两种鼠耳蝠LDH 同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯吼胺凝胶盘电泳和CS-930光密度扫描仪,分析了翼手目鼠耳蝠属中绒鼠耳蝠和毛腿鼠耳蝠6种组织乳酸脱氢酶(LDH）同工酶的谱型和各组份的相对含量。结果表明,两个种各组织LDH同工酶H亚基含量和谱型不完全相同,具有种的特异性和组织特异性。同时还发现,两种鼠耳蝠的骨骼肌和其他哺乳动物骨骼肌的LDH 的H亚基活性有明显不同。     

毛腿鼠耳蝠和折翼蝠染色体分析

蝙蝠是一类适于飞行生活的小型哺乳动物,在生物进化上居于特殊地位。关于蝙蝠染色体核型,国外已对马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum,2n=58) (Makino,S.,1948)等作过研究。关于毛腿鼠耳蝠和折翼蝠的染色     

同地共栖三种鼠耳蝠食性差异及其生态位分化

2005年9—11月在贵州省安龙县笃山乡暗河村,分析了共栖同一山洞3种鼠耳蝠的形态特征和食性。在体型上,华南水鼠耳蝠体重为(4.46±0.53)g,前臂长为(34.63±1.45)mm;毛腿鼠耳蝠体重为(5.15±1.76)g,前臂长为(35.20±1.07)mm;西南鼠耳蝠体重为(10.94±0.87)g,前臂长为(45.21±1.15)mm。3种鼠耳蝠的体重两两之间差异显著,西南鼠耳蝠与另外2种鼠耳蝠的前臂长相比两两之间差异显著。在食物组成上,华南水鼠耳蝠主要捕食近水面活动的双翅目及其幼虫,体积百分比和频次百分比分别为79.7%和100%;毛腿鼠耳蝠主要捕食双翅目和小型鞘翅目,体积百分比分别占59.6%和28.8%,频次百分比分别为91.3%和80.1%;西南鼠耳蝠的食物组成主要为近地面或在地表活动的鞘翅目步甲科和埋葬虫科昆虫,体积百分比和频次百分比分别为80.8%和100%;3种鼠耳蝠食物组成存在显著差异。结果表明,同地共栖3种鼠耳蝠除了形态结构上出现差异,食物组成也存在明显的差异。据此,推测3种鼠耳蝠可能采取不同的捕食生境和捕食策略,从而导致捕食生态位分离,避免出现激烈竞争,使得3种近缘鼠耳蝠能够同地共栖。     

毛腿鼠耳蝠和折翼蝠染色体分析

蝙蝠是一类适于飞行生活的小型哺乳动 物,在生物进化上居于特殊地位。关于蝙蝠染 色体核型,团外已对马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus f errum-equinu二,2。二58) (Makino, S., 1948) 等作过研究。关于毛腿鼠耳蝠和折翼蝠的染色 体核型,由于资料所限,未见报道。本文对毛 腿鼠耳蝠(b3yotis fimbriatus peters） 和折翼蝠 (Miniopterus schreibersichinensis Thomas）的骨髓 细胞染色体进行了分析。     

安徽的蹄蝠和鼠耳蝠

蹄蝠(Hipposideros)已知有47种(Honacki1982),主要分布于非洲、南亚、澳洲北部等热带及亚热带地区。非洲的H.commersoni是小蝙蝠亚目中最大的种类(重180克、前臂长达110毫米)。马来半岛和新加坡的H.ridleyi,1978年被IUCN列为濒危蝠种。我国有4种蹄蝠,安徽省已知两种,多见于沿江及皖南地区。一、大蹄蝠H.armiger swinhoei Peters(5月,泾县、东至)9♂♂,10♀♀。常数十或数百只群居。同栖者有普氏蹄蝠、中菊头蝠、皮氏菊头蝠、鲁氏菊头蝠、中华鼠耳蝠、毛腿鼠耳蝠、绒鼠耳蝠和折翼蝠等。雄蝠阴茎长约10毫米,冬季睾丸约7×4-8×5毫米。5月…     

