肉豆蔻精油微胶囊化及其稳定性研究

目的：肉豆蔻精油因刺激性气味及易挥发的特点限制了其在食品中的应用,为提高肉豆蔻精油的适用性,利用喷雾干燥技术制备肉豆蔻精油微胶囊。方法：以辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯/麦芽糊精（OSA/MD）为复合壁材制备微胶囊,采用气相色谱—质谱联用（GC MS）法测定了包埋前后肉豆蔻精油的成分组成及相对含量,并对微胶囊稳定性进行考察。结果：制备的肉豆蔻精油微胶囊包埋率和保留率分别达到99.28%和88.15%,且40℃时保持稳定。结论：以辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯/麦芽糊精（OSA/MD）为复合壁材,利用喷雾干燥技术制备肉豆蔻精油微胶囊包埋效果好,且稳定性得到明显提高。     

两种精油熏蒸处理对金针菇贮藏品质的影响

为了开发高效的食用菌绿色保鲜剂,以新鲜的白色金针菇为供试材料,以花椒精油和丁香精油为供试熏蒸剂,分别在常温（25±1）℃和低温（4±1）℃条件下开展了适用于金针菇保鲜的精油种类和浓度的筛选试验,并对金针菇贮藏期内的感官评价、失重率、呼吸强度、褐变度、多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性、丙二醛（MDA）以及总酚含量进行了测定。结果显示,常温（25±1）℃条件下用0.1 mL·kg-1花椒精油和0.5 mL·kg-1丁香精油保鲜效果优于其他处理,且有统计学意义（P<0.05）,0.1 mL·kg-1花椒精油和0.5 mL·kg-1丁香精油处理组感官评分分别高于对照组23.4%和27.8%,二者均能够抑制金针菇褐变、减轻腐败变质,且有统计学意义（P<0.05）;在低温（4±1）℃贮藏试验中发现,0.1 mL·kg-1花椒精油和0.5 mL·kg-1丁香精油均能有效抑制呼吸强度和PPO活性的升高（P<0.05）,其呼吸高峰较对照组分别降低了28.3%和39.6%;贮藏15 d后,精油处理组PPO活性较对照组分别降低了8.2%和16.6%;精油处理有效降低了MDA含量的产生,保持着较高的总酚含量、减轻腐烂褐变的程度。第15天时,对照组MDA含量为1.75 μmol·g-1,而花椒精油和丁香精油处理组MDA含量分别比对照组低0.15、0.40 μmol·g-1,丁香精油处理组显著低于花椒精油处理组和对照组（P<0.05）。研究结果表明,0.1 mL·kg-1花椒精油和0.5 mL·kg-1丁香精油均对金针菇采后贮藏保鲜效果显著,其中,0.5 mL·kg-1丁香精油的保鲜效果最明显,在15d的贮藏期内,金针菇依然保持着良好的品质,而对照组已经轻微褐变,部分开始腐烂。研究结果为花椒精油和丁香精油应用于金针菇采后贮藏保鲜提供了理论依据。     

亚高山地区香芸火绒草挥发油的研究

对甘肃产野生香芸火绒草采用SED和萃取两种方法提取精油和浸膏,测得精油平均得率0．037％,浸膏1．18％,净油53．4％。精油有65种组分,评香鉴定认为,具有醛香、清香、甜香,香气浓强。研究分析表明,该植物可成为一种新的生产天然香精香料的原料来源。     

酶解辅助水蒸汽蒸馏法提取紫枝玫瑰精油工艺研究

为了优化酶解法辅助水蒸汽蒸馏法提取紫枝玫瑰精油的工艺,筛选出了能够有效提高精油香气主成分含量及精油提取率的果胶酶和纤维素酶,通过单因素试验,探索酶用量、酶解温度、酶解p H对玫瑰精油香气主成分及精油提取率的影响,在此基础上,利用正交分析,确定酶解-水蒸汽蒸馏法提取紫枝玫瑰精油的最佳工艺条件为:添加果胶酶和纤维素酶的复合酶体系,酶用量3 000 U/g,酶解温度50℃,酶解p H 5.5。采用此工艺条件,紫枝玫瑰精油的提取率是0.243 9%。     

