西藏拉果错卤虫的繁殖特征与成体形态特征

在标准培养条件下研究了西藏拉果错卤虫的繁殖特征和成体形态特征。发现西藏拉果错卤虫与山西解池卤虫及美国大盐湖卤虫在性成熟时间上有较大不同 ,表现为最早抱对时间和最早产F1 代时间均出现较晚 ,且两者间隔时间较长 ,这是对该地区寒冷气候条件的适应。描述了拉果错卤虫雌雄成体的形态特征 ,其中雄性成体选取了 1 2个特征 ,雌性成体选取了 1 3个特征 ,并与世界上几个主要两性生殖卤虫种的成体形态特征做了比较 ,结果显示西藏拉果错卤虫的雌雄成体属于较大的类型 ,但并不像其卵和无节幼体那样显著大于其它品系。聚类分析的结果表明拉果错卤虫的雄性成体和雌性成体均与山西解池卤虫距离最近 ,与伊朗乌尔米湖卤虫距离最远     

基于图像特征的实蝇自动识别初步研究

针对实蝇图象识别,提出了基于局部模板匹配和分层约束的虫身局部特征检测的算法,该算法将虫身局部特征搜索分为三个层次:首先是图像中的实蝇虫身检测,找到实蝇图像上虫身的大概位置;其次是用虫身明显特征模板作虫身检测;最后根据不同实蝇的典型特征区别出这些实蝇所属的不同类别.在图像预处理时采用主成分分析(PCA)方法进行主轴定位并旋转归一化处理.在对虫身翅膀上的明显特征进行检测时,提出了翅膀斑纹模板匹配算法.     

额尔齐斯河高体雅罗鱼指环虫种群动态及中国一新记录种（英文）

2009年4月到2012年7月对额尔齐斯河(中国段)高体雅罗鱼鳃部寄生的指环虫进行了取样调查,以期了解该鱼指环虫的种群生态学特点。结果表明,高体雅罗鱼共感染了三种指环虫,分别为号筒指环虫、小刺指环虫、大翼指环虫,该鱼的总感染率为28.47%,平均感染强度为7.39(1—42)。感染率、感染强度在不同体长组的宿主中表现出不同的变化趋势,指环虫的感染率在30 cm以上的宿主中达到最大,为50%,而在L10范围内未发现感染;在不同体长组宿主中指环虫种群的分布类型主要为聚集分布,另外,根据形态学特征鉴定大翼指环虫(Dactylogyrus alatus f.major Linsyow,1878)为我国指环虫属一新记录种,论文对其主要形态特征进行了描述并绘制了特征图,同时与寄生于高体雅罗鱼鳃上的国内已记述指环虫属虫种的主要形态特征作了比较。     

青岛沿海的管口类纤毛虫(原生动物,纤毛门,管口目)

根据形态学和纤毛图式特征等第一手信息,对采集自青岛沿海的管13类纤毛虫15属(伪斜管虫属Pseudochilodonopsis,斜管虫属Chilodonella,拟篷体虫属Chlamydonellopsis,篷体虫属Chlamydonella,齿管虫属Chlamydodon,腹沟虫属Coeloperis,哈特曼虫属Hartmannula,布鲁克林虫属Broklynella,宽管虫属Aegyriana,偏体虫属Dysteria,轮毛虫属Trochilia,直毛虫属Orthotrochilia,毛足虫属Trichopodiella,类偏体虫属Agnathodysteria,绒毛虫属Microxysma的分类学特征、属级定义及鉴定作了综述,并给出了属级检索表.     

海洋贝类帕金虫及其病害发生

帕金虫属于细胞内寄生的原生生物,是导致海洋贝类大量死亡的最重要的病原物之一,采用传统的FTM检测法和组织切片方法,结合分子检测技术,目前已经在不同的贝类中鉴定了7种帕金虫,并且在帕金虫的生物学特征、对宿主的危害性以及防治等方面取得了许多重要研究成果.本文对危害海洋贝类的帕金虫的分类与系统学、形态和生活史特征、检测鉴定技术、流行病学特征、帕金虫与宿主间的侵害与抵御关系以及帕金虫病的防治方法等方面的研究成果进行了较系统的分析综述,并对贝类帕金虫病未来的研究发展方向进行了分析,以期促进我国海洋贝类帕金虫病的基础理论和实践应用研究.     

越南华枝(虫骨)属一新种((虫骨)目:异(虫骨)科)

记述了华枝(虫骨)属Sinophasma Gnther一新种越北华枝(虫骨)Sinophasma vietnamense新种.描述了新种的外部形态特征,并与近似种比较区别,附主要特征图.     

