小鼠脑内甘氨酸含量在缺氧预适应中的变化

在小鼠重复缺氧预适应过程中,用HPLC方法,测定其全脑与不同脑区中的甘氨酸含量。结果表明,随着动物对低氧耐受性的增高,其全脑、间脑,特别是海马、脑干中的甘氨酸含量升高。结果提示,甘氨酸作为抑制性递质对低氧预适应的形成具有正面影响。     

低氧预适应小鼠皮层Bcl-2和Caspase-3的表达变化

本文旨在探讨小鼠皮层Bcl-2和Caspase-3在低氧预适应脑保护中的作用.将Bib/c近交系小鼠随机分为对照组、低氧组和低氧预适应组,用免疫荧光和激光共聚焦显微镜等技术测定皮层顶叶Bcl-2和Caspase-3表达荧光强度和阳性细胞计数.结果显示,低氧组和低氧预适应组Bcl-2表达均显著高于对照组,低氧预适应组又显著高于低氧组.低氧组和低氧预适应组Caspase-3表达均显著高于对照组,但低氧预适应组显著低于低氧组.结果表明,低氧预适应过程中,小鼠皮层脑区通过Bcl-2高表达和Caspase-3低表达抵御皮层细胞凋亡,从而参与脑保护机制.     

大鼠运动病敏感性性别差异与相关脑区AVP及其V1b受体表达的关系

目的：检测不同性别大鼠旋转刺激后脑内相关区域精氨酸加压素（AVP）含量及V1b受体表达的变化,探讨AVP及受体参与运动病的可能机制。方法：给予SD大鼠30 min绕水平轴的旋转刺激,然后采用放免法检测相关脑区AVP含量,并通过荧光免疫组化方法测定相应脑区V1b受体的表达情况。结果：①在雌性大鼠,旋转刺激组各脑区AVP含量无显著性改变;对于雄性大鼠,对照组各检测脑区AVP含量高于雌性,旋转刺激组小脑、延髓内AVP含量的变化无显著性意义,但前脑、间脑、脑桥内AVP含量较对照组明显降低（P〈0.05）。②雌性大鼠视上核AVP的V1b受体表达阳性神经元数量旋转刺激组显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,而前庭核、最后区V1b受体表达阳性神经元数量明显多于对照组（P〈0.05）;在雄性大鼠,旋转刺激组视上核与前庭核V1b受体表达阳性神经元数量无显著性改变,而最后区V1b受体表达阳性神经元数量有所增加（P〈0.05）,但增加幅度没有雌性大鼠明显。结论：前脑、间脑、脑桥内AVP含量与前庭核和最后区V1b受体表达及对旋转刺激反应的差异可能与运动病敏感性性别差异有关,并且前庭核、最后区可能是AVP-V1受体拮抗剂抗运动病作用的靶点。     

低氧预适应对小鼠海马组织HIF-1与EPO低氧应答元件结合活性的影响

目的：观察低氧预适应对小鼠海马组织HIF-1与EPO的低氧应答元件（HRE）结合活性的变化,探讨这种变化与低氧预适应形成的关系。方法：小鼠低氧0次（H0）,1次（H1）,4次（H4）后取海马组织,应用凝胶迁移改变试验（EMSA）,染色体免疫共沉淀（ChIP）试验和荧光定量PCR（real—time PCR）技术,检测小鼠海马组织内HIF-1与EPO的低氧应答元件结合能力的变化。结果：EMSA体外结合实验及ChIP体内结合实验发现。H0、H1和H4组结合活力依次增强。结论：HIF-1与EPO的低氧应答元件结合增强可能参与预适应的形成。     