植物乳杆菌多孔淀粉直接包埋工艺的研究

利用多孔淀粉的吸附特性,将植物乳杆菌包埋于多孔淀粉内,通过测定多孔淀粉对植物乳杆菌的包埋率,研究菌体浓度、多孔淀粉添加量、振荡转速、包埋温度、pH值、时间对包埋率的影响,确定最适包埋条件。结果表明:菌体浓度10~8cfu/mL,多孔淀粉添加量为2%,pH 6.0、20℃,200 r/min振荡处理40 min,在此条件下包埋率为79.5%,对包埋后的菌体进行喷雾干燥试验,其存活率较未包埋的从0.35%提高到29.5%。     

百里香精油对硫代乙酰胺诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

为探究百里精油抗氧化能力及其潜在的保肝作用,通过测定百里香精油对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基的清除能力,确定百里香精油的体外抗氧化能力。同时建立硫代乙酰胺(TAA)急性小鼠肝损伤模型,通过测定小鼠的肝脏指数,血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性和肝脏中苯二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性来评价百里香精油的保肝效果。结果表明,百里香精油具有良好的体外抗氧化活性及对硫代乙酰胺诱导的肝损伤小鼠的保护效果,其中高剂量精油对小鼠肝损伤的保护效果显著(P0.01)。本文旨在为百里香精油作为天然植物源保肝药物的研究与开发奠定理论基础。     

紫茎泽兰精油的香气成分及应用研究

紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.)为一有害杂草,本文从利用紫茎泽兰出发,对其精油进行了化学成分分析、香气质量评定及应用试验。精油经色谱-质谱分析,定性定量地鉴定了45个化合物,主要成分为对聚伞花素、乙酸龙脑酯等;紫茎泽兰精油的香气由辛甜香、凉气和药草香、花香、甜香及萜气组成,初步试用表明紫茎泽兰为一有利用前景的香原料,广泛推广使用,不仅可以产生一定的经济效益,而且对这一恶性杂草的防治也将有重要作用。     

永州薄荷精油微波辅助提取工艺及具驱蚊功效空气清新剂研究

本文研究了永州薄荷精油的微波辅助提取工艺,并基于所得精油进行了植物源天然空气清新剂的研制。结果发现:(1)永州薄荷精油的最佳微波辅助水蒸气蒸馏提取工艺为料液比1∶8、微波时间250 s、微波功率300 W、蒸馏时间2.5 h,在此最优条件下永州薄荷精油平均得率达3.3%;(2)基于薄荷精油与永州另一优势植物资源香姜精油复配研制植物源空气清新剂,发现基于二者的复方精油配方除臭效果优于各自的单方精油,且在二者配比为2∶1(薄荷精油∶香姜精油),总体积分数为6%时对臭气分子清除作用最佳,并表现出良好的趋蚊功效。结果表明,微波辅助可以获得较高的薄荷精油得率,所获精油搭配香姜精油开发多功能空气清新剂可行性强且效果好,研究结果可为永州地方优势植物资源综合利用提供参考。     

艾叶油微胶囊的制备工艺研究

目的:研究艾叶油微胶囊的制备工艺。方法:采用复凝聚法制备艾叶油微胶囊,研究乳化时间、乳化转速、凝聚温度、凝聚转速等因素对艾叶油微胶囊成型性的影响,确定最佳制备工艺;采用热重法评价艾叶油微胶囊的缓释性和稳定性。结果:艾叶油微胶囊制备工艺为乳化时间20 min、乳化转速1 500 r·min-1、凝聚温度45℃、凝聚转速300 r·min-1,按此工艺制备得到的艾叶油微胶囊大小均匀、形状规则、不粘连。结论:采用复凝聚法制备艾叶油微胶囊,工艺稳定、产品成型性好,具有良好的缓释性和稳定性。     

