非热微波和方位对水迷宫大鼠空间认知的影响

描述了四组大鼠六个训练期从上释放点寻找圆形水迷宫（Ｍｏｒｒｉｓ）固定没水平台的动物行为实验,四组动物为,脉冲微波组（２４５０,ＭＨＺ,调制脉宽２μｓ,每秒５００脉冲,空间平均功率密度为２ｍＷ／ｃｍ＾２,平均整体特异吸收率ＳＡＲ,１．２ｗ／ｋｇ）,连续微波组（２４５０ＭＨＺ,无调制。空间平均功率宴席和ＳＡＲ同于脉冲微波组）,Ｓｈａｍ辐射组以及笼养对照组。以平均逃逸时间和速度为测量,考查它们的空间记忆     

大肠杆菌精氨酰—tRNA合成酶的Lys306为酶活力所必需

将大肠杆菌精氨酰ｔＲＮＡ合成酶（ＡｒｇＲＳ）上Ｌｙｓ３０６用基因点突变的方法分别变为Ａｌａ和Ａｒｇ的密码子,得到变种基因ａｒｇｓ３０６ＫＡ和ａｒｇｓ３０６ＫＲ。变种基因重组在ｐＵＣ１８上,转化到大肠杆菌ＴＧ１中,转化子中ＡｒｇＲＳ及其变种ＡｒｇＲＳ３０６ＫＡ和ＡｒｇＲＳ３０６ＫＲ所表达的蛋白量生活为ＴＧ１表达ＡｒｇＲＳ蛋白量的１００倍。细胞粗抽提液中ＡｒｇＲＳ的比活ＴＧ１,转化子ｐＵＣ１８－ａｒｇ     

HSV—tk／NAS系统基因治疗脑肿瘤中野生型腺病毒的检测及其安全性

在腺病毒介导的ＨＳＶ－ｔｋ／ＮＡＳ系统脑肿瘤基因治疗研究过程中,建立了野生型腺病毒（ＲＣＡ）的检测系统,主要包括腺病毒Ｅ１区的ＰＣＲ以及野生型病毒的细胞病理效应观察这两种方法,ＰＣＲ的灵敏度为１个２９３细胞所含有的Ｅ１片段数。对基因治疗脑肿瘤所采用的重组腺病毒ＡｄＴＫ及其感染的细胞进行ＲＣＡ的检测,没有发现ＲＣＡ。通过离体实验首次发现,重组腺病毒对脑肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用明显高于正常的脑胶质细胞;大鼠     

蓖麻蚕rDNA基因核骨架结合区在酵母中的自主复制功能

蓖麻蚕核糖体ＲＮＡ基因（ｒＤＮＡ）５′－非转录间隔区有长约１ｋｂ的核骨架结合区ＳＡＲ（ｓｃａｆｏｌｄ－ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔ－ｅｄｒｅｇｉｏｎ）［１］。本文对该ＳＡＲ元件的酵母自主复制功能进一步研究,证明该ＳＡＲ５′端６８８ｂｐ含有１２个ＡＣＳ（ＡＲＳ的核心序列）同源序列,但无ＡＲＳ活性,而其３′端仅３个ＡＣＳ同源序列,但对酵母的转化率比全片段还高４０～５０倍。体外结合实验证明,蓖麻蚕ｒＲＮＡ基因的ＳＡＲ能专一地同酵母核骨架结合,提示ＡＲＳ的功能体现与核骨架结合紧密相关。ｒＲＮＡ基因ＳＡＲ与ＡＲＳ的功能在进化上可能是很保守的。在此基础上可进一步分析ＳＡＲ中与ＤＮＡ复制相关的正调及负调元件。     

