最低,但均匀度指数在3种用地类型之间没有显著性差异;在不同用地方式的土壤中,土壤有机质(OM)、全氮(TN)含量和p H显著影响真菌群落结构(P0.05)。结论:与弃耕地和耕地相比,林地可固持、滞留和保有更多的土壤养分,有较高的细菌多样性和真菌多样性。在三峡消落带165—175 m海拔高程,林地为最适宜的用地方式,建议限制耕作,推广人工生态修复林地建设。     

在不同蓄水位下三峡库区春季水华特征及趋势分析

基于2004—2015年三峡库区支流春季水华的监测数据,开展了三峡库区不同蓄水位下春季水华特征及趋势分析。结果表明:总共有26条支流发生春季水华,香溪河为水华发生概率最高的支流。水华藻类优势种主要是硅藻和甲藻,甲藻水华出现的概率随着蓄水位的增加而增加,但是在持续几年175 m蓄水之后,甲藻水华出现的频率下降,硅藻水华出现的频率增加。在175 m蓄水之前,水华发生期藻类密度、叶绿素a含量及水体营养盐水平相对较低,此后都有了较高的提升,但是在持续几年175 m蓄水之后,藻类密度、叶绿素a浓度以及营养盐浓度都有下降趋势。对藻密度及叶绿素a含量与主要环境因子进行主成分分析(Principal components analysis)发现,藻密度和叶绿素a与总磷、总氮、高锰酸盐指数聚类一簇,藻密度、叶绿素a浓度与总磷、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数显著正相关。在蓄水之后,三峡库区支流营养水平有所增加,随着蓄水位的增加,三峡库区支流断面的平均流速降低,在合适的温度下,三峡库区支流水华易发生。     

三峡成库后香溪河库湾底栖动物群落演变及库湾纵向分区格局动态

水库生态系统演替是水库生态学研究及水库管理过程中都比较关注的问题。三峡水库自2003年6月成库以来,有关水库生态系统演替的研究却鲜见报道。以三峡水库香溪河库湾底栖动物为研究对象,分析了自2003年8月—2010年7月3个不同蓄水阶段底栖动物群落的演变状况,并对库湾纵向分区格局的动态变化进行了探讨。结果表明,水库蓄水后,摇蚊科和颤蚓科成为第一批定殖者,并以摇蚊科为主;随后,颤蚓科中的霍甫水丝蚓逐渐成为优势类群;直到2004年4月仙女虫科的肥满仙女虫与霍甫水丝蚓共同主导群落。一期蓄水后约1a,底栖动物密度和物种数呈现出明显的增长趋势,空间上呈现出"中间高、两头低"的格局。库湾总体密度于2006年4月达到最高值,高达24146个/m2。二期蓄水导致底栖动物总密度显著降低,而三期蓄水后则变化相对较小。随着时间的增长,库湾底栖动物偶见种出现的频率逐渐降低,群落逐渐趋于稳定。基于TWINSPAN(two-way indicator species analysis)的分析,一期蓄水后期,香溪河库湾纵向上底栖动物群落结构呈现出稳定的分区格局,库湾中部区域呈现出相同的群落类型,无季节变化;而自二期蓄水开始,库湾纵向上大部分样点的群落类型发生改变,表明二期蓄水的干扰较强;之后呈现出季节性波动,此种格局与水位的季节波动相关联,表明三峡水库底栖动物逐渐适应水库周期性的调度,群落结构呈现稳定的季节性周期波动。     

Length–weight and length–length relationships and length at first maturity for freshwater fish species of the Salto Santiago Reservoir,Iguaçu River Basin,Brazil

Length‐weight (LWR) and length‐length (LLR) relationships were estimated for 20 species and lengths at first maturity (L₅₀) for six species of freshwater fishes caught in the Salto Santiago Reservoir, Iguaçu River Basin, Brazil. In nine species significant differences were found in the LWR between sexes. Average b‐value for species with no differences between sexes in LWR was 3.12 (SE = ±0.05). Average b‐value in LLR was 0.823. First references on LWRs and L₅₀ are presented for 13 and four fish species, respectively, as well as the new maximum total lengths for eight species.     