三种植物精油对家蝇成虫的熏蒸活性

【目的】探究香樟Cinnamomum caphora果实精油、天竺桂Cinnamomum pedunculatum叶精油和龙柏Sabina chinensis var.chinensis叶精油对家蝇Musca domestica成虫的熏蒸活性,比较这3种植物精油以及混配精油对家蝇的毒力效果,为植物源灭蝇剂的开发提供理论依据。【方法】利用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取植物精油,采取三角瓶密闭熏蒸法测试植物精油及其混剂对家蝇5日龄成虫的熏蒸毒性和击倒作用。【结果】3种植物精油对家蝇的LC50值(致死中浓)分别为5.28,16.86和14.54μg/cm3。LC90熏蒸剂量下,对家蝇的KT50值(击倒中时)分别为12.03,16.56和13.37 min。天竺桂叶精油和龙柏叶精油混配后对家蝇有增效作用,二者的LC50值配比为9∶1时,增效作用极为显著,共毒系数高达367.95。【结论】香樟果实精油对家蝇成虫有很好的熏杀和击倒作用,龙柏叶精油次之,天竺桂叶精油效果最差。天竺桂叶精油和龙柏叶精油混配后对其对家蝇成虫的熏蒸毒性有增效作用。3种植物精油具备开发环保灭蝇剂的潜力,可深入研究。     

Evaluation of extracts and oils of tick-repellent plants from Sweden

Abstract. Leaves of Myrica gale Linnaeus (Myricaceae), Rhododendron tomentosum (Stokes) H. Harmaja (formerly Ledum palustre Linnaeus: Ericaceae) and Artemisia absinthium Linnaeus (Asteraceae) were extracted with organic solvents of different polarities and the essential oils of leaves were obtained by steam distillation. The extracts or oils were tested in the laboratory for repellency against host-seeking nymphs of Ixodes ricinus Linnaeus (Acari: Ixodidae). Rhododendron tomentosum oil, 10%, diluted in acetone, exhibited 95% repellency; R. tomentosum and A. absinthium extracts in ethyl acetate, > 70% repellency; A. absinthium extract in hexane, approximately 62% repellency; and M. gale oil, 10%, approximately 50% repellency on I. ricinus nymphs. Compounds in the leaf extracts or in the oils were collected by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and/or MS. Characteristic volatiles detected from oil or extract of M. gale were the monoterpenes 1,8-cineole, alpha-terpineol, 4-terpineol and thujenol; and of R. tomentosum myrcene and palustrol. Characteristic volatiles from leaf extracts of A. absinthium were sabinene, oxygenated monoterpenes, e.g. thujenol and linalool, and geranyl acetate. Each plant species synthesized numerous volatiles known to exhibit acaricidal, insecticidal, 'pesticidal' and/or arthropod repellent properties. These plants may be useful sources of chemicals for the control of arthropods of medical, veterinary or agricultural importance.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In Vitro</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">In Vivo</Emphasis> Evaluation of Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride Microsponges for Topical Delivery

Hydroxyzine HCl is used in oral formulations for the treatment of urticaria and atopic dermatitis. Dizziness, blurred vision, and anticholinergic responses, represent the most common side effects. It has been shown that controlled release of the drug from a delivery system to the skin could reduce the side effects while reducing percutaneous absorption. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to produce an effective drug-loaded dosage form that is able to control the release of hydroxyzine hydrochloride into the skin. The Microsponge Delivery System is a unique technology for the controlled release of topical agents, and it consists of porous polymeric microspheres, typically 10–50 μm in diameter, loaded with active agents. Eudragit RS-100 microsponges of the drug were prepared by the oil in an oil emulsion solvent diffusion method using acetone as dispersing solvent and liquid paraffin as the continuous medium. Magnesium stearate was added to the dispersed phase to prevent flocculation of Eudragit RS-100 microsponges. Pore inducers such as sucrose and pregelatinized starch were used to enhance the rate of drug release. Microsponges of nearly 98% encapsulation efficiency and 60–70% porosity were produced. The pharmacodynamic effect of the chosen preparation was tested on the shaved back of histamine-sensitized rabbits. Histopathological studies were driven for the detection of the healing of inflamed tissues.     