大肠杆菌精氨酰－tRNA合成酶的Lys306为酶活力所必需

将大肠杆菌精氨酰ｔＲＮＡ合成酶（ＡｒｇＲＳ）上Ｌｙｓ３０６用基因点突变的方法分别变为Ａｌａ和Ａｒｇ的密码子;得到变种基因ａｒｇｓ３０６ＫＡ和ａｒｇｓ３０６ＫＲ。变种基因重组在ｐＵＣ１８上,转化到大肠杆菌ＴＧ１中,转化子中ＡｒｇＲＳ及其变种ＡｒｇＲＳ３０６ＫＡ和ＡｒｇＲＳ３０６ＫＲ所表达的蛋白量至少为ＴＧ１表达ＡｒｇＲＳ蛋白量的１００倍。细胞粗抽提液中ＡｒｇＲＳ的比活ＴＧ１、转化子ｐＵＣ１８－ａｒｇｓ、ｐＵＣ１８－ａｒｇｓ３０６ＫＡ和ｐＵＣ１８－ａｒｇｓ３０６ＫＲ分别为１．６５、２１０、１．８和３８单位／毫克。结果表明ＡｒｓＲＳ的Ｌｙｓ３０６为Ａｌａ取代使活力完全丧失;若被Ａｒｇ取代,则活力丧失８０％以上。Ｌｙｓ３０６为ＡｒｇＲＳ活力所必需。     

蓖麻蚕rDNA基因核骨架结构区在酵母中的自主复制功能

蓖麻蚕核糖体ＲＮＡ基因（ｒＤＮＡ）５＇－非转录间隔区有长约１ｋｂ的核骨架结合区ＳＡＲ。本文对该ＳＡＲ元件的酵母自主复制功能进一步研究,证明该ＳＡＲ ５＇端６８８ｂｐ含有１２个ＡＣＳ（ＡＲＳ的核心序列）同源序列,但无ＡＲＳ活性,而其３＇端仅３个ＡＣＳ同源序列,但对酵母的转化率比全片段还高４０￣５０倍。体外结合实验证明,蓖麻蚕ｒＲＮＡ基因的ＳＡＲ能专一地同酵母核骨架结合,提示ＡＲＳ的功能体现与核骨架结     

普通小麦4A染色体重排的原位杂交研究

以普通小麦第四部分同源染色体组的１３个ＲＦＬＰ（限制性片段长度多态性）标记为探针,通过原位杂交进行了物理定位和４Ａ染色体重排的物理特征研究。ＲＦＬＰ分析确定的标记所在的染色体臂和原位杂交结果相一致。位于４ＡＬ上的９个ＲＦＬＰ探针有６个的杂交点集中分布在距着丝点约６０％～７０％的区域内。本结果支持了４Ａ染色体来自于双重易位的假说,第一次易位产生的４ＡＬ／５ＡＬ染色体又和７ＢＳ发生易位,现在的４Ａ染色体结构为４ＡＬ／５ＡＬ／７ＢＳ,保留在４Ａ的５ＡＬ、７ＢＳ染色体片段约分别为０５μｍ、２２μｍ。所用ＲＦＬＰ标记杂交点聚集的区段分布于染色体臂的近端部,可能和易位断点及染色体的交换重组有关。４ＡＬ上Ｃ－带距着丝点的相对距离和各标记杂交点集中区段距着丝点的相对距离接近。     

局部肾素－血管紧张素系统对心血管功能的调节作用

传统的肾素－血管紧张素系统（ＲＡＳ）的概念是一个循环内分泌系统,它在维持心血管功能稳态,尤其对动脉血压的调节有重要意义。近年大量资料证明,ＲＡＳ也存在于许多局部组织,它通过旁分泌或自身分泌作用调节器官的生理功能。本文着重介绍ＲＡＳ在血管、心脏、脑和肾脏内存在及对心血管功能的调节作用。     

中国点池蝇属一新纪录种

中国点池蝇属一新纪录种ＡＮＥＷＲＥＣＯＲＤＳＰＥＣＩＥＳＯＦＧＥＮＵＳＳＰＩＬＯＧＯＮＡＦＲＯＭＣＨＩＮＡ关键词双翅目蝇科点池蝇属新纪录种中国半球点池蝇Ｓｐｉｌｏｇｏｎａｓｅｍｉｇｌｏｂｏｓａ（Ｒｉｎｇｄａｈ１,１９１６）Ｅｅｔ．Ｔｉｄｓｋｒ．,３７...     