斜纹夜蛾的性选择行为

【目的】为了解斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius体重、日龄、交配经历及形态特征对其性选择行为的影响。【方法】本实验通过标记成虫后,采用观察记录的方法对其进行探究。【结果】斜纹夜蛾雌虫的体重对雄虫的性选择影响比较明显,体重较大雄虫优先选择体重较小的雌虫(71.43%),而体重较小雄虫喜欢选择体重较大的雌虫(72.00%)。体重较大和体重较小的雄虫都能获得体重较大雌虫的交配选择,但是体重较大者被选择的机会更大(70.00%),体重较小的雄虫不能获得体重较小雌虫的选择。雄虫仅选择1日龄的雌虫,而雌虫偏向选择3日龄和5日龄雄虫。交配经历影响斜纹夜蛾的性选择,未交配的雄虫优先选择未交配的雌虫(86.67%),但未交配的雌虫则优先选择已交配的雄虫(66.67%)。雄虫的形态特征(体长、翅展、腹长、复眼间距和触角长)对雌虫性选择有较明显的影响,但雌虫的形态特征除翅展的大小外,其体长、腹长、复眼间距和触角长等形态特征在雄虫选择进行交配中的作用不大。【结论】体重、日龄、交配经历及形态特征都能不同程度影响斜纹夜蛾的性选择行为。     

我国淡水鱼类粘孢子虫的支序分类学研究

本研究选取15个主要特征对我国淡水鱼类23属粘孢子虫的支序分类进行了分析.结果表明,根据这15个特征构建的经典分支系统树与现有分类系统较为一致;而许多被分子系统学证明有争议的特征,如尾孢虫的尾突,孢子和极囊的形状等在研究粘孢子虫的系谱发育中仍然有着重要作用,剔除了上述特征的分支系统树与经典的分支系统树相比,存在许多缺陷.嗜碘泡是区分粘体虫和碘泡虫的主要特征,然而剔除嗜碘泡特征的分支系统树与经典的分支系统树区别不大,因此,我们建议在这一方面和国际学术界统一起来,即不再把嗜碘泡作为区分碘泡虫和粘体虫的主要特征.     

斜纹夜蛾的性选择行为

【目的】为了解斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius体重、日龄、交配经历及形态特征对其性选择行为的影响。【方法】本实验通过标记成虫后,采用观察记录的方法对其进行探究。【结果】斜纹夜蛾雌虫的体重对雄虫的性选择影响比较明显,体重较大雄虫优先选择体重较小的雌虫(71.43%),而体重较小雄虫喜欢选择体重较大的雌虫(72.00%)。体重较大和体重较小的雄虫都能获得体重较大雌虫的交配选择,但是体重较大者被选择的机会更大(70.00%),体重较小的雄虫不能获得体重较小雌虫的选择。雄虫仅选择1日龄的雌虫,而雌虫偏向选择3日龄和5日龄雄虫。交配经历影响斜纹夜蛾的性选择,未交配的雄虫优先选择未交配的雌虫(86.67%),但未交配的雌虫则优先选择已交配的雄虫(66.67%)。雄虫的形态特征(体长、翅展、腹长、复眼间距和触角长)对雌虫性选择有较明显的影响,但雌虫的形态特征除翅展的大小外,其体长、腹长、复眼间距和触角长等形态特征在雄虫选择进行交配中的作用不大。【结论】体重、日龄、交配经历及形态特征都能不同程度影响斜纹夜蛾的性选择行为。     

瓦氏黄颡鱼2种寄生车轮虫形态分类

采用国际上使用的"统一特定描述"和"齿体定位描述"方法对寄生在瓦氏黄颡鱼(Peleteobagrusvachelli)鳃上的适度车轮虫(Trichodina modesta)和马氏车轮虫(T.mastu)2种车轮虫的虫体外形、附着盘、齿体、辐线、中央颗粒、核器、口围绕体等形态特征进行了较为详细的描述,并分别与已报道的其他适度车轮虫、马氏车轮虫种群及相似种的形态特征进行了比较。实验证实了瓦氏黄颡鱼为适度车轮虫的寄主新纪录。     

Amphibian Temperature Regulation Studies in the Field and Laboratory

Studies on thermoregulation in the laboratory and field havecome a long way from the early work done between 1940 and 1960.While some physiological studies on amphibians have progressedat the same rate as those on reptiles, field studies have beenfar behind. Laboratory studies have largely delt with thermalacclimation, evaporative water loss, and thermal and moisturegradient behavior. Field studies, following early summariesof body temperatures of field animals, have stressed behavioralthermoregulation; yet, detailed studies on behavioral thermoregulationin amphibians have been completed for only a handful of species.A few studies have placed behavioral and physiological thermoregulationinto an ecological or energetic framework; these studies arereviewed, and suggestions are made for future work.     