重复性低氧增高小鼠脑组织内CREB的磷酸化水平

目的：初步探讨cAMP反应元件结合蛋白（C砌强）在小鼠脑低氧预适应形成过程中的作用。方法：用我室已建立的小鼠整体低氧预适应模型,应用SDS．PAGE和Westernblot等技术,并结合Gel Doc凝胶成像系统,定量检测小鼠脑组织内CREB的磷酸化水平和蛋白表达量。结果：①随低氧暴露次数（H1．H4）的增加,小鼠海马组织内CREB的磷酸化水平（激活程度）明显增高（＊p＜0．05;n=7）;大脑皮层内CREB的磷酸化水平也随低氧暴露次数（H1．H4）的增加而明显增高,且在H1．H4组的变化具有显著的统计学意义（＊p＜O．05,n=7）。②随低氧暴露次数（H1．H4）的增加,CREB的蛋白表达量无论在小鼠海马还是皮层组织内均无明显改变。结论：CREB磷酸化水平的增高（激活）可能参与了脑低氧预适应的形成过程。     

大鼠脑内血管的单胺能神经起源的观察──免疫组织化学研究

本研究采用直流电极单极损毁核团法及ＡＢＣ免疫过氧化物酶法,以酪氨酸羟化酶（ＴＨ）作为标记物,观察了２８只（分正常组、手术Ⅰ组、手术Ⅱ组、手术Ⅲ组）成年Ｗｉｓｔｅｒ大白鼠脑实质内血管的单胺能神经纤维的起始核团。正常组蓝斑区及脑桥网状结构内均可见大量密集的免疫反应阳性细胞体及交织成网的阳性纤维,端脑、间脑、中脑及脑桥各部血管壁上可见棕褐色的免疫反应阳性纤维;手术Ⅰ组损毁蓝斑,该区阳性细胞体及纤维消失,同时观察到端脑皮质、间脑、中脑及脑桥实质内血管壁上的阳性纤维数量明显减少;手术Ⅱ组同时损毁蓝斑及脑桥网状核,脑各部实质内血管的阳性纤维均不可见;手术Ⅲ组损毁脑桥网状核,端脑、间脑、中脑及脑桥实质内血管壁上仍可见棕褐色的阳性纤维。结果提示：脑实质内血管的单胺能神经纤维除主要起源于蓝斑外,还与脑桥网状结构有关。讨论了脑内血管的单胺能神经起源对脑实质内血管的单胺能神经及对脑内微循环的调控作用。     

低氧预适应对离体星形胶质细胞低氧耐受性的影响

目的：研究低氧预适应对体外培养的星形胶质细胞低氧耐受性的影响。方法：体外培养的鼠脑星形胶质细胞,随机分为对照组（control,C组）,低氧损伤组（hypoxia,H组）,低氧预适应组（hypoxic preconditioning,HP组）,通过检测细胞MTT代谢变化、凋亡发生和形态学观察探讨低氧预适应对星型胶质细胞低氧损伤的保护作用;免疫细胞化学方法分析Bcl-2和Bax的表达差异。结果：与低氧组相比,HP48、HP72组MTT代谢活性较高。免疫细胞化学结果提示低氧预适应组Bcl-2表达高于低氧损伤组,低氧预适应组Bax表达低于低氧损伤组。结论：低氧预适应对大鼠星形胶质细胞低氧损伤有保护作用,可能与Bax表达受抑,维持Bcl-2表达有关,通过对抗凋亡程序的发展产生保护作用。     

银杏内酯对急性低氧时脑含水量、Na+,K+-ATPase活性、MDA、乳酸含量的影响

目的 :观察银杏内酯对急性低氧脑损伤的保护作用 ,并探讨其机理。方法 :用成年SD大白鼠分成常氧对照组 (NC组 ) ,急性减压低氧组 (AH组 ) ,银杏内酯加低氧组 (GH组 ) ,测定各组脑含水量 ,Na+,K+ ATP酶活性 ,丙二醛和乳酸的含量。结果 :①与NC组相比 ,AH组脑含水量明显增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,而GH组脑含水量较AH组明显降低 ,与NC组相近。②AH组脑Na+,K+ ATP酶活性较NC组明显下降 (P <0 .0 1) ,GH组该酶活性上升 (P <0 .0 5)。③AH组脑丙二醛含量明显高于NC组 ,GH组丙二醛含量较AH组显著降低 (P <0 .0 1)。④AH组脑乳酸含量显著高于NC组 ,而GH组乳酸含量明显低于AH组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :银杏内酯能减轻脑水肿 ,对抗氧自由基 ,提高Na+,K+ ATP酶活性 ,改善脑细胞能量代谢     