用毛细管电泳技术检测DNA点突变

毛细管电泳(ＣＥ)是90年代初发展起来的新技术,具有分辨率高、重现性好、灵敏度高、快速和易于实现自动化的特点。后来又发展了激光诱导荧光检测器(ＬＩＦ),大大提高了分析灵敏度,对微量样品如单细胞分析等,具有很大的优势。通常,利用ＣＥ技术可以在20ｍｉｎ内分析完成几千个碱基的ＤＮＡ片段。ＣＥ可以应用于ＤＮＡ点突变的检测,目前在ＰＣＲ基础上利用ＣＥ技术对ＤＮＡ已知点突变及未知点突变的检测发展十分迅速。1.已知点突变的检测1.1　扩增抗拒突变系统ＰＣＲ(ＡＲＭＳＰＣＲ)和短串联重复ＰＣＲ(ＳＴＲＰＣＲ)　　ＡＲＭＳＰＣＲ和Ｓ…     

Effect of low-frequency pulse-modulated 460 MHz electromagnetic irradiation on Drosophila embryos

Effect of electromagnetic radiation 460 MHz with 2.5-40 Hz pulse modulation rate on Drosophila embryos of 15 h 10 m age was studied. It was demonstrated that a 5-min irradiation with 0.12 W/kg average SAR (3 W/kg pulsed SAR) alters the Drosophila percentage of interrupted development. The effect strength depended on the modulation rate with a pronounced decrease at 10 and 16 Hz. A hypothesis about the presence of thermal and non-thermal mechanisms of action of pulse-modulated microwave radiation diversely effecting the embryos has been put forward and grounded.     

Simulation of exposure and SAR estimation for adult and child heads exposed to radiofrequency energy from portable communication devices

The level and distribution of radiofrequency energy absorbed in a child's head during the use of a mobile phone compared to those in an adult head has been a controversial issue in recent years. It has been suggested that existing methods that are used to determine specific absorption rate (SAR) and assess compliance with exposure standards using an adult head model may not adequately account for potentially higher levels of exposure in children due to their smaller head size. The present study incorporates FDTD computations of locally averaged SAR in two different anatomically correct adult and child head models using the IEEE standard (Std. C95.3-2002) SAR averaging algorithm. The child head models were obtained by linear scaling of the adult head model to replicate the conditions of previous studies reported in the literature and also by transforming the different adult head models based on data on the external shapes of children's heads. The tissue properties of the adult and corresponding child head models were kept the same. In addition, modeling and experimental measurements were made using three spheres filled with a tissue-equivalent mixture to approximate heads of increasing size. Results show that the peak local average SAR over 1 g and 10 g of tissue and the electromagnetic energy penetration depths are about the same in all of the head models under the same exposure conditions. When making interlaboratory comparisons, the model and the SAR averaging algorithm used must be standardized to minimize controversy.     

Dosimetric analysis of the carousel setup for the exposure of rats at 1.62 GHz

The so-called carousel setup has been widely utilized for testing the hypotheses of adverse health effects on the central nervous system (CNS) due to mobile phone exposures in the frequency bands 800-900 MHz. The objectives of this article were to analyze the suitability of the setup for the upper mobile frequency range, i.e., 1.4-2 GHz, and to conduct a detailed experimental and numerical dosimetry for the setup at the IRIDIUM frequency band of 1.62 GHz. The setup consists of a plastic base on which ten rats, restrained in radially positioned tubes, are exposed to the electromagnetic field emanating from a sleeved dipole antenna at the center. Latest generation miniaturized dosimetric E field and temperature probes were used to measure the specific absorption rate (SAR) inside the brain of three rat cadavers of the Lewis strain and two rat cadavers of the Fisher 344 strain. A numerical analysis was conducted on the basis of three numerical rat phantoms with voxel sizes between 1.5 and 0.125 mm3 that are based on high resolution MRI scans of a 300 g male Wistar rat and a 370 g male Sprague-Dawley rat. The average of the assessed SAR values in the brain was 2.8 mW/g per W antenna input power for adult rats with masses between 220 and 350 g and 5.3 mW/g per W antenna input power for a juvenile rat with a mass of 95 g. The strong increase of the SAR in the brain with decreasing animal size was verified by simulations of the absorption in numerical phantoms scaled to sizes between 100 and 500 g with three different scaling methods. The study also demonstrated that current rat phantom models do not provide sufficient spatial resolution to perform absolute SAR assessment for the brain tissue. The variation of the SAR(brain)(av) due to changes in position was assessed to be in the range from +15% to -30%. A study on the dependence of the performance of the carousel setup on the frequency revealed that efficiency, defined as SAR(brain)(av) per W antenna input power, and the ratio between SAR(brain)(av) and SAR(body)(av) are optimal in the mobile communications frequency range, i.e., 0.8-3 GHz.     