三峡水库运行期间原生动物群落的时空异质性

于2010年10月—2011年6月三峡水库正常运行周期内对库区干流原生动物进行调查,研究其空间分布及水库周期排蓄期间的变化。共检测到原生动物99种,蓄水后纤毛虫有增多的趋势。水库运行的不同阶段优势种不同,大致演变为:砂壳纤毛虫(蓄水期)—非砂壳类纤毛虫(高位运行期间)—有壳肉足虫(低位运行期间)。不同水域优势种也存在差异,从上游到下游特征指示种变化为:有壳肉足虫(变动回水区)—纤毛虫(湖泊区)。结果表明,三峡水库原生动物的分布具有明显的时空异质性(P0.05),影响原生动物时空分布的主要因素有透明度、温度、电导率和叶绿素a。原生动物平均密度为952.19个/L,平均生物量为8.14μg/L。蓄水期上游现存量高于下游,低位运行期间则低于下游。原生动物Marglef和Shannonn-Weiver多样性指数平均值分别为3.78和2.18,1月份最低,6月份最高。蓄水175 m后上游变动回水区原生动物具有较高的丰度。水库冬蓄夏排的运行模式模糊了河流本身的季节变化,使原生动物的种类和现存量更多的受水库水动力学的影响,使水体理化因子和水文特征呈现明显的时空差异,最终形成原生动物种群的时空异质性分布。     

Length–weight and length–length relationships for 23 fish species of Porto Primavera reservoir,Upper Paraná River,Brazil

The study presents length–weight relationships (LWR) and length–length relationships (LLR) for 23 fish species captured in the Porto Primavera Reservoir, Upper Paraná River. Seventeen of the LWRs and 20 of the LLRs are reported for the first time. New maximum standard lengths are presented for 17 species as well as weights for three species and new total weight records for 19 species.     

The weight‐length relationship of fish species found in the tidal creeks of the Amazon estuary,northern Brazil

The present study estimated the a and b parameters of the weight‐length relationship of five fish species that inhabit the tidal creeks of islands in the Amazon estuary: Colomesus asellus, Geophagus proximus, Lithodoras dorsalis, Pseudauchenipterus nodosus, Pachypops fourcroi. The species were collected quarterly between October 2013 to July 2014 using block nets made from 20 mm mesh size. The b coefficient of the regression of the weight on the total length of these species ranged from 2.71 to 3.14. These are the first reference on the weight‐length relationship for three species and the new maximum length recorded for two species.     

Length‐weight relationships of 29 fish species from the Tucuruí Reservoir (Tocantins/Araguaia Basin,Brazil)

The length‐weight relationships (LWRs) are described for 29 fish species in the region of the Tucuruí Reservoir, located in the Tocantins/Araguaia Basin, northern Brazil. Fishes in fourteen sites were sampled seasonally for 10 years, from 2001 to 2010. Significant differences between sexes were found for two species, while 27 species had similar LWRs for males and females. The relationship of standard length and total length is presented for all species as well as the minimum and average size of reproductive females and seasonality of occurrence. No information on LWRs of these 29 species was heretofore available in FishBase.     

EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM SUBMERGENCE ON SURVIVAL AND RECOVERY GROWTH OF FOUR RIPARIAN PLANT SPECIES IN THREE GORGES RESERVOIR REGION, CHINA

