全球抗体药物研发态势分析

<正>1引言抗体(antibody,Ab)是指浆细胞(效应B细胞)在抗原刺激下产生并释放的可与其发生特异性结合的免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin,Ig),是机体免疫系统的一个重要组成部分。根据抗体结合抗原决定簇的数量,抗体一般可以分为单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody)和多克隆抗体(polyclonal antibody)。其中,单克隆抗体及其与药物的偶联物因其高特异性、高有效性和高安全性等特点,形象地被称为"生物导弹",现有的抗体药物大多属于此类抗体。     

抗人IgG和抗人IgM单克隆抗体的特性鉴定及应用

目的:制备特异性高的抗人Ig G和抗人Ig M单克隆抗体,并应用于临床血清学检测试剂盒,为其提供优质的二抗。方法:以人Ig G和Ig M为抗原,免疫BALB/c小鼠,通过传统杂交瘤融合和筛选技术制备抗人Ig G和抗人Ig M单克隆抗体;经体内诱生法制备腹水并纯化;采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)和Western印迹进行交叉筛选和特异性鉴定,并对筛选出的单抗进行辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记,再与市售的检测病原微生物抗体试剂盒中对应的HRP标记的二抗(抗人Ig G和抗人Ig M)做对比分析。结果:筛选到2株可稳定分泌抗人Ig G单抗和2株抗人Ig M单抗,经交叉反应、Western印迹及对比实验分析,证明这4株单抗效价高、特异性好,比临床试剂盒中的酶标二抗特异性强、敏感度高。结论:获得4株特异性强、敏感度高的抗人Ig G和抗人Ig M单克隆抗体,可为各种病原微生物血清学的检测提供二抗试剂,具有良好的应用价值。     

单克隆抗体在肿瘤免疫诊断、治疗中的进展

<正>自1975年Kohler与Miltem首次创建用淋巴瘤杂交技术产生单克隆抗体(McAb)以来,已制备出针对多种不同抗原的McAb,广泛地应用于基础和临床医学的许多方面。McAb是直接与抗原分子表面的某一抗原决定簇或表型相作用的一类结构相似的免疫球蛋白(Ig)。杂交瘤源源不断地分泌高效价,特异性强,单一的McAb,解决了多年来免疫测定因抗体不纯效价不高的     

可变淋巴细胞受体：一种新型的恶性肿瘤诊断治疗试剂

可变淋巴细胞受体(variable lymphocyte receptor, VLR)是2004年于无颌类脊椎动物七鳃鳗(Lampetra japonicum)中发现的一种新型受体。VLR具有分子结构简单、识别抗原种类广泛、对蛋白质和聚糖的结合特异性强且亲和力高、化学性质稳定等多方面优点。研究表明,VLR可识别表达于腺癌和鳞状细胞癌等细胞表面的碳水化合物,以及多发性骨髓瘤浆细胞表面的特异性标志物。VLR经改造后构建的重组分子可用于恶性肿瘤的成像、诊断和治疗。近年来,VLR在抗肿瘤免疫反应中的作用及以其作为疫苗的研究不断深入。本文对VLR研究的最新进展进行综述,以期为进一步的药物开发及临床研究等提供参考。     

抗人甲状腺球蛋白单克隆抗体的制备

目的:制备分泌特异性抗人甲状腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin,Tg)单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,为建立高灵敏度的Tg检测方法做准备。方法:以天然人源甲状腺球蛋白为抗原经皮下免疫BALB/c小鼠,通过细胞融合制备分泌抗人甲状腺球蛋白单克隆抗体,并对其进行特异性鉴定,建立检测Tg的双抗体ELISA(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)夹心法。结果:获得7株可稳定分泌抗人甲状腺球蛋白单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,经ELISA鉴定,筛选抗体可与Tg抗原有良好的特异性反应。建立的双抗体夹心ELISA方法敏感性可达1 ng/mL。结论:成功制备了抗人Tg单克隆抗体并建立了检测人Tg双抗体夹心ELISA方法,为进一步研发Tg快速诊断试剂盒提供了原料。     

再循环抗体的研究进展

单克隆抗体因其与抗原结合具有高度特异性与强亲和力,已成为抗体药物研发的主要类型。但随着天然单克隆抗体的深入研究,它的诸多缺陷也浮出水面,如与抗原结合次数有限、带来非预期的抗体清除效应和抗原累积效应。人们不再局限于天然抗体的筛选,而是想通过改造提升抗体药物的药效。近年来,一类新型再循环抗体的问世,很好地解决了天然单克隆抗体发展的瓶颈。再循环抗体可以在胞外结合抗原,在细胞内与抗原解离,使抗体结合抗原次数最大化,减少抗原介导的抗体清除效应和抗体介导的抗原累积效应,并且再循环抗体可以通过进一步的Fc改造来加强与Fc受体的亲和力。文中综述了再循环抗体的研究进展,包括其特点、改造方法及展望。     