Specific absorption rate levels measured in a phantom head exposed to radio frequency transmissions from analog hand-held mobile phones

Electric fields (E-fields) induced within a phantom head from exposure to three different advanced mobile phone system (AMPS) hand-held telephones were measured using an implantable E-field probe. Measurements were taken in the eye nearest the phone and along a lateral scan through the brain from its centre to the side nearest the phone. During measurement, the phones were positioned alongside the phantom head as in typical use and were configured to transmit at maximum power (600 mW nominal). The specific absorption rate (SAR) was calculated from the in situ E-field measurements, which varied significantly between phone models and antenna configuration. The SARs induced in the eye ranged from 0.007 to 0.21 W/kg. Metal-framed spectacles enhanced SAR levels in the eye by 9–29%. In the brain, maximum levels were recorded at the measurement point closest to the phone and ranged from 0.12 to 0.83 W/kg. These SARs are below peak spatial limits recommended in the U.S. and Australian national standards [IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 28 (1991): C95.1-1991 and Standards Australia (1990): AS2772.1-1990] and the IRPA guidelines for safe exposure to radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields [IRPA (1988): Health Phys 54:115–123]. Furthermore, a detailed thermal analysis of the eye indicated only a 0.022°C maximum steady-state temperature rise in the eye from a uniform SAR loading of 0.21 W/kg. A more approximate thermal analysis in the brain also indicated only a small maximum temperature rise of 0.034°C for a local SAR loading of 0.83 W/kg. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Effect of pierced metallic objects on SAR distributions at 900 MHz

A study of the interaction between mobile phone antennas and a human head in the presence of different types of metallic objects, attached and pierced to the compressed ear, is presented in this article. Computed and measured results have been performed by considering a quasi-half-wavelength dipole as the radiating source and measurements with the DASY4 dosimetric assessment system. Two different human head models have been implemented: a homogeneously shaped sphere and a three-level head model with four different kinds of tissue. Antenna input impedance, reflection coefficient, radiation patterns, SAR distribution, absorbed power, and peak SAR values have been computed and measured for diverse scenarios, electromagnetic simulators, and organs. Despite the measuring accuracy limitations of the study, both simulated and measured results suggest that special attention has to be paid to peak SAR averaged values when wearing metallic objects close to the radiation source, since some increment of peak SAR averaged values is expected.     

噪声对鼠脑内5-羟色胺(5-HT)代谢的影响

本文分析了静适应和不同类型的噪声对615鼠和小白鼠脑内5-HT代谢的影响.静适应可引起大多数615鼠脑内5-HT代谢显著性下降15.1%和19.6%.连续脉冲噪声可使其脑内5-HT代谢显著性增高10.2%和22.5%.静适应和连续脉冲噪声对大多数小白鼠脑内5-HT的代谢无显著性影响.但是优势频率为125-250Hz的低频杂乱噪声和粉红噪声都可引起静适应小白鼠脑内5-HT代谢显著性增高,分别增高29.0-39.7%和28.0-32.7%.     

Mobile phone electromagnetic radiation activates MAPK signaling and regulates viability in Drosophila

Mobile phones are widely used in the modern world. However, biological effects of electromagnetic radiation produced by mobile phones are largely unknown. In this report, we show biological effects of the mobile phone 835 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) in the Drosophila model system. When flies were exposed to the specific absorption rate (SAR) 1.6 W/kg, which is the proposed exposure limit by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), more than 90% of the flies were viable even after the 30 h exposure. However, in the SAR 4.0 W/kg strong EMF exposure, viability dropped from the 12 h exposure. These EMF exposures triggered stress response and increased the production of reactive oxygen species. The EMF exposures also activated extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling, but not p38 kinase signaling. Interestingly, SAR 1.6 W/kg activated mainly ERK signaling and expression of an anti-apoptotic gene, whereas SAR 4.0 W/kg strongly activated JNK signaling and expression of apoptotic genes. In addition, SAR 4.0 W/kg amplified the number of apoptotic cells in the fly brain. These findings demonstrate that the exposure limit on electromagnetic radiation proposed by ANSI triggered ERK-survival signaling but the strong electromagnetic radiation activated JNK-apoptotic signaling in Drosophila.     