大鼠不同脑区突触体钙水平的年龄差异

本实验使用荧光指示剂Ｆｕｒａ－２与Ｔｂ~（３＋）,检测了不同年龄组大鼠的不同脑区（海马、皮层、间脑、小脑）突触体内游离钙与膜结合钙水平。结果显示,与青年对照组相比,老年大鼠大部分脑区（海马、皮层、间脑）突触体内游离钙水平显著增高,尤其是海马突触体内游离钙增高极为显著;其突触体膜结合钙水平表现为：海马、小脑两脑区明显升高,而皮层、间脑两脑区明显下降,呈现一种全脑范围内的钙水平失衡。提示动物的衰老与其脑内钙自体平衡失调有关。     

猴头菇对小鼠抗疲劳作用的实验研究

分别以猴头菇干粉（猴头菇Ⅰ组）和猴头菇浸出液（猴头菇Ⅱ组）饲喂小鼠,观察猴头菇对小鼠血清乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）活力、血乳酸、血清尿素氮（ＢＵＮ）、肝糖原、肌糖原含量及运动耐力的影响。结果表明：实验６０ｄ后,猴头菇Ⅰ、Ⅱ组ＬＤＨ活力、肝糖原及肌糖原含量明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）;运动后血乳酸的水平和ＢＵＮ的增量明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）;运动后血乳酸消除速率显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）;在运动耐力测定时在水中淹死的时间比对照组长得多（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示：猴头菇具有明显的增强运动能力和解除疲劳的作用。     

Changes of adenosine and its A(1) receptor in hypoxic preconditioning.

Effects of hypoxic preconditioning on adenosine (ADO) and its A(1) receptor were studied in Kunming mice. The ADO content and its metabolites in the brain were measured by a specific enzymatic method; a radioligand binding method was used to study the ADO A(1) receptor. The ADO content of the hippocampus in group C (exposure to 4 runs of hypoxia) was markedly higher than that in group A (control, without exposure to hypoxia and B (exposure to 1 run of hypoxia), showing that the ADO content could be cumulatively increased in the hippocampus, which was more sensitive to ischemia and hypoxia, during acute and repeated exposure to hypoxia. A(1) receptor density in group C was significantly lower than in group A and no difference was seen between groups B and C; A(1) receptor affinity in the hippocampus, pons and medula oblongata in group C was significantly higher than in group A, implying that during hypoxic preconditioning there might be some mechanisms preventing A(1) receptor density from decreasing further and making A(1) receptor affinity increase in some brain regions. These results indicate that cumulatively increased ADO in the hippocampus via A(1) receptor may play a neuroprotective role in the CNS as an inhibitory neuromodulator and thus contribute to the formation and development of acute hypoxic adaptation or tolerance.     

Hypoxic preconditioning improves spatial cognitive ability in mice

Although it has been reported in a lot of studies that hypoxic preconditioning could protect the brain from hypoxic/ischemic injury, it is not clear whether hypoxic preconditioning could affect brain functions such as cognitive ability. This work aims at investigating the effect of hypoxic preconditioning on spatial cognitive ability in mice after acute and repeated hypoxic exposures. The mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: a control group in which mice were not exposed to hypoxia (H0) and experimental groups in which mice encountered hypoxia either once (H1) or 4 times (H4). Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) expression, long-term potentiation (LTP) recording and Morris water maze test were used to measure the animals' cognitive ability. The tolerance time was progressively prolonged as exposure went on. The expression of both NCAM mRNA and NCAM protein as well as the LTP induction rate decreased in group H1, but recovered to control level in group H4. The performance of mice in the maze test was improved in H4 in comparison with that in both H1 and H0. These findings may indicate that spatial cognitive ability is improved in adult mice by their hypoxic preconditioning.     

