蛇肌果糖1，6－二磷酸酯酶、果糖2，6－二磷酸、AMP的结合部位关系

腺苷－磷酸（ＡＭＰ）对４个快反应巯基被修饰的蛇肌果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶活性的抑制作用增强,而该修饰的酶受果糖２,６－二磷酸的抑制脱敏。ＡＭＰ对酶抑制为半部位反应,酶受果糖２,６－二磷酸抑制的脱敏则表现为全部位反应。经枯草杆菌蛋白酶限制性酶解的果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶的Ｋｉ（ＡＭＰ）增大１０倍,但受果糖２,６－二磷酸抑制的性质不变。经胰蛋白酶限制性酶解的果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶的活性不再为ＡＭＰ抑制,但果糖２,６－二磷酸对该形式酶的抑制作用则明显增强,由于该酶失去受ＡＭＰ的抑制作用,因此ＡＭＰ促进果糖２,６－二磷酸抑制的性质亦随之丧失。据此提出在蛇肌果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶中果糖２,６－二磷酸不是结合在ＡＭＰ结合部位上的看法。     

蛇肌果糖1,6—二磷酸酯酶,果糖2,6—二磷酸,AMP的结…

腺苷一磷酸对４个快反应巯基被修饰的蛇肌果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶活性的抑制作用增强,而该修饰的酶受果糖２,６－二磷酸的抑制脱敏,ＡＭＰ对酶抑制为半部位反应,酶受果糖２,６－二磷酸抑制的脱敏则表现为全部位反应,经枯草杆菌蛋白酶限制性酶解的果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶的Ｋ１增大１０倍,但受果糖２,６－二磷酸抑制的性质不变,经胰蛋白酶限制性酶解的果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶的活性不再为ＡＭＰ抑制,但果糖２,６－二磷酸对     

蛇肌果糖1,6—二磷酸酯酶的R态和T态的构象

几种高活性形式的蛇肌果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶的紫外差光谱与酶在尿素或盐酸胍中差光谱相似,它们的酶学性质及巯基暴露的程度各不相同,提示这些高活性形式的酶的构象呈稳定的松驰状态,构象松驰的程度也各不相同,受果糖２,６－二磷酸、ＡＭＰ的过量底物抑制的酶处于帮种不同的低活性状态,它们的构象特征与Ｒ态相反,提示此三种低活性酶构象处于较紧凑状态,这几种Ｔ态酶巯基暴露的程度,受蛋白水解酶限制性酶解的速度不同,说明     

蛇肌果糖1，6－二磷酸酯酶的R态和T态的构象

几种高活性形式的蛇肌果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酸的紫外差光谱与酶在尿素或盐酸胍中差光谱相似,它们的酶学性质及巯基暴露的程度各不相同,提示这些高活性形式的酶的构象呈稳定的松驰状态（Ｂ态）,构象松驰的程度也各不相同。受果糖２,６－二磷酸、ＡＭＰ和过量底物抑制的酶处于三种不同的低活性状态,它们的构象特征与Ｒ态相反,提示此三种低活性酶构象处于较紧凑状态（Ｔ态）。这几种Ｔ态酶流基暴露的程度,受蛋白水解酶限制性酶解的速度不同,说明这些Ｔ态酶的构象的紧凑程度是有差异的。蛇肌酶的不同的活化状态所具有不同的稳定的构象状态,在能量上可能相差很小,便于受到多种因子的调节。这可能是别构酶所普遍具有的现象。     

磷酸吡哆醛修饰的蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的时间分辨荧光分析

在别构抑制剂AMP或底物果糖1,6-二磷酸(FruP_2)存在下,磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)分别专一性地修饰在蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶(FruP_2ase,E.C.3.1.3.11.)的催化部位或别构部位。测得了修饰在催化部位或别构部位的PLP的荧光寿命及其连续分布。通过荧光寿命分布宽度的比较,认为该酶的活性部位柔性大于别构部位的柔性。     

