Evaluation of the enantiomeric composition of amino acids in tobacco

Despite the fact that several studies have reported the concentrations of various free amino acids in tobacco, their enantiomeric composition is unknown. Both the absolute and enantiomeric compositions of proline, alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, valine, methionine, leucine,and phenylalanine were determined for three strains of tobacco leaf, three types of smokeless tobacco, and six different blended filtered and nonfiltered reference cigarettes. Some of the highest levels of D ‐amino acids ever found in agricultural products were observed. Possible mechanisms for the production of these D ‐amino acids are considered. The relevance of D ‐amino acids in tobacco is discussed. Chirality 11:669–673, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Inheritance of exine pattern in Nicotiana x sanderae (Solanaceae)

Two distinct exine patterns were found among plants of Nicotiana x sanderae; studies of the F1 generation, and the F₂ produced by self and cross bud-pollination showed one pattern to be recessive, the other dominant, perhaps controlled by two genes. The occurrence of the two patterns in these and other flowering plants and in spores of non-flowering plants is discussed in relation to genie control of exine pattern.     

病毒诱导烟草的基因沉默

病毒诱导基因沉默是利用RNA介导病毒防卫机制的一项技术。构建含有目的基因片段的人工改造病毒载体,通过农杆菌侵染导致植物内源目的基因沉默。为建立病毒诱导基因沉默体系,选用烟草脆裂病毒（TRV）和烟草为实验材料。构建了八氢番茄红素去饱和酶基因（PDS）的基因沉默病毒载体,病毒载体侵染结果显示目的基因PDS沉默导致烟草幼苗出现光漂白现象。采用RT-PCR的方法检测目的基因PDS的沉默效果,结果显示PDS基因mRNA被显著降解。该体系的建市有利于将来对植物基因进行高通量功能分析。     

Ribonucleases in Nicotiana tabacum leaf extracts treated with phenol

When tobacco leaf extracts are treated with phenol, ca 20% of the ribonuclease (RNase) activity survives and can be measured when the phenol is removed. After purification, the resistant RNase is inactivated by phenol; this suggests that tobacco leaves contain material that protects the RNase. Phenol-resistant RNase may be one of the TMV-RNA inactivating systems present in phenol extracts of tobacco leaves.     

Structure of the RNA in tobacco mosaic virus

A model of the RNA of tobacco mosaic virus has been built using computer model-building techniques. The model has good stereochemistry, and fits the electron density map of the virus obtained by fiber diffraction methods considerably better than did earlier models. The three sugar rings in the asymmetric unit all have the A (3′-endo) conformation, One of the bases is in the syn conformation, a conformation observed only rarely in nucleic acid structures.     

硫磺和酒糟对烤烟生长和烟叶品质以及碱性土壤pH的影响

为了探讨碱性烟田土壤改良的有效技术并提高烟叶质量,以烤烟品种‘中烟100’为材料,采用田间试验研究了不同硫磺用量(0.1、0.2、0.3kg/m2、0.1kg/m2+3.0kg/m2酒糟)对碱性土壤pH、烤烟生长及其产量质量的影响。结果显示:(1)碱性土壤施用0.1～0.3kg/m2的硫磺能够显著降低烤烟根区土壤的pH值,降低幅度达到0.3个单位以上。(2)硫磺能促进烟苗根系的早发快长,在烤烟移栽30d时,处理植株根、茎、叶的干重分别比相应对照增加16%～37%、9%～28%和17%～25%;与对照相比,中等用量硫磺(0.2kg/m2)和低用量硫磺配合酒糟(0.1kg/m2+3.0kg/m2)能够显著增加烟叶的产量和上中等烟比例。(3)硫磺能够显著增加中部烟叶氮含量,协调还原糖与烟碱的比值,0.1～0.2kg/m2硫磺能够显著增加烟叶氮和烟碱含量,且0.1kg/m2硫磺配合3.0kg/m2酒糟施用的效果更显著,但0.3kg/m2的硫磺处理效果较弱。研究表明,施用适量硫磺可显著降低碱性土壤的pH值,促进烟株的生长发育,提高烟叶的产量和质量,且硫磺0.2kg/m2和硫磺0.1kg/m2配合酒糟3.0kg/m2是碱性烟区土壤改良、提高烟叶产质量的较有效技术措施。     

Combined control of Lasioderma serricorne (F.) and Ephestia elutella (Hbn.) in a tobacco processing facility by attracticide method