毛腿鼠耳蝠、亚洲长翼蝠和栗鼠耳蝠斑驳白化现象

斑驳白化是一种先天性颜色失调表型,在翼手目中较为罕见。2016年5月至8月期间,分别在3个省份共发现3种存在斑驳白化现象蝙蝠。在河南省内乡县七里坪乡北湾村,发现1只怀孕雌性斑驳白化毛腿鼠耳蝠(Myotis fimbriatus),斑驳区域包括背部左侧区域及腹部左侧边缘一带。在陕西省柞水县下梁镇,发现1只怀孕雌性斑驳白化亚洲长翼蝠(Miniopterus fuliginosus),斑驳部位包括背部下端、腹部底端股骨边缘、左右股骨、尾骨及小部分尾膜区域。在云南省晋宁县双河乡法古甸村,发现2只斑驳白化雄性栗鼠耳蝠(Myotis badius),斑驳区域分别为背部左下侧和背颈部一侧,区域面积较小。其中,毛腿鼠耳蝠和栗鼠耳蝠的斑驳白化现象为国内首次报道。此外,通过测量蝙蝠体重、前臂长等体型参数,并与同种正常个体进行比较,发现斑驳白化亚洲长翼蝠体重偏大,1只斑驳白化栗鼠耳蝠前臂长偏大,其余斑驳白化蝙蝠体型数据均在正常范围内,表明斑驳白化现象对蝙蝠的正常生存与繁殖未造成严重影响。这为将来斑驳白化蝙蝠的生理生态研究提供科学依据。     

3种蝙蝠听力相关基因EYA4(eyes absent 4)开放阅读框序列的克隆与分析

EYA4 基因是与果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)的无眼基因eya同源的4个脊椎动物转录激活因子eya基因家族(EYA1-4)的一员.相关的研究表明EYA4基因与非综合征听觉障碍有关.蝙蝠特化的听觉系统在回声定位生理过程中负责回声信息的接收和处理,并起到重要作用.利用RT-PCR技术,通过克隆测序得到3种蝙蝠(大足鼠耳蝠Myotis ricketti,黑髯墓蝠Taphozous melanopogon,棕果蝠Rouaettusleschenaulti)EYA4 基因的开放阅读框序列.通过比对分析,发现这3种蝙蝠均没有第五外显子,而在第十一外显子与第十二外显子之间有一个其他哺乳动物所没有的外显子 exon b.此外,实验结果还显示,在棕果蝠中没有发现其他已知哺乳动物 EYA4 基因的第二十外显子;在黑髯墓蝠 EYA4 基因中缺少第十九外显子,而且与其他哺乳动物相比,黑髯墓蝠 EYA4 基因具有较短的第十六外显子,即缺少了30个碱基;大足鼠耳蝠与非蝙蝠哺乳动物一样存在第十九和第二十外显子的可变剪接模式,且在第二与第三外显子中间存在外显子exon a.     

蝙蝠科三种蝙蝠的G-带和C-带

对肺、心等进行组织培养,用空气干燥法制作染色体标本,对贵州3种蝙蝠即中华鼠耳蝠(Myotis chinensis)、西南鼠耳蝠(M.altarium)和亚洲长翼蝠(Miniopterus fuliginosus)进行了G-带、C-带带型分析。结果表明,2种鼠耳蝠的G-带基本相同,亚洲长翼蝠的G-带与两种鼠耳蝠有一定同源性;C-带核型中,中华鼠耳蝠和亚洲长翼蝠只有着丝粒带,而西南鼠耳蝠有的染色体有插入C-带和端位C-带。根据带型异同分析讨论了鼠耳蝠和长翼蝠间的进化关系。     