果糖-2,6-二磷酸对香蕉成熟过程中焦磷酸果糖-6-磷酸转移酶活性的调节作用

从成熟香蕉果实中部分纯化了焦磷酸:果糖—6—磷酸磷酸转移酶(PFP)。研究了酶的果糖—2,6—二磷酸的活化动力学特性.果糖—2,6—二磷酸通过降低酶的K_m(F6P)值和增进最大反应速度(V_(max))促进酶的果糖—6—磷酸磷酸化活性。底物(F6P)浓度和温度影响果糖—2,6—二磷酸对酶的活化作用。 本工作中还观察了香蕉成熟过程中PFP和依赖ATP的磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)活性的变化,并对PFP在果实成熟中的生理意义和调节特性进行了讨论。     

光／暗对玉米叶片果糖—6—磷酸激酶—2和果糖—2,6—二磷酸酯酶活…

比较了照光和黑暗条件下玉米叶片果糖－６－磷酶激酶－２和果糖－２,６－二磷酸酯酶的活力变化。当玉米植株从暗中转入光下后,其叶片ＰＦＫ－２的活力随光照时间的延长而逐渐降低,而ＦＢＰａｓｅ－２活力变化不明显;从光下转入暗后叶片ＰＦＫ－２活力明显上升,ＦＢＰａｓｅ－２活力仍无明显变化;其ＰＦＫ－２／ＦＢＰａｓｅ－２比值在光处理时下降,暗处理时上升。同时叶片中果糖－２,６－二磷酸的含量与ＰＦＫ－２／ＦＢＰａ     

AMP对蛇肌果糖-1,6-二磷酸酯酶pH9.2活力的激活作用——蛋白水解酶限制性酶解作用不是果糖-1,6-二磷酸酯酶变成碱性酶的唯一原因

低纯度的NADP⁺ 中含有一种在pH 9.2能够激活蛇肌果糖- 1 ,6 -二磷酸酯酶活力的物质 .经过分离鉴定 ,证明它就是 5′- AMP .该激活作用只有当较高浓度的Mg ²⁺ 存在时才表现出来 .在AMP的存在下 ,果糖 -1 ,6 -二磷酸酯酶的行为很像碱性酶 .Mg ²⁺ 激活动力学表明 ,AMP和Mg ²⁺ 在对蛇肌酶活力调节上存在着竞争关系 .AMP能解除高浓度Mg ²⁺对酶在碱性pH活力的抑制作用 .以往认为果糖- 1 ,6 -二磷酸酯酶由中性酶变成碱性酶均是由蛋白水解酶限制性酶解引起的 ;现报道 5′- AMP也能将蛇肌酶变成碱性酶 ,指出蛋白水解酶限制性酶解作用不是造成该酶由中性酶变为碱性酶的唯一原因 ,并且也可能有生理调节作用 .     

1，6－二磷酸果糖产生菌的筛选及最佳培养条件的研究

１,６－二磷酸果糖（ＦＤＰ）广泛应用于治疗心血管疾病．本文进行了１,６－二磷酸果糖产生菌的筛选和最佳条件的研究。筛选出菌株ＨＹ２具有较高的产１,６－二磷酸果糖酶活力,高达１６０ｍｇＦＤＰ／ｇｗｅｔｃｅｌｌｓ,菌体生长的最适培养条件为：麦芽汁培养基糖度为１２柏林,培养温度为２８℃,ｐＨ６．０～６．５,菌体收率达７．０％左右。     

丙糖磷酸异构酶、果糖—1，6—二磷酸醛缩酶及果糖—1，6—二磷酸酶的共表达

致力于建立一条控制或降低大气中CO2浓度的途径,选择对 进行代谢工程以便改进其光合固定CO2的效率。作为研究的初始阶段,将编码丙糖磷酸异构酶、果糖－1,6－二磷酸醛缩酶及果糖－1,6－二磷酸酶的3个基因构建进一个由启动子trc控制的表达质粒pTrcFAT,成功地在大肠杆菌中实现了上述3个基因的活性共表达。活性测定结果显示：从1L培养液获得的破菌上清液每分钟可以催化二羟丙酮磷酸（DHAP）转化成700μmol果糖－6－磷酸。在此基础上进一步构建了这3个基因共表达的大肠杆菌－蓝藻穿梭表达质粒,也在大肠杆菌中实现了活性表达,当外泊基因的操纵子与载体质粒以大于1：1的比例进行构建时,可显著提高外源基因的表达量及相应的的酶活性。     

The interaction of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate with an allosteric site of rat liver fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase

Rat liver fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase can be protected against partial inactivation by N-ethylmaleimide by low concentrations of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate or high concentrations of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The partially inactivated enzyme has a much reduced sensitivity to high substrate inhibition and has lost the sigmoid component of the inhibition by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate; this compound is a simple linear competitive inhibitor of the modified enzyme. The results suggest that fructose 2,6-bisphosphate can bind to the enzyme at two distinct sites, the catalytic site and an allosteric site. High levels of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate probably inhibit by binding to the allosteric site.     