纳米抗体技术及其在疾病诊断和治疗中的应用

单克隆抗体具有特异性结合抗原的能力,已被广泛应用于疾病诊断及治疗领域.但因单克隆抗体的组织渗透能力较差、体内的保留时间较长以及制备过程繁琐,从而限制了其在临床中的应用.自1993年首次报道在骆驼体内天然存在的单链抗体(HCAb)以来,由于其可变区间VHH(纳米抗体)具有体积小、溶解度高、特异性强以及可在细菌中大量表达等优点,较之传统单克隆抗体,VHH在疾病的诊断治疗及药物开发等医学领域具有更广阔的应用前景.本文综述了:纳米抗体的骨架区及互补决定区与传统抗体重链相应区间的结构比较;纳米抗体库的构建以及运用噬菌体展示技术对VHH库的筛选;纳米抗体技术在疾病诊断中的应用及其用于分子显像的优势,以及纳米抗体作为抗肿瘤免疫偶联物的靶向组分在癌症治疗领域中的最新进展.     

雌激素受体α型抗体的制备及临床应用研究

目的:以原核表达的雌激素受体α(ERα)为抗原制备ERα抗体,分析该抗体应用于临床的可行性。方法:以原核表达的ERα蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,制备9株单克隆抗体的杂交瘤,对9株抗体进行分析鉴定;临床应用免疫组化技术,选出与Leica公司的ER抗体敏感性相近的抗体C6H7,并对其进行106份临床对比实验。结果:9株抗体均为Ig G类,与PR、Ki-67、P53、AFP抗原无交叉,其中克隆C6H7与Leica的ER抗体的对比实验显示一致性较好(κ≈0.979,χ2≈0.021)。结论:以原核表达的ERα制备的单克隆抗体C6H7可用于乳腺癌的免疫组化检测。     

1组曲霉单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

目的制备并鉴定一组抗曲霉不同抗原的单克隆抗体。方法采用烟曲霉细胞壁抗原成分、分泌抗原和灭活分生孢子,分别免疫BALB／c小鼠,制备单克隆抗体,免疫荧光法鉴定单克隆抗体与曲霉属和念珠菌属抗原的交叉反应。结果获得29株稳定分泌抗曲霉单抗的杂交瘤细胞株,其中用烟曲霉细胞壁抗原成分免疫获得11株,用分泌抗原免疫获得13株,用孢子免疫获得5株;Ig亚类鉴定,11个克隆株为IgG1亚类,3个克隆株为IgG3,15个克隆株为IgM。免疫荧光法鉴定29株单抗特异性识别烟曲霉细胞壁抗原,与其他曲霉抗原有交叉反应。结论29株单克隆抗体,对于建立侵袭性曲霉感染早期诊断方法、筛选曲霉保护性抗体以及研究抗体保护机制奠定了实验基础。     

新型抗体药物在肝细胞癌免疫治疗中的研究进展

肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)免疫疗法中最常用的是Ig G单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibodies,mAbs),其具有血清半衰期长、稳定性高、靶向能力强等优点。单克隆抗体药物在临床取得的重大进展推动了各种新型治疗性抗体的发展,例如抗体-药物偶联物、放射性核素标记抗体、小分子抗体、双特异性细胞激动剂、免疫细胞因子、免疫毒素以及免疫促凋亡分子等。近年来抗体的小型化和多功能化是在复杂肿瘤微环境中治疗HCC的富有临床潜力的策略。该文总结了各种类型的新型抗体的结构、作用机制及其在HCC免疫治疗中的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行展望。     

Monoclonal antibodies: methods and clinical laboratory applications

Kohler and Milstein have shown that individual clones of normal antibody-secreting lymphocytes could be immortalized by fusion with myeloma cells. These investigators initiated a new era of technology with the successful in vitro production of monoclonal antibodies via somatic cell hybridization. With the use of monoclonal antibodies, many major problems arising from the limited specificity and reproducibility of conventional antisera can be solved. Some of the commonly employed methods for the production of monoclonal antibody are: (1) fusion of sensitized lymphocytes and myelomas from different sources to produce continuous antibody-producing cell lines; (2) in vitro viral transformation of sensitized lymphocytes to form continuous antibody-producing cells; (3) hybrid fusion of sensitized lymphocytes and continuous B lymphocyte cell lines. During the past few years, monoclonal antibody methodology has been used in almost every area of biological research. Monoclonal antibodies have been used as structural probes for proteins and hormones, and as highly specific agents for histocompatibility testing, tumor localization, immunotherapy, purification of molecules, identification of new surface antigens on lymphocytes and tumor cells, and detection of drug levels and microbial and parasitic diseases. In addition, several investigators have developed alternative methods for the production of human as well as mouse and rat monoclonal antibodies. The new technology of in vitro production of animal and human monoclonal antibodies will have many future applications in diagnosis and therapy in laboratory and clinical medicine.     