湖北省和江苏省发现尼泊尔鼠耳蝠

2013年4月在湖北省十堰市房县野人洞(31°55'8.3″N,110°43'56.5″E,海拔282 m)捕捉到11号鼠耳蝠标本(5雄6雌),同时在江苏省宜兴市灵谷洞(31°13'20.9″N,119°44'23.3″E,海拔123 m)捕捉到5号鼠耳蝠标本(1雄4雌)。上述鼠耳蝠标本体型较小,前臂长33.6～37.5 mm,颅全长11.2～13.8 mm;后足长不及胫骨长之半;背毛基部黑色,毛尖棕色有时更多显现浅红灰色,腹毛基部黑色但毛尖淡灰白;上颌前臼齿(P3)位于齿列之中。经鉴定均为尼泊尔鼠耳蝠(Myotis nipalensis),分别为湖北省和江苏省翼手目新纪录。本文给出了尼泊尔鼠耳蝠的外形和头骨特征及其相关测量数据,并与来自青海、尼泊尔的标本进行了对比;同时对其回声定位信号进行室内录制及分析;此外对其分类地位和分布状况进行了讨论。标本保存于广东省昆虫研究所。     

大趾鼠耳蝠线粒体DNA控制区结构及变异

采用PCR产物直接测序法首次测定大趾鼠耳蝠(Myotis macrodactylus)10个个体的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区全序列,并进行了结构和变异分析。结果表明,大趾鼠耳蝠的控制区结构与其他哺乳动物相似,可分为一个中央保守区(包括F、E、D、C、B元件)和两个外围结构域:延伸的终止结合序列区(包括ETAS1和ETAS2元件)和保守序列区(包括CSB1、CSB2和CSB3元件),其中最为保守的是中央保守区(核苷酸变异度为1.8%)。大趾鼠耳蝠控制区核苷酸全序列具有丰富的长度多态性(1778～2048bp),主要是由在碱基组成、重复数目和排列方式上异质的串联重复序列造成的。在ETAS内发现了TACAT及其反向互补序列ATGTA,支持滑移错配模式(slipped mispairing model)。本研究为该物种的进一步研究和保护提供基础遗传数据。     

Molecular phylogenetics, karyotypic diversity, and partition of the genus Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

Nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene are reported from bats of the genus Myotis including species of the endemic southern African subgenus Cistugo, Myotis (Cistugo) sebrai and Myotis (Cistugo) lesueuri. We also examined Myotis annectans from Southeast Asia, and Myotis macropus from Australia. The two species of Cistugo and Myotis annectans represent the only species of Myotis to differ in chromosome number from the common 2n=44 found in >40 species. Our results show that the two species of Cistugo are more divergent from the other species of Myotis than several other well-recognized genera and we recommend elevating Cistugo to full generic rank. Myotis annectans groups well within Myotis, clustering with other Southeast Asian and Japanese species, and thus represents the only species of Myotis known to have diverged from the common 2n=44 karyotype. Myotis macropus clusters within a clade that includes Southeast Asian species.     

The status of the Japanese and East Asian bats of the genus Myotis (Vespertilionidae) based on mitochondrial sequences

The genus Myotis includes the largest number of species in the family Vespertilionidae (Chiroptera), and its members are distributed throughout most of the world. To re-evaluate the phylogenetic position of East Asian Myotis species with respect to Myotis species worldwide, we analyzed mitochondrial gene sequences of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 and cytochrome b from 24 East Asian individuals as well as 42 vespertilionid bats determined previously. The results suggest that: (1) some individuals having the same species name in Europe and Japan do not form a monophyletic clade, indicating that some bat species exhibit morphological convergence, (2) Japanese Myotis mystacinus forms a sister relationship with Myotis brandtii (Palaearctic), and both species are included in the American clade implying that an ancestor of these species originated in North America, and (3) the Black whiskered bat, Myotis pruinosus, is endemic to Japan and forms sister relationships with Myotis yanbarensis and Myotis montivagus collected from Okinawa (Japan) and Selangor (Malaysia), respectively, implying that M. pruinosus originated from the south. The systematics of Japanese and East Asian Myotis bats were revisited by considering their phylogenetic relationships. Our study provides the first extensive phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Myotis that includes East Asian and Japanese species.     