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride Microsponges for Topical Delivery

Hydroxyzine HCl is used in oral formulations for the treatment of urticaria and atopic dermatitis. Dizziness, blurred vision, and anticholinergic responses, represent the most common side effects. It has been shown that controlled release of the drug from a delivery system to the skin could reduce the side effects while reducing percutaneous absorption. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to produce an effective drug-loaded dosage form that is able to control the release of hydroxyzine hydrochloride into the skin. The Microsponge Delivery System is a unique technology for the controlled release of topical agents, and it consists of porous polymeric microspheres, typically 10–50 μm in diameter, loaded with active agents. Eudragit RS-100 microsponges of the drug were prepared by the oil in an oil emulsion solvent diffusion method using acetone as dispersing solvent and liquid paraffin as the continuous medium. Magnesium stearate was added to the dispersed phase to prevent flocculation of Eudragit RS-100 microsponges. Pore inducers such as sucrose and pregelatinized starch were used to enhance the rate of drug release. Microsponges of nearly 98% encapsulation efficiency and 60–70% porosity were produced. The pharmacodynamic effect of the chosen preparation was tested on the shaved back of histamine-sensitized rabbits. Histopathological studies were driven for the detection of the healing of inflamed tissues.KEYWORDS: hydroxyzine HCl, microsponges, oil in oil emulsion solvent diffusion, skin delivery     

Inclusion interactions of cyclodextrins and crosslinked cyclodextrin polymers with linalool and camphor in Lavandula angustifolia essential oil

In the present study, we investigated the feasibility of preparation of novel controlled release systems for the delivery of essential oil used as ambient odors. The inclusion interactions of cyclodextrins (CDs) and β-cyclodextrin polymers with linalool and camphor in Lavandula angustifolia essential oil were investigated by static headspace gas chromatography (SH-GC). The stability constants with monomeric CD derivatives were determined for standard compounds and for the compounds in essential oil. All studied CDs and CD polymers reduce the volatility of the aroma compounds and stable 1:1 inclusion complexes are formed. The retention capacity of the CD derivatives was measured in static experiments. The feasibility of preparation of novel controlled release systems for the delivery of fragrances was investigated by multiple headspace extraction (MHE) experiments.     

贵州九香虫营养成分分析

分析贵州产九香虫Aspongopus chinensis Dallas体内的营养成分。结果表明:从江和习水产九香虫都具有丰富的营养,其中粗蛋白分别为350.9mg·g-1和356.5mg·g-1、粗脂肪432.6mg·g-1和436.2mg·g-1、粗灰分22.9mg·g-1和22.8mg·g-1;总氨基酸含量为334.3mg·g-1和253mg·g-1,其中必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的41.22%和33.34%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸之比分别为0.70和0.50;九香虫体内脂肪酸多以油酸和软脂酸为主,其中油酸占总脂肪酸的49.48%和41.54%;含有丰富的矿物质和微量元素,尤其是Mg的含量达到1.26mg·g-1和1.32mg·g-1,且不含有对人体有害的Hg、Pb和As;含有多种维生素,其中维生素C含量最为丰富,为0.78mg·g-1和0.79mg·g-1。作为具有保健功能的中药昆虫,同时具有丰富的营养成分,九香虫是极具潜力的药食两用食品。     

不同脱水速率对木奶果种子脱水敏感性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了脱水速率对木奶果种子脱水敏感性和抗氧化酶活性的影响。木奶果种子初始含水量高达1.72gH2O·g^-1DW,萌发率为86.67%。含水量降至0.90gH2O·g^-1DW左右时,慢速脱水种子的萌发率为97.78%,而快速脱水的种子萌发率仅为64.44%。快速脱水至含水量为0.76gH2O·g^-1DW时萌发率为21.67%,而慢速脱水至0.68gH2O·g^-1DW时,萌发率仍高达55.56%。确定了木奶果种子是对慢速脱水耐受性更高的顽拗性种子。在种子脱水过程中,相对电解质渗透速率和脂质过氧化产物（TBARs）都呈升高趋势,但慢速脱水后的种子,其TBARs升高的速率较快速脱水的慢。快速脱水的种子中超氧化岐化酶（SOD）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）的活性较慢速脱水的高,而过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性较慢速脱水的低,未检测出谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的活性。这些结果表明,在木奶果种子脱水耐性获得过程中过氧化氢酶比其他抗氧化酶作用更大。     