Animal studies on growth and development

Despite the fact that no plausible biological mechanism has yet been identified how electromagnetic fields below recommended exposure limits could negatively affect health of animals or humans, many experiments have been performed in various animal species, mainly mice and rats, to investigate the possible effects on growth and development. While older studies often suffered from sub-optimal exposure conditions, recent investigations, using sophisticated exposure devices and thus preventing thermal effects, have been performed without these limitations. In principle, two types of studies can be addressed: those which have investigated the carcinogenic or co-carcinogenic effects of exposure in developing animals, and those which have been done in developing animals without the focus on carcinogenic or co-carcinogenic effects. In both areas, the vast majority of publications did not show adverse effects. The largest study so far has been done in normal mice which have been chronically exposed to UMTS signals up to 1.3 W/kg SAR, thus 16 times higher than the whole-body exposure limit for humans. Even after four generations, no systematic or dose-dependent alterations in development or fertility could be found, supporting the view that negative effects on humans are very unlikely. Ongoing experiments in our laboratory investigate the effects of head-only exposure in rats (up to 10 W/kg local SAR) which are exposed from 14 days of age daily for 2 h. A battery of behavioral tests is performed in young, adult, and pre-senile animals. The results will help to clarify possible effects of exposure on brain development.     

1439 MHz pulsed TDMA fields affect performance of rats in a T-maze task only when body temperature is elevated

This study sought to clarify the effects of exposure to electromagnetic waves (EMW) used in cellular phones on learning and memory processes. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for either 1 h daily for 4 days or for 4 weeks to a pulsed 1439 MHz time division multiple access (TDMA) field in a carousel type exposure system. At the brain, average specific absorption rate (SAR) was 7.5 W/kg, and the whole body average SAR was 1.7 W/kg. Other subjects were exposed at the brain average SAR of 25 W/kg and the whole body average SAR of 5.7 W/kg for 45 min daily for 4 days. Learning and memory were evaluated by reversal learning in a food rewarded T-maze, in which rats learned the location of food (right or left) by using environmental cues. The animals exposed to EMW with the brain average SAR of 25 W/kg for 4 days showed statistically significant decreases in the transition in number of correct choices in the reversal task, compared to sham exposed or cage control animals. However, rats exposed to the brain average SAR of 7.5 W/kg for either 4 days or for 4 weeks showed no T-maze performance impairments. Intraperitoneal temperatures, as measured by a fiber optic thermometer, increased in the rats exposed to the brain average SAR of 25 W/kg but remained the same for the brain average SAR of 7.5 W/kg. The SAR of a standard cellular phone is restricted to a maximum of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g tissue. These results suggest that the exposure to a TDMA field at levels about four times stronger than emitted by cellular phones does not affect the learning and memory processes when there are no thermal effects.     

Radiofrequency radiation-induced calcium ion efflux enhancement from human and other neuroblastoma cells in culture

To test the generality of radiofrequency radiation-induced changes in 45Ca2+ efflux from avian and feline brain tissues, human neuroblastoma cells were exposed to electromagnetic radiation at 147 MHz, amplitude-modulated (AM) at 16 Hz, at specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001, and 0.0005 W/kg. Significant 45Ca2+ efflux was obtained at SAR values of 0.05 and 0.005 W/kg. Enhanced efflux at 0.05 W/kg peaked at the 13-16 Hz and at the 57.5-60 Hz modulation ranges. A Chinese hamster-mouse hybrid neuroblastoma was also shown to exhibit enhanced radiation-induced 45Ca2+ efflux at an SAR of 0.05 W/kg, using 147 MHz, AM at 16 Hz. These results confirm that amplitude-modulated radiofrequency radiation can induce responses in cells of nervous tissue origin from widely different animal species, including humans. The results are also consistent with the reports of similar findings in avian and feline brain tissues and indicate the general nature of the phenomenon.