Downregulation of nitric oxide in the brain of mice during their hypoxic preconditioning.

An animal model of hypoxic preconditioning was produced in mice by repeated exposure to autohypoxic condition. The animals' tolerance times to hypoxia were 1.7, 1.8, 2.1, and 2.3 times longer in runs 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively, than that in run 1, and their oxygen consumption and heart and respiration rates were progressively and significantly slowed down during the repetitive exposure to hypoxia. L-Arginine concentration, nitric oxide (NO) synthase-positive cells, NO synthase activity, and NO content in the whole brain and the subregions telencephalon, diencephalon, and brain stem were significantly increased during the first exposure and were, instead of continuing to increase, significantly decreased in run 4 after the second and third exposure. Tolerance times under the hypoxic condition were significantly shortened and prolonged when preadministration of L-arginine and its analog, respectively, was made. These results indicate that NO in the brain is downregulated under condition of hypoxic preconditioning and negatively involved in increased tolerance to hypoxia.     

Changes of superoxide dismutase, glutathione perioxidase and lipid peroxides in the brain of mice preconditioned by hypoxia.

We have developed an animal model of hypoxic preconditioning and assumed that oxygen radicals and their endogenous scavenging enzymes may play an important role in the preconditioning. To test this hypothesis, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the content of lipid peroxides (LPO) were measured during the preconditioning. Compared with unpreconditioned control animals, in animals exposed to hypoxia only once, the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in whole brain were found to be significantly decreased while the LPO content in the hippocampus significantly increased. However, those in animals exposed to 4 runs of hypoxia tended to return to control levels and were lower than those in animals exposed to 1 and 2 runs of hypoxia. Our results indicate that the oxygen radicals and their specific scavenging enzymes seem to be involved in the development of tolerance to hypoxia.     

Role of excitatory amino acids in hypoxic preconditioning.

We examined the effects of the extrinsic ionotropic NMDA receptor agonist (aspartate) and antagonist (ketamine) on the hypoxic preconditioning of mice and the concentration changes of intrinsic excitatory amino acids (EAAs), aspartate and glutamate, in the whole brain and different brain regions during preconditioning by an HPLC method. Our results showed that aspartate and ketamine significantly prolonged and shortened the standard tolerance time of mice during preconditioning and survival time in hypobaric chambers, respectively. After the 1st exposure, EAA concentrations in the whole brain and brain regions were increased. After run 4, they were decreased or maintained. It is suggested that the activation and suppression of ionotropic NMDA receptors is harmful and beneficial to hypoxic preconditioning, respectively. Degradation and/or inactivation of EAAs might be beneficial to the tolerance of mice to hypoxia.     

低氧预适应增高小鼠脑组织内cPKCγ的膜转位水平

本实验拟通过观察重复性低氧对经典型蛋白激酶C(cPKC)膜转位水平(激活程度)的影响,初步探讨cPKC特定亚型在脑低氧预适应发生过程中的作用。按我室已建立的小鼠低氧预适应模型方法,制备重复性低氧1-4次的小鼠(H1-H4)。应用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)、蛋白印迹(Western bolt)等生化技术,并结合Gel Doc凝胶成像系统,半定量检测小鼠海马和大脑皮层组织内cPKCα和γ的膜转位水平。实验结果表明,随低氧次数(H1-H4)的增加,小鼠海马组织内cPKCγ的膜转位水平明显增高,且在H2、H3和H4组的变化具有统计学显著意义(P<0.05,n=6);同样,大脑皮层内cPKCγ膜转位水平也随低氧次数的增加(H1-H4)而明显增高,且在H2、H3和H4组的变化具有统计学显著意义(P<0.05,n=6):而cPKCα亚型无论在大脑皮层还是在海马组织内的膜转位变化均无统计学意义。上述观察结果提示,cPKCγ膜转位可能在脑低氧预适应的发生发展过程中发挥着重要作用;但cPKCβ Ⅰ、β Ⅱ以及其它新奇型和非典型PKC特定亚型的变化还有待于进一步的研究和探讨。