A light and electron microscopic study of a new species of centroheliozoon, Chlamydaster fimbriatus

The centroheliozoon Chlamydaster fimbriatus n.sp. has been studied in culture by light and electron microscopy. The cell body is surrounded by a fimbriated mucus envelope through which axopods extend. Each cell contains two or three contractile vacuoles and an eccentrically located nucleus with a single nucleolus. The cells have typical centroheliozoan characteristics such as a centroplast with a trilamellate disc, mitochondria with ribbon-like cristae, ball-and-cone kinetocysts, and a peripheral lacunar system. The axopodial axonemes possess a single hexagon of six microtubules. The genus is defined to include only centroheliozoa with a mucus coat. C. fimbriatus differs from the only other species recognized in this genus (C. laciniatus and C. sterni) in its size and number of arms. This is the first ultrastructural account of a species of the genus Chlamydaster.     

Observational learning in three species of insectivorous bats (Chiroptera)

The potential importance of observational learning has been discussed for many orders of animals, but experimental evidence of this phenomenon in undomesticated mammals other than primates is rate. In this study three species of insectivorus vesperilionid bats (Myotis lucifugus, Eptesicus fuscus and Antrozous pallidus) acquired a novel feeding behaviour through interaction with a knowledgeable conspecific or, in some cases, a bat of another species. The response was not acquired through trial-and-error learning, and conditioning the response took significantly longer than acqisition by observing another bat.     

Energetics and life-history of bats in comparison to small mammals

Mammals can be aligned along a slow-fast life-history continuum and a low–high metabolic rate continuum based on their traits. Small non-volant mammals occupy the fast/high end in both continua with high reproductive rates and short life spans linked with high mass-specific metabolic rates. Bats occupy the high end of the metabolic continuum, but the slow end of the life-history continuum with low reproductive rates and long life spans. Typically, both continua are linked, and similar life-history traits of species are reflected in more similar metabolic rates. We therefore hypothesized that metabolic rates are similar in species with similar life-history traits. Resting metabolic rates (RMR) were measured for three ecologically and morphologically similar sympatric bat species (Myotis nattereri, M. bechsteinii, and Plecotus auritus; Vespertilionidae) and compared to data from other similar-sized, temperate insectivorous mammals with other life-history strategies. The bat species share similar life-histories and RMRs, both of which differ from the remaining mammals and therefore supporting our hypothesis. To verify that bats are similar in RMR, two energetically contrasting periods were compared. RMRs in post-lactating females did not differ between bat species. It was, however, positively correlated with parasite load in both Myotis species. However, RMRs differed during energy-demanding pregnancy where M. nattereri had the significantly lowest RMR, suggesting metabolic compensation as an energy-saving strategy. We conclude that the energy requirements of bat species with similar life-history traits resemble each other during periods of low energetic demands and are more similar to each other than to other small temperate mammals.     

Molecular phylogeny of New World Myotis (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA genes

Recent studies have shown that species in the genus Myotis have evolved a number of convergent morphological traits, many of which are more related to their mode of food procurement than to their phylogeny. Surprisingly, the biogeographic origins of these species are a much better predictor of phylogenetic relationships, than their morphology. In particular, a monophyletic clade that includes all New World species was apparent, but only a third of the 38 species have been analysed. In order to better understand the evolution of this clade, we present phylogenetic reconstructions of 17 Nearctic and 13 Neotropical species of Myotis compared to a number of Old World congeners. These reconstructions are based on mitochondrial cytochrome b (1140 bp), and nuclear Rag 2 genes (1148 bp). Monophyly of the New World clade is strongly supported in all analyses. Two Palaearctic sister species, one from the west (M. brandtii) and one from the east (M. gracilis), are embedded within the New World clade, suggesting that they either moved across the Bering Strait, or that they descended from the same ancestor that reached the New World. An emerging feature of these phylogenetic reconstructions is that limited faunal exchanges have occurred, including between the North and South American continents, further emphasizing the importance of biogeography in the radiation of Myotis. A fossil-calibrated, relaxed molecular-clock model was used to estimate the divergence time of New World lineages to 12.2+/-2.0 MYA. Early diversification of New World Myotis coincides with the sharp global cooling of the Middle Miocene. Radiation of the temperate-adapted Myotis may have been triggered by these climatic changes. The relative paucity of species currently found in South America might result from a combination of factors including the early presence of competitors better adapted to tropical habitats.     