Results on application of attracticide method in the combined control of cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne and tobacco moth, Ephestia elutella, infesting a tobacco processing facility are reported. Experimental devices with cross-panel stripes treated with microencapsulated permethrin at 6% (a.i.) and baited at same time with (4,6-dimethyl-7-hydroxynonan-3-one) serricornin and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1 ol acetate (TDA) were used for 2 years (2017 and 2018) in an Italian tobacco processing facility. The experiment demonstrated that the presence of both serricornin and TDA dispensers on cross-panel striped devices had no affect on the numbers of L. serricorne and E. elutella male adults caught. After 2 years, the densities of adult males were clearly suppressed in room treated with attracticide compared to control room. Thus, the 2017–2018 experiment suggests that attracticide devices with two pheromone lures and microencapsulated permethrin at 6% (a.i.) can be effective suppression tools for managing combined pest populations of L. serricorne and E. elutella in tobacco facilities. The reduction of male infestation by L. serricorne ranged from 36% to 87%, and in E. elutella, the reduction of infestation ranged from 63% to 91%.     

Free amino acids of Nicotiana alata anthers during development in vivo

The variation of free amino acids in anthers and pollen of Nicotiana alata Link et Otto has been examined during pollen development in vivo. The purpose was to find clues for optimizing an in vitro medium for cultivation of haploid plantlets from N. alata pollen. The quantitatively most important amino acids were proline, glutamic acid/glutamine, alanine and aspartic acid/asparagine. These exhibited similar patterns of variation during pollen development: first maximum (0.5 to 1.7 μmol per flower) at mitosis, then decrease during early binucleate stage (0.6 to 2.0 m mol per flower). Other amino acids were found in much smaller quantities (max 0.25 μmol per flower).     

刺梨提取物在卷烟中的应用及其致香成分的双柱分析

将刺梨提取物用于卷烟加料,用二氯甲烷同时蒸馏萃取刺梨提取物,分别用极性柱和非极性柱进行GC/MS分析.结果表明,刺梨提取物与烟香谐调,具有增加香气质和香气量、掩盖杂气、改善余味的作用,是安全有效的天然烟用香料;采用双柱分析的方法共检出62种化合物,比用单一极性柱分析更能相对客观、全面的反映刺梨提取物中的致香成分的状况;...     

Performance of the tobacco aphid Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Oriental and Virginia tobacco varieties

Abstract 1 The life parameters of one red and one green clone of Myzus persicae reared on 11 Oriental tobacco type varieties (KP7, K63, KZ10/z, MA13/b, BX2/a, N34/4, KP14/a, Kolindros, S79, TA21 and BX81) and on five Virginia ones (VE9, VE3, SPG28‐VE2, Kleio‐KN1 and Niki‐NK3) at 20 °C and LD 16 : 8 h were examined. 2 In general, the clones, performed better on Oriental than on Virginia type varieties. The varieties TA21 and Kolindros could be considered as the most resistant among the Oriental ones. Aphids on Virginia varieties showed longer developmental time (9.1–9.6 days), a lower intrinsic rate of increase (0.2347–0.2647) and higher nymphal mortality (27.9–52.5%) than on Oriental varieties. The corresponding values in the latter were 7.3–9.0 days, 0.2784–0.3302 and 10.0–47.9%. 3 The leaves of Virginia type varieties (188–471 hairs/cm²) and one Oriental (K63) 273 hairs/cm² were more hairy than the other Oriental type varieties (61–150 hairs/cm²). The Virginia type varieties showed also a lower level of reducing sugars (3.5–7.2%) than the Oriental ones (7.0–9.8%). Trichome density and level of reducing sugars were significantly negatively correlated with developmental time and intrinsic rate of increase. 4 An interclonal variation in performance, possibly related to the colour of aphids, was observed. The red clone performed better than the green one. The same trend was observed when the results of the previous clones on the variety KP14/a were analysed with the data obtained on the same variety from two other clones (one red and one green).     

烟草生物技术研究进展

烟草作为高等植物生物技术研究的模式植物,在生物技术的发展中发挥了重要作用。随着生物技术的发展,烟草自身的研究也取得了显著进展。简要综述了烟草现代生物技术的研究进展,尤其是基因工程在抗病、抗虫、抗逆性及品质改良、生物反应器等方面的研究策略和动态。     

微生物改善烟叶品质研究进展

从微生物缩短烟叶发酵时间、降低烟叶有害成分、增加烟叶香气等方面概述了微生物在改善烟叶品质方面的研究进展,并对其在烟叶上的应用前景作了分析。     

酯酶同工酶在烟草远缘杂种早代中的应用

为了扩大种质资源的范围,将紫苏、罗勒的DNA运用常规杂交手段转入普通烟草中,从而获得新的烟草后代。通过研究烟草杂种早代酯酶同工酶的差异,结果表明:在子代中具有与父本相同的遗传物质,即父本部分遗传物质在烟草中的整合与表达。     