造礁石珊瑚群落结构研究的概况,问题和前景

造礁石珊瑚作为珊瑚礁生态系统中的关键生物类群,其群落结构是珊瑚礁系统研究中的一个重 要方面。本文回顾了20余年以来世界各国对造礁石珊瑚群落结构研究所取得的主要进展和认识,指出了目前研究中存在的问题并分析了不同空间范围研究结论之间的缺乏一致性和中等干扰假说的不足。 最后,结合珊瑚礁生态系统基础理论和应用发展的需求,本文探讨了造礁石珊瑚群落结构研究的前景。     

Leisure activities, cognition and dementia

Accumulated evidence shows that leisure activities have a positive impact on cognitive function and dementia. This review aimed to systematically summarize the current evidence on this topic taking into account the limitations of the studies and biological plausibility for the underlying mechanisms linking cognition, dementia and leisure activities, with special attention on mental, physical and social activities. We included only longitudinal studies, with a follow-up time of at least 2 years, published in English from 1991 to March 2011 on leisure activities and cognition (n = 29) or dementia (n = 23) and provided some evidence from intervention studies on the topic. A protective effect of mental activity on cognitive function has been consistently reported in both observational and interventional studies. The association of mental activity with the risk of dementia was robust in observational studies but inconsistent in clinical trials. The protective effect of physical activity on the risk of cognitive decline and dementia has been reported in most observational studies, but has been less evident in interventional studies. Current evidence concerning the beneficial effect of other types of leisure activities on the risk of dementia is still limited and results are inconsistent. For future studies it is imperative that the assessment of leisure activities is standardized, for example, the frequency, intensity, duration and the type of activity; and also that the cognitive test batteries and the definition of cognitive decline are harmonized/standardized. Further, well designed studies with long follow-up times are necessary. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Imaging Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative disease.     

Review of the mutagenicity/genotoxicity of butylated hydroxytoluene.

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is an effective, widely used, low cost antioxidant. A host of studies examining the potential of BHT to cause point mutations have been published. They include in vitro studies on various bacterial species and strains and on various types of mammalian cell lines as well as in vivo studies on Drosophila melanogaster, silk worms and also the mouse specific locus test (involving long-term exposure). Together these studies convincingly show the absence of a potential for BHT to cause point mutations. A great number of studies on many cell types and species have also been carried out to examine the potential of BHT to cause chromosome aberrations. In vitro studies have been published using plant cells and the WI-38, CHL, CHO, and V79 mammalian cell lines. In vivo studies have been carried out on somatic and/or germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster, rats and mice. Nearly all studies, especially those using validated test systems, indicate that BHT lacks clastogenic potential. In vitro studies on bacterial, yeast and various mammalian cell lines including DON, CHO, CHL cells and primary hepatocytes demonstrate the absence of interactions with or damage to DNA. Taking all the existing data into account, the weight of evidence suggests that BHT does not represent a relevant mutagenic/genotoxic risk to man.     

Studying the impact of the Eurozone’s Great Recession on health: Methodological choices and challenges

Europe’s Great Recession provides an opportunity to study the impact of increased financial insecurity on health. A number of studies explored the impact of the Recession on health, but they often reached different conclusions. To understand the root of this debate, we undertook a systematic literature review. Articles were analysed thematically based on: geography, data type, operationalisations of wealth and health, and study design. A critical appraisal was also undertaken. Forty-two studies, published from January 2010 to October 2018, were included in our review. Twenty-six of the forty-two studies found that the Great Recession worsened physical health indicators in the Eurozone. In terms of geography, a large concentration of studies focussed on Spain and Greece, indicating that there may be a gap in understanding the health consequences for EU countries with less severe experiences of the Recession. Regarding data type, nearly all studies used secondary datasets, possibly meaning that studies were constrained by the data available. In terms of operationalisations of wealth and health, a majority of studies used single/simple measures of both, so that these multi-faceted concepts were not fully reflected. Further, fewer than half included studies used panel data, with the remaining studies unable to undertake more causal analyses. The results of the critical appraisal showed that lower-quality studies tended to not find a negative impact of the Recession on health, whereas higher quality studies generally did. In future, we recommend conducting cross-country comparisons, using (inter)nationally-representative panel data conducted over a minimum of a ten-year time horizon, and employing multi-faceted operationalisations of wealth and health. This could provide more common ground across studies, and a clearer indication of whether the Recession impacted health.     