 地瓜藤(Ficus tikoua)、荻(Triarrhena sacchariflora)、牛鞭草(Hemarthria altissima)和狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)是三峡库区常见的岸生植物, 自然分布于河岸带不同垂直高程的地段。为了明确它们在成库后“三峡库区消落区”长期完全水淹条件下的存活和生长情况, 实验设置对照(不进行水淹, 常规供水管理)和完全水淹两个处理, 30、60、90、120、150和180 d 6个水淹时间水平, 研究了4种植物在完全水淹条件下的存活、生物量变化和恢复生长。结果发现: 1) 4种植物在完全水淹条件下的存活率与其在河岸带上的垂直分布高程密切相关。分布于距江面高程较高的河岸段的地瓜藤植株, 在全淹30 d后就全部死亡; 分布在中高程河岸段的荻在全淹150和180 d后全部死亡; 可以分布于低高程河岸段的牛鞭草和狗牙根, 淹没180 d后存活率分别为90%和100%。2)全淹抑制了荻、牛鞭草和狗牙根的生长, 总生物量增量显著低于对照植株。与水淹0 d相比, 全淹处理植株的地上部分生物量显著降低, 荻在全淹60和120 d后, 地下部分生物量显著降低, 但牛鞭草和狗牙根的地下部分生物量与水淹0 d水平相比无显著差异。3)水淹处理结束后, 存活的荻、牛鞭草和狗牙根植株都能很好地恢复生长。在恢复生长过程中, 全淹30、60和90 d后, 荻、牛鞭草和狗牙根植株的总分枝长相对生长速率与对照植株无显著差异, 全淹120、150和180 d后, 牛鞭草和狗牙根植株的总分枝长相对生长速率显著高于对照植株。全淹处理的荻、牛鞭草和狗牙根植株的总叶片数相对生长速率始终显著高于对照植株。遭受长期完全水淹后, 植株在有限的营养储备条件下, 快速产生叶片以迅速积聚光合产物可能是植物更为优化的恢复生长方式。     

三峡水库奉节以东秭归和巫山段消落带植物群落动态特征

基于2008—2012年对三峡水库奉节以东秭归和巫山段消落带固定样地不同海拔区段植物群落的5a定位监测,研究消落带植物群落的物种组成、优势植物、植物生活型和物种多样性的动态变化,结果表明:1)截止2012年,消落带海拔156—172 m区段共经历了4次水库水位涨落。经历首次后(2009年),消落带原生植物由55科147种减少到18科33种,经历4次后(2012年),减少到14科39种。与经历水库水位涨落前(2008年)比较,经历首次后的科数减少了67.3%,种数减少了77.6%;经历4次后的科数减少了74.5%,种数减少了73.5%。在消落带原生植物减少的同时,出现了许多"新"植物。经历首次后出现了49种,经历4次后出现了23种,分别占调查当年样地植物种类总数的59.8%和32.9%。海拔172—175 m区段共经历了2次水库水位涨落,消落带原生植物由40科91种(2008年)减少到了13科20种。与经历水库水位涨落前比较,科数减少了67.5%,种数减少了78.0%。出现"新"植物21种,约占调查当年样地植物种类总数的44.7%。通过对历次调查中消落带植物"消失"和"出现"的数量比较表明,消落带植物对经历首次水库水位涨落的反应最为敏感,此后,虽又经历过几次水库水位涨落,但其变化速率趋于减小。2)不同海拔区段、不同生态适应型植物的"消长"动态和优势种组成不完全相同。海拔156—172 m区段,经历4次水库水位涨落后,在消落带植物群落中占优势的草本植物种为菊科(Compositae)的鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、禾本科(Gramineae)的狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、毛马唐(Digitaria chrysoblephara)、狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)的碎米莎草(Cyperus iria),占优势的灌木树种为漆树科(Anacardiaceae)的盐肤木(Rhus chinensis)和大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)的算盘子(Glochidion puberum);在海拔172—175 m区段,除鬼针草、毛马唐仍为优势种外,还增加了大戟科的湖北算盘子(Glochidion wilsonii),马鞭草科(Verbenaceae)的黄荆(Vitex negundo),葡萄科(Vitaceae)的五叶地锦(Parthenocissus quniquefolia)等树种。3)消落带植物群落的优势生活型为一年生和多年生草本;物种多样性随着水库水位涨落次数的增加总体变化呈减少趋势。4)三峡水库水位周期性涨落导致消落带发生水陆环境交替变化,不同生态适应型植物对变化生境的适应能力有所不同,是消落带植物群落发生变化的主要驱动因素。