枯草芽孢杆菌聚谷氨酸合成途径相关基因功能研究

聚谷氨酸(polyglutamic acid, PGA)作为一种天然多功能的聚合物,近年来成为研究的热点。由于很难通过化学方法合成,微生物发酵是目前生产聚谷氨酸的有效途径。【目的】从基因水平探究枯草芽孢杆菌聚谷氨酸合成途径中degS、degQ、degU、swrA、rocA、putM基因的功能,通过分子改造实现对代谢途径的调控。【方法】以枯草芽孢杆菌为出发菌株,通过对代谢途径中相关基因进行敲除或过表达,分别构建degS、degQ和degU基因缺失的重组菌,swrA、rocA和putM基因过表达的重组菌,借助菌株胞外聚谷氨酸积累的变化分析影响途径的关键节点。【结果】在摇瓶发酵条件下,重组菌Bacillus subtilis 168-swrA、Bacillus subtilis 168-rocA、Bacillus subtilis 168-putM的胞外聚谷氨酸含量分别是原始菌株的1.28倍、1.47倍和1.37倍。重组菌Bacillus subtilis 168-ΔdegS、Bacillus subtilis 168-ΔdegQ、Bacillus subtilis 168-ΔdegU的胞外...     

DegU负调控地衣芽胞杆菌普切明酸的合成及分泌

普切明酸是地衣芽胞杆菌合成并分泌的一种铁离子螯合剂,是细胞维持铁稳态的重要介质。【目的】揭示转录调控因子DegU在调控普切明酸的合成及分泌过程中的作用。【方法】以地衣芽胞杆菌DW2为出发菌株,构建degU缺失菌株DW2ΔdegU和过表达菌株DW2::Pbay-degU,通过产物检测、转录水平检测、凝胶阻滞分析和GFP报告蛋白表达分析等方法分析DegU对普切明酸合成、分泌及调控因子基因的转录调控机制。【结果】DW2ΔdegU的普切明酸产量相比于DW2提高了56.8%,而DW2::Pbay-degU相比于DW2菌株则下降83.7%。同时,degU缺失后,普切明酸合成酶基因yvm C和转运蛋白基因yvm A的转录水平分别上升为DW2的2.85倍和2.71倍,yvmC和yvmA的负调控因子基因yvmB的转录水平则下降为DW2的0.35倍;而在DW2::Pbay-degU菌株中,yvmC和yvmA的转录水平分别下降为DW2的0.47倍和0.24倍,yvmB的转录水平则上升为DW2的1.78倍。凝胶阻滞分析和GFP报告蛋白表达分析表明,DegU可以直接与PyvmC和PyvmB启动子结合,但是与yv...     

枯草芽孢杆菌基因启动子的分离与鉴定

利用启动子探针型载体pSUPV4直接在大肠杆菌 (Escherichiacoli)中分离枯草芽孢杆菌 (Bacillussubtilis)WB6 0 0的基因启动子片段 ,获得 5 5个具有卡那霉素抗性的重组子。对 3个抗性最高的重组子pSU -Bs2 ,pSU -Bs4 ,pSU -Bs8进行序列测定和同源性分析发现 ,所克隆到的基因启动子片段均来自于枯草芽孢杆菌的基因组 ,并且具有枯草杆菌基因启动子的保守序列。对抗性最高的Bs2片段进一步研究表明 ,它可以在大肠杆菌中高效地启动来自于短小芽孢杆菌的碱性蛋白酶基因的表达 ,也能在枯草芽孢杆菌中启动卡那霉素抗性基因的表达。     

枯草芽孢杆菌群β-甘露聚糖酶基因克隆及同源性分析

本文对33株枯草芽孢杆菌群菌株进行β-甘露聚糖酶活性筛选,其中的32株具有β-甘露聚糖酶活性,只有1株无β-甘露聚糖酶活性.通过基因克隆测序的方法获得33株枯草芽孢杆菌群菌株β-甘露聚糖酶基因编码区全序列,对酶基因进行同源性分析并构建系统发育树;在β-甘露聚糖酶基因系统发育树中,33株枯草芽孢杆菌群菌株聚为3个分支,分别是枯草芽孢杆菌分支、地衣芽孢杆菌分支和解淀粉芽孢杆菌分支;枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶基因种内同源性大于91%,而种间同源性为60%69%.     

枯草杆菌蛋白酶突变体的纯化和晶体生长

应用基因工程手段,获得了枯草杆菌蛋白酶Ｅ的双突体基因（Ｍ２２２Ａ,Ｎ１１８Ｓ）,此基因在枯草芽孢杆菌表达得到了既抗氧又耐高温的碱性蛋白酶。含Ｍ２２２,Ｎ１１８Ｓ碱性蛋白酶基因的枯草杆菌发酵液经过硫酸铵分级沉淀和ＤＥＡＥＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＡ－２５阴离子交换层析柱,再在ＦＰＬＣ层析系统直用Ｈｉｌｏａｄ２６／１０ＳＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＨＰ阳离了交换柱分离得到ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ电泳纯的蛋白酶样品,突变体酶的等电     

pUB 110质粒转化枯草杆菌Ki-2株及其突变体的研究

迄今文献中报道枯草杆菌基因克隆化都采用枯草杆菌168株及其突变体。本文采用我国分离的枯草杆菌Ki-2株及其突变体Ki-2-1 32(Thr~-Ile~-Val~-)和Ki-2-148(ura~-)为pUB110质粒DNA的受体菌株。用酸酚法提纯pUB110质粒DNA,在琼脂糖凝胶电泳上看不到样品中有染色体DNA的带。结果表明,Ki-2、Ki-2-132和Ki-2-148都可作pUB 110质粒的受体菌,其转化频率在10~(—3)—10~(—8)之间,因菌株和条件不同,频率有所差异。Ki-2-132的转化效率为每微克DNA可产生10~4转化体。pUB 110质粒DNA浓度在0.01—1.00μg/ml之间时,转化体数目随DNA浓度增加而增加,其中,在浓度为0.01—0.1μg/ml之间成直线关系,测定的DNA依赖指数为1.04,系一级反应。从pUB110质粒DNA转化168、Ki-2、Ki-2-132、Ki-2-148的转化体中提取的质粒DNA仍具有pUB110质粒DNA的抗卡那霉素的转化活性。从转化体提纯的质粒DNA的电泳图以及EcoRI消化后的电泳图与原来的pUB110 DNA的电泳图相同。     

中性蛋白酶基因诱导型表达分泌载体的构建

利