Intra- and interfamily relationships of Vespertilionidae inferred by various molecular markers including SINE insertion data

The family Vespertilionidae comprises the largest number of species in the order Chiroptera, and its members are distributed over most of the world. We collected sequences of the mitochondrial NDI (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1) gene from 38 species as well as 20 sequences of exon28 of the vWF (von Willebrand Factor) gene and analyzed phylogenetic relationships in Vespertilionidae using maximum-likelihood analyses and SINE (short interspersed elements) insertions. Our data strongly suggest the following: (1) Murininae and Myotis, each of which is classified into different subfamilies, are monophyletic; (2) the monophyly of Murininae, Myotis, Pipistrellini, and Plecotini is supported by our analyses of the NDI and nuclear vWF as well as data from SINE insertions, while Miniopterinae was not included in this group; and (3) Rhinolophoidea (microchiroptera) is separated from all the other microchiropteran species. Our study represents the most comprehensive phylogenetic model of Vespertilionidae to date.     

Evaporative water loss is a plausible explanation for mortality of bats from white-nose syndrome

White-nose syndrome (WNS) has caused alarming declines of North American bat populations in the 5 years since its discovery. Affected bats appear to starve during hibernation, possibly because of disruption of normal cycles of torpor and arousal. The importance of hydration state and evaporative water loss (EWL) for influencing the duration of torpor bouts in hibernating mammals recently led to "the dehydration hypothesis," that cutaneous infection of the wing membranes of bats with the fungus Geomyces destructans causes dehydration which in turn, increases arousal frequency during hibernation. This hypothesis predicts that uninfected individuals of species most susceptible to WNS, like little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), exhibit high rates of EWL compared to less susceptible species. We tested the feasibility of this prediction using data from the literature and new data quantifying EWL in Natterer's bats (Myotis nattereri), a species that is, like other European bats, sympatric with G. destructans but does not appear to suffer significant mortality from WNS. We found that little brown bats exhibited significantly higher rates of normothermic EWL than did other bat species for which comparable EWL data are available. We also found that Natterer's bats exhibited significantly lower rates of EWL, in both wet and dry air, compared with values predicted for little brown bats exposed to identical relative humidity (RH). We used a population model to show that the increase in EWL required to cause the pattern of mortality observed for WNS-affected little brown bats was small, equivalent to a solitary bat hibernating exposed to RH of ～95%, or clusters hibernating in ～87% RH, as opposed to typical near-saturation conditions. Both of these results suggest the dehydration hypothesis is plausible and worth pursuing as a possible explanation for mortality of bats from WNS.     

Ultrastructure of spermatogenesis in the short‐tailed fruit bat,Carollia perspicillata (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae: Carollinae)

Among species of the Chiroptera, spermatogenesis and the fully differentiated spermatozoa differ in morphological and ultrastructural detail. This study therefore aimed to ultrastructurally characterize the spermatogenesis and the spermatozoa of Carollia perspicillata (Phyllostomidae) and compare the process with other species of bats and mammals. The differentiation of spermatogonia is similar to other bats and to Primates, with three main spermatogonia types: A_d, A_p, and B. Meiotic divisions proceed similarly to those of most mammals and spermiogenesis is clearly divided into 12 steps, in the middle of the range of developmental steps for bats (9–16 steps). The process of acrosome formation is similar to that found in Platyrrhinus lineatus, with the acrosome formed by two different types of proacrosomal vesicles. The ultrastructure of the spermatozoon is similar to other bats already described and resembles the typical mammalian sperm model; however, its morphology differs from other mammals such as marsupials and rodents, on account of a simpler spermatozoon head morphology, which indicates a pattern that is more closely related to the sperm cells of humans and other primates. Our data demonstrated that spermatogenesis in C. perspicillata presents great ultrastructural similarities to P. lineatus. This pattern is not surprising, because both species belong to the same family (Phyllostomidae); however, it is observed that C. perspicillata presents some characteristics that are more closely related to phylogenetically distant species, such as Myotis nigricans (Vespertilionidae), which is a fact that deserves attention. J. Morphol. 275:111–123, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.