Rat liver 6-phosphofructo 2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase: a review of relationships between the two activities of the enzyme

Both the synthesis and the degradation of Fru-2,6-P2 are catalyzed by a single enzyme protein; ie, the enzyme is bifunctional. This protein, which we have designated 6-phosphofructo 2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase is an important enzyme in the regulation of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism since its activity determines the steady-state concentration of fructose 2,6-P2, an activator of 6-phosphofructo 1-kinase and an inhibitor of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. Regulation of the bifunctional enzyme in intact cells is a complex function of both covalent modification via phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and the influence of substrates and low molecular weight effectors. Recent evidence suggests that both reactions may proceed by two-step transfer mechanisms with different phosphoenzyme intermediates. The enzyme catalyzes exchange reactions between ADP and ATP and between fructose 6-P and fructose 2,6-P2. A labeled phosphoenzyme is formed rapidly during incubation with [2-32P]Fru-2,6-P2. The labeled residue has been identified as 3-phosphohistidine. However, it was not possible to demonstrate significant labeling of the enzyme directly from [gamma-32P]ATP. These results can be most readily explained in terms of two catalytic sites, a kinase site whose phosphorylation by ATP is negligible (or whose E-P is labile) and a fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase site which is readily phosphorylated by fructose 2,6-P2. Additional evidence in support of two active sites include: limited proteolysis with thermolysin results in loss of 6-phosphofructo 2-kinase activity and activation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase, mixed function oxidation results in inactivation of the 6-phosphofructo 2-kinase but no affect on the fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase, N-ethylmaleimide treatment also inactivates the kinase but does not affect the bisphosphatase, and p-chloromercuribenzoate immediately inactivates the fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase but not the 6-phosphofructo 2-kinase. Our findings indicate that the bifunctional enzyme is a rather complicated enzyme; a dimer, probably with two catalytic sites reacting with sugar phosphate, and with an unknown number of regulatory sites for most of its substrates and products. Three enzymes from Escherichia coli, isocitric dehydrogenase kinase/phosphatase, glutamine-synthetase adenylyltransferase, and the uridylyltransferase for the regulatory protein PII in the glutamine synthetase cascade system also catalyze opposing reactions probably at two discrete sites. All four enzymes are important in the regulation of metabolism and may represent a distinct class of regulatory enzymes.     

cDNA sequence and kinetic properties of human lung fructose(1, 6)bisphosphatase

A cDNA encoding fructose(1,6)bisphosphatase was isolated from total human lung RNA. The cDNA contained an open reading frame encoding 337 amino acids. The determined nucleotide sequence of the lung cDNA was significantly different from muscle cDNA and slightly differed from human liver cDNA in a single mutation (Gly-336 for Ala-336) and a T for C substitution in position 648. The human lung fructose(1, 6)bisphosphatase [Fru(1,6)Pase] was isolated and its kinetic parameters were compared with liver and muscle isoenzymes. Values of kcat for the lung Fru(1,6)Pase were lower than for the liver and muscle enzyme. Like the liver isoenzyme, lung Fru(1,6)Pase is significantly less inhibited by AMP than the muscle enzyme. The values of I0.5 were 9.5, 9.8, and 0.3 microM for the liver, lung, and muscle enzyme, respectively. The lung enzyme was slightly more sensitive to fructose(2,6)bisphosphate [Fru(2,6)P2] inhibition than the liver enzyme. Ki was 75 microM for the lung and 96 microM for the liver enzyme. The synergistic effect of AMP and Fru(2,6)P2 on the lung and liver Fru(1,6)Pase was also observed. In the presence of AMP the corresponding values of Ki for Fru(2,6)P2 were 16 microM for the lung and 10 microM for the liver enzyme.     