The effects of natural variation in background radioactivity on humans,animals and other organisms

Natural levels of radioactivity on the Earth vary by more than a thousand‐fold; this spatial heterogeneity may suffice to create heterogeneous effects on physiology, mutation and selection. We review the literature on the relationship between variation in natural levels of radioactivity and evolution. First, we consider the effects of natural levels of radiation on mutations, DNA repair and genetics. A total of 46 studies with 373 effect size estimates revealed a small, but highly significant mean effect that was independent of adjustment for publication bias. Second, we found different mean effect sizes when studies were based on broad categories like physiology, immunology and disease frequency; mean weighted effect sizes were larger for studies of plants than animals, and larger in studies conducted in areas with higher levels of radiation. Third, these negative effects of radiation on mutations, immunology and life history are inconsistent with a general role of hormetic positive effects of radiation on living organisms. Fourth, we reviewed studies of radiation resistance among taxa. These studies suggest that current levels of natural radioactivity may affect mutational input and thereby the genetic constitution and composition of natural populations. Susceptibility to radiation varied among taxa, and several studies provided evidence of differences in susceptibility among populations or strains. Crucially, however, these studies are few and scattered, suggesting that a concerted effort to address this lack of research should be made.     

湿地植物的丛枝菌根（AM）

随着对湿地重要性认识的增加,湿地植物的丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM）结构研究受到了关注。研究表明,AM结构在多种湿地类型和湿地植被类型中存在,但AM形成受植被生长地水文状况的影响;从湿地植物上的AM真菌种类看,球囊霉属（Glomus）是湿地环境的常有属。同陆生植物相比,有关湿地植物AM结构的研究尽管已取得了一些进展,但还有很大差距,尤其在我国还几乎处于空白状态。鉴此,从形成AM的湿地植被类型、湿地环境中的AM真菌种类、AM对湿地植物生长的影响,以及影响湿地植物AM形成的因素等方面进行了详细阐述,并对今后的研究方向做了展望,以期为我国开展湿地植物AM结构研究提供参考。     

Evolutionary ecology of intraspecific brain size variation: a review

The brain is a trait of central importance for organismal performance and fitness. To date, evolutionary studies of brain size variation have mainly utilized comparative methods applied at the level of species or higher taxa. However, these studies suffer from the difficulty of separating causality from correlation. In the other extreme, studies of brain plasticity have focused mainly on within‐population patterns. Between these extremes lie interpopulational studies, focusing on brain size variation among populations of the same species that occupy different habitats or selective regimes. These studies form a rapidly growing field of investigations which can help us to understand brain evolution by providing a test bed for ideas born out of interspecific studies, as well as aid in uncovering the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors shaping variation in brain size and architecture. Aside from providing the first in depth review of published intraspecific studies of brain size variation, we discuss the prospects embedded with interpopulational studies of brain size variation. In particular, the following topics are identified as deserving further attention: (i) studies focusing on disentangling the contributions of genes, environment, and their interactions on brain variation within and among populations, (ii) studies applying quantitative genetic tools to evaluate the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors on brain features at different ontogenetic stages, (iii) apart from utilizing simple gross estimates of brain size, future studies could benefit from use of neuroanatomical, neurohistological, and/or molecular methods in characterizing variation in brain size and architecture.     

中国植物化石角质层研究综述

总结近30年来中国大陆植物化石角质层研究的进展,介绍角质层分析的3个主要研究方向:植物化石表皮微细构造研究、植物化石气孔参数与大气CO2和气候变化研究以及植物化石角质层地球化学特征研究.举出众多典型实例,提出植物化石角质层分析的研究展望.     

穿山甲生态学研究概况

综述了全球现存7种穿山甲生态学研究概况,目前的研究主要是通过访问法对中国穿山甲(Manis pentadactyla)的栖息地、活动习性、食性、繁殖习性、打洞习性进行一般性的描述。开普穿山甲(M．temminckii)主要集中在家域、活动和运动、食谱和觅食行为生态上,繁殖生态学、种群生态学及栖息地的研究没有涉及。树穿山甲(M．tricuspts)仅见其家域研究的报道。其它4种穿山甲生态学研究未见任何报道。7种穿山甲的习性相似。今后应当强调从生命的各个层次对其生态学进行比较研究,以揭示其存在的生态差异。重点应是洞穴生态、觅食生态、行为生态(如家域与活动)、繁殖生态和种群生态。