雷公藤次生代谢产物雷公藤红素含量与环境因子相关性分析

采用多元逐步回归分析对分布于浙江、福建、湖南、湖北和贵州5个省内6类不同居群药用植物雷公藤（Tripterygium wilfordil）的160株个体进行了雷公藤红素含量和环境因子的相关性分析。结果表明,在空间分布上,各居群间的雷公藤红素含量差异较大,其中湖南黄岩居群雷公藤红素含量最高,为1．0585×10^-2g·g^-1,贵州雷山和福建泰宁居群最低,分别为4．9889×10^-3g·g^-1和4．9887×10^-3g·g^-1;而在居群内的雷公藤红素含量相对一致,基本呈正态分布。实验结果表明,雷公藤中雷公藤红素的积累在很大程度上受环境因子的影响。进一步利用SPSS软件对各个环境因子作逐步回归分析,表明年均日照时长（X）、年均降雨量（X2）和土壤含氮量（蚝）是影响雷公藤中雷公藤红素含量（Ⅵ的主导因子,且各因素均与雷公藤红素含量呈负相关。经检验,回归方程为Y=19．308-0．01X1-0．02X2—0．062X5,雅达到0．917,F检验回归方程的线性关系显著。研究结果表明,环境因子,特别是日照、水分和土壤含氮量能够影响雷公藤中雷公藤红素的含量。该文还对提高雷公藤中药用成分雷公藤红素含量的研究策略进行了讨论。     

Use of cyclodextrins as a cosmetic delivery system for fragrance materials: Linalool and benzyl acetate

The aim of this study was to increase the stability and water solubility of fragrance materials, to provide controlled release of these compounds, and to convert these substances from liquid to powder form by preparing their inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins (CDs). For this purpose, linalool and benzyl acetate were chosen as the fragrance materials. The use of beta-cyclodextrin (beta CD) and 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (2-HP beta CD) for increasing the solubility of these 2 fragrance materials was studied. Linalool and benzyl acetate gave a B-type diagram with beta CD, whereas they gave an A(L)-type diagram with 2-HP beta CD. Therefore, complexes of fragrance materials with 2-HP beta CD at 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios (guest:host) were prepared. The formation of inclusion complexes was confirmed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR) spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The results of the solubility studies showed that preparing the inclusion complex with 2-HP beta CD at a 1:1 molar ratio increased the solubility of linalool 5.9-fold and that of benzyl acetate 4.2-fold, whereas the complexes at a 1:2 molar ratio increased the solubility 6.4- and 4.5-fold for linalool and benzyl acetate, respectively. The stability and in vitro release studies were performed on the gel formulations prepared using uncomplexed fragrance materials or inclusion complexes of fragrance materials at a 1:1 molar ratio. It was observed that the volatility of both fragrance materials was decreased by preparing the inclusion complexes with 2-HP beta CD. Also, in vitro release data indicated that controlled release of fragrances could be possible if inclusion complexes were prepared.     

Porous devices derived from co-continuous polymer blends as a route for controlled drug release

In this study we examine the release profile of bovine serum albumin (BSA) from a porous polymer matrix derived from a co-continuous polymer blend. The porosity is generated through the selective extraction of one of the continuous phases. This is the first study to examine the approach of using morphologically tailored co-continuous polymer blends as a template for generating porous polymer materials for use in controlled release. A method for the preparation of polymeric capsules is introduced, and the effect of matrix pore size and surface area on the BSA release profile is investigated. Furthermore, the effect of surface charge on release is examined by surface modification of the porous substrate using layer-by-layer deposition techniques. Synthetic, nonerodible polymer, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), was used as a model substrate prepared by melt blending with two different styrene-ethylene-butylene copolymers. Blends with HDPE allow for the preparation of porous substrates with small pore sizes (300 and 600 nm). A blend of polylactide (PLA) and polystyrene was also used to prepare porous PLA with a larger pore size (1.5 microm). The extents of interconnectivity, surface area, and pore dimension of the prepared porous substrates were examined via gravimetric solvent extraction, BET nitrogen adsorption, mercury porosimetry, and image analysis of scanning electron microscopy micrographs. With a loading protocol into the porous HDPE and PLA involving the alternate application of pressure and vacuum, it is shown that virtually the entire porous network was accessible to BSA loading, and loading efficiencies of between 80% and 96% were obtained depending on the pore size of the carrier and the applied pressure. The release profile of BSA from the microporous structure was monitored by UV spectrophotometry. The influence of pore size, surface area, surface charge, and number of deposited layers is demonstrated. It is shown that an effective closed-cell structure in porous PLA can be prepared, effectively eliminating all short-term BSA release.