The effect of arabinose 1,5-bisphosphate on rat hepatic 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

The alpha- and beta-anomers of arabinose 1,5-bisphosphate and ribose 1,5-bisphosphate were tested as effectors of rat liver 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Both anomers of arabinose 1,5-bisphosphate activated the kinase and inhibited the bisphosphatase. The alpha-anomer was the more effective kinase activator while the beta-anomer was the more potent inhibitor of the bisphosphatase. Inhibition of the bisphosphatase by both anomers was competitive, and both potentiated allosteric inhibition by AMP. beta-Arabinose 1,5-bisphosphate was also more effective in decreasing fructose 2,6-bisphosphate binding to the enzyme. Neither anomer of ribose 1,5-bisphosphate affected 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase or fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, indicating that the configuration of the C-2 (C-3 in Fru 2,6-P2) hydroxyl group is important for biological activity. These results are also consistent with arabinose 1,5-bisphosphate binding to the active site and thereby enhancing the interaction of AMP with the allosteric site.     

Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in isolated foetal hepatocytes

Fru 2,6-P2 was present in isolated foetal hepatocytes at a concentration of 1.6 nmol per g cells. When foetal hepatocytes were exposed to glucagon no changes were observed either in the concentration of Fru 2,6-P2 and lactate release or in the activities of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase and pyruvate kinase. Incubation of purified 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase with the catalytic subunit of protein kinase did not change the enzyme activity. The inhibition by sn-glycerol 3-phosphate was much lower for the foetal than for adult enzyme. These results suggest that an isoenzyme of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase in foetal hepatocytes different from that of adult hepatocytes may be present.     

Stimulation of yeast phosphofructokinase activity by Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is a powerful activator of yeast phosphofructokinase when assayed at pH levels of ≥7.0. Half maximal stimulation of enzyme activity occurs at 10^?7 M levels of Fru 2,6-P₂ concentration. This stimulating effect by Fru 2,6-P₂ can be synergistic to that exerted by AMP in counteracting the inhibition of phosphofructokinase activity by ATP. The affinity (S_0.5) of the yeast enzyme to fructose 6-phosphate changes from 1.5 mM in the absence of Fru 2,6-P₂ to 40 μM in its presence.     

Physiological relevance of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in the regulation of spinach leaf pyrophosphate:fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase

A major problem in defining the physiological role of pyrophosphate:fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase (PFP, EC 2.7.1.90) is the 1,000-fold discrepancy between the apparent affinity of PFP for its activator, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P₂), determined under optimum conditions in vitro and the estimated concentration of this signal metabolite in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined influence of metabolic intermediates and inorganic phosphate (Pi) on the activation of PFP by Fru-2,6-P₂. The enzyme was purified to near-homogeneity from leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Under optimal in vitro assay conditions, the activation constant (K _a) of spinach leaf PFP for Fru-2,6-P₂ in the glycolytic direction was 15.8 nM. However, in the presence of physiological concentrations of fructose 6-phosphate, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA), phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), ATP and Pi the K _a of spinach leaf PFP for Fru-2,6-P₂ was up to 2000-fold greater than that measured in the optimised assay and V _max decreased by up to 62%. Similar effects were observed with PFP purified from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers. Cytosolic metabolites and Pi also influenced the response of PFP to activation by its substrate fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Fru-1,6-P₂). When assayed under optimum conditions in the gluconeogenic direction, the K _a of spinach leaf PFP for Fru-1,6-P₂ was approximately 50 μM. Physiological concentrations of PPi, 3PGA, PEP, ATP and Pi increased K _a up to 25-fold, and decreased V _max by over 65%. From these results it was concluded that physiological concentrations of metabolites and Pi increase the K _a of PFP for Fru-2,6-P₂ to values approaching the concentration of the activator in vivo. Hence, measured changes in cytosolic Fru-2,6-P₂ levels could appreciably alter the activation state of PFP in vivo. Moreover, the same levels of metabolites increase the K _a of PFP for Fru-1,6-P₂ to an extent that activation of PFP by this compound is unlikely to be physiologically relevant. Received: 21 July 2000 / Accepted: 15 September 2000