Monoclonal antibodies and therapy of human cancers

This survey is an overview of the applications of murine, humanized and recombinant monoclonal antibodies for in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been applied to the diagnosis and therapy of an array of human diseases. The initial failures of early clinical trials have been overcome through the production of a new generation of mAb which features reduced immunogenicity and improved targeting abilities. The early models of mAb therapy were focused on enhancing the cytolytic mechanisms against the tumor cells. More recently, successful mAb-based therapies were targeted to molecules involved in the regulation of growth of cancer cells. This has highlighted the relevance of understanding receptor-mediated signaling events, and may provide new opportunities for anti-tumor antibody targeting. Despite all the difficulties, clinical data is outlining an increasingly significant role for antibody-mediated cancer therapy as a versatile and powerful instrument in cancer treatment. One reasonable expectation is that treatment at an earlier stage in the disease process or in minimal residual disease may be more advantageous.     

Design of humanized antibodies: from anti-Tac to Zenapax

Since the introduction of hybridoma technology, monoclonal antibodies have become one of the most important tools in the biosciences, finding diverse applications including their use in the therapy of human disease. Initial attempts to use monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics were hampered, however, by the potent immunogenicity of mouse (and other rodent) antibodies in humans. Humanization technology has made it possible to remove the immunogenicity associated with the use of rodent antibodies, or at least to reduce it to an acceptable level for clinical use in humans, thus facilitating the application of monoclonal antibodies to the treatment of human disease. To date, nine humanized monoclonal antibodies have been approved for use as human therapeutics in the United States. In this paper, we describe procedures for antibody humanization with an emphasis on strategies for designing humanized antibodies with the aid of computer-guided modeling of antibody variable domains, using as an example the humanized anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody, Zenapax.     

人源化抗体研究历程及发展趋势

单克隆抗体从问世到目前广泛应用于临床,经历了一段曲折的发展历程。其中人源化抗体是一个重要的里程碑,并伴随着一系列重大的技术革新,如PCR技术、抗体库技术、转基因动物等。人源化抗体的形式也从最初的嵌合抗体、改型抗体等逐步发展为今天的人抗体。抗体人源化已经成为治疗性抗体的发展趋势,同时各种抗体衍生物也不断涌现,它们从不同角度克服抗体本身的应用局限,也为治疗人类疾病提供了更多利器。对单克隆抗体进行改造使之应用于临床治疗,不仅需要对抗体效应机制进行更细致深入的研究,同时还有赖于对人类免疫系统调控机制的全面精确认识。     

Engineered proteins as specific binding reagents

Over the past 30 years, monoclonal antibodies have become the standard binding proteins and currently find applications in research, diagnostics and therapy. Yet, monoclonal antibodies now face strong competition from synthetic antibody libraries in combination with powerful library selection technologies. More recently, an increased understanding of other natural binding proteins together with advances in protein engineering, selection and evolution technologies has also triggered the exploration of numerous other protein architectures for the generation of designed binding molecules. Valuable protein-binding scaffolds have been obtained and represent promising alternatives to antibodies for biotechnological and, potentially, clinical applications.     

Bispecific antibodies targeting cancer cells

In recent years, antibody therapy has become a new treatment modality for tumour patients, although the majority of responses are only partial and not long lasting. Based on evidence that effector-cell-mediated mechanisms significantly contribute to antibody efficacy in vivo, several approaches are currently pursued to improve the interaction between Fc receptor-expressing effector cells and tumour target antigens. These approaches include application of Fc receptor-directed bispecific antibodies, which contain one specificity for a tumour-related antigen and another for a cytotoxic Fc receptor on immune effector cells. Thereby, bispecific antibodies selectively engage cytotoxic trigger molecules on killer cells, avoiding, for example, interaction with inhibitory Fc receptors. In vitro, chemically linked bispecific antibodies directed against the Fc gamma receptors Fc gamma RIII (CD16) and Fc gamma RI (CD64), and the Fc alpha receptor Fc alpha RI (CD89), were significantly more effective than conventional IgG antibodies. Recent animal studies confirmed the therapeutic potential of these constructs. However, results from clinical trials have been less promising so far and have revealed clear limitations of these molecules, such as short plasma half-lives compared with conventional antibodies. In this review, we briefly summarize the scientific background for bispecific antibodies, and describe the rationale for the generation of novel recombinant molecules. These constructs may allow us to more specifically tailor pharmacokinetic properties to the demands of clinical applications.     