Floral morphogenesis in thin-layer tissue cultures of Nicotiana tabacum

The morphological changes in thin-layer tissues of Nicotiana labacum L. cv. Samsun, cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium with 1 μ M each of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and benzyladenine (BA), were studied during the first 8 days of culture with light and scanning electron microscopy. The first three days of culture arc characterized by enlargement of all cells and cell divisions starling in the cortical parenchyma cells adjacent to the medium. Between days 3 and 6, epidermal and/or subepidermal cells start to divide, resulting in division centers, which lead to flower bud formation. The hormones NAA and BA in different concentrations affect the formation and distribution of flower buds, bud morphology and callus formation. BA influences particularly bud formation and bud morphology, while NAA affects callus formation in particular. In addition, polarity may occur in the formation of both callus and flower buds, the degree of which depends upon the hormone concentrations.     

采用GUS标记技术研究钙调素在转基因烟草中的分布

为了监测钙调素 (Ca M)在植物细胞内的分布并探索其生物学功能 ,将水稻 Ca M和 GU S融合基因 (cam.gus)分别置于 35 S启动子和花粉特异启动子 L AT5 2 - 7控制下 ,构建出载体 p MD/ Ca M.GU S和 p BI/ L AT.Ca M.GU S,转化烟草 (N icotiana tobacum cv.SR ) ,GU S染色结果显示 ,Ca M.GU S融合蛋白广泛分布于植物根、茎、叶等组织 ,根尖生长点细胞、根毛细胞、表皮毛细胞、气孔保卫细胞、维管束细胞的细胞质中融合蛋白含量较多。花粉粒中也分布着 Ca M,并在萌发沟处表现出较高的浓度。保卫细胞和表皮毛细胞中 Ca M分布在相邻细胞连接处细胞模内侧 ,呈现出极性分布。研究结果表明 ,细胞内 Ca M的不均匀分布可能与细胞功能相关。     

单半乳糖甘油二脂缺失对烟草光合特性的影响

以单半乳糖甘油二脂(MGDG)相对含量比野生烟草显著降低的突变体(M18)及野生型烟草为材料,通过对转基因烟草叶绿体类囊体膜的低温荧光、放氧活性以及叶片的叶绿素荧光分析,研究MGDG部分缺失对烟草叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明,在低温下(77K)MGDG部分缺失并不影响烟草叶绿素荧光发射峰(F683和F730)的位置,但使光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)及光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)的荧光发射峰的强度减弱,F683/F730比值降低,直接影响激发能在PSⅡ和PSⅠ之间的均衡分配,使叶绿素a和叶绿素b之间的能量传递受阻,降低光能转化效率;MGDG部分缺失使PSⅡ放氧活性下降了72.9%;转基因烟草叶绿素荧光参数中最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、暗适应最大荧光(Fm)、实际光化学效率(Yield)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)比野生型烟草分别降低了7%、49%、32%和18%,并以Fm降幅最大。研究证明,MGDG在维持植物叶绿体类囊体膜的功能,特别是PSⅡ的功能方面起着重要的作用。     

Effect of darkness on isoperoxidases in tobacco tissue cultures

In order to study the effect of light on the tobacco tissue culture WR-132, 5 passages (10 days' growth per passage) of these cells were grown in darkness, and 3 passages were separately grown in intense light (16000 lx). All other growth conditions were the same. The resulting isoperoxidase patterns present in these cells and in their growth media were analyzed at 2-day intervals during this period and then compared with the isoperoxidase patterns of cells grown under dim light conditions (10 lx). A new cathodic isoperoxidase (C_n) appeared in the medium within 2 days after the cells were placed in the dark. C_n was present in all media of WR-132 cell cultures analyzed throughout the 5 passages grown in darkness. The fifth passage in darkness produced total cessation of growth (apparent death). C_n increased and new anodic isoperoxidases A_a, A_b, A_d and A_e appeared in the media as the cells approached death in darkness.     

An N-acylamino acid acylase from Nicotiana tabacum leaves

An N-acylamino acid acylase was partially purified from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves and some of its properties are described. It hydrolyses N-acetylarginine, N-acetylmethionine, N-acetylcysteine and to a lesser extent N-formylmethionine. It does not appreciably hydrolyse N-formyl peptides and is therefore unlikely to be involved in protein synthesis.