新型靶向药物研究的重要分子：可变淋巴细胞受体

自从2004年可变淋巴细胞受体（variable lymphocyte receptor, VLR）在七鳃鳗中首次发现以来,因VLR能识别多种抗原、具有简单的分子结构、物理化学性质稳定、对蛋白质以及聚糖的高亲和力和强特异性等多方面优点,学术界对于VLR的研究和改造十分火热。近年来,随着研究的不断深入,由VLR构建的重组分子广泛用于各领域的基础研究和应用研究。本文对近年来VLR面向下游的最新应用研究进行综述。在肿瘤研究中,VLR可特异性地精准识别碳水化合物,并能够区分只有1个官能团不同的多糖,可作为灵敏抗多糖试剂,用于识别肿瘤细胞上独特的糖复合物,为肿瘤的靶向治疗提供新的策略;VLR也可与其他经典的治疗方法进行结合。例如,将嵌合抗原受体进行改造,经过改造后可表达一种合成受体。这种合成受体可将T细胞的细胞靶向杀伤作用重新定位到所选择的靶点;VLR经重组改造后,也可用于改良分离纯化试剂或在水生生物疾病上发挥作用。这些新开发的VLR的作用有可能作为新型的识别、诊断和治疗试剂。本文将从VLR多样性产生的机制、VLR与糖生物学和生物医药研究上的关系、VLR用于改良分离纯化试剂的作用、VLR在水生生物疾病研究等方面进行阐述,以期为VLR用于疾病药物研发等相关应用提供参考。     

Antibodies directed against receptor tyrosine kinases

Approximately 30 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have already been approved for cancers and inflammatory diseases, and monoclonal antibodies continue to be one of the fastest growing classes of therapeutic molecules. Because aberrant signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is a commonly observed factor in cancer, most of the subclasses of RTKs are being extensively studied as potential targets for treating malignancies. The first two RTKs that have been targeted by antibody therapy, with five currently marketed antibodies, are the growth factor receptors EGFR and HER2. However, due to systemic side effects, refractory patients and the development of drug resistance, these treatments are being challenged by emerging therapeutics. This review examines current monoclonal antibody therapies against RTKs. After an analysis of agents that have already been approved, we present an analysis of antibodies in clinical development that target RTKs. Finally, we highlight promising RTKs that are emerging as new oncological targets for antibody-based therapy.     

VLR Recognition of TLR5 Expands the Molecular Characterization of Protein Antigen Binding by Non-Ig-based Antibodies

Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) are unconventional adaptive immune receptors relatively recently discovered in the phylogenetically ancient jawless vertebrates, lamprey and hagfish. VLRs bind antigens using a leucine-rich repeat fold and are the only known adaptive immune receptors that do not utilize an immunoglobulin fold for antigen recognition. While immunoglobulin antibodies have been studied extensively, there are comparatively few studies on antigen recognition by VLRs, particularly for protein antigens. Here we report isolation, functional and structural characterization of three VLRs that bind the protein toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) from zebrafish. Two of the VLRs block binding of TLR5 to its cognate ligand flagellin in functional assays using reporter cells. Co-crystal structures revealed that these VLRs bind to two different epitopes on TLR5, both of which include regions involved in flagellin binding. Our work here demonstrates that the lamprey adaptive immune system can be used to generate high-affinity VLR clones that recognize different epitopes and differentially impact natural ligand binding to a protein antigen.     

靶向人白介素-6蛋白的治疗性单克隆抗体研究进展*

白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)作为一种多效的细胞因子,参与机体内众多生理与病理过程。研究表明,IL-6首先与自身受体(IL-6R、gp130)形成异源六聚体复合物,进而激活下游信号转导通路,最终发挥生物学功能。 IL-6信号通路异常活化及功能失调与多种疾病密切相关,如自身免疫疾病、慢性炎症、恶性肿瘤等。另外IL-6的异常表达在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)细胞因子风暴综合征(CSS)中也扮演重要角色。一般而言,阻断IL-6信号通路上的各关键节点,均可用于IL-6相关疾病的治疗。有别于阻断IL-6R或gp130等公共受体分子,阻断IL-6蛋白的治疗性单克隆抗体特异性更高,在临床研究中,部分品种显示出其独有的治疗特点及有益的疗效。现阶段只有1个靶向IL-6蛋白的单克隆抗体药物获美国FDA批准上市,以及超过8个治疗性单克隆抗体在临床研究阶段。重点对国内外靶向人IL-6蛋白的治疗性单克隆抗体及其临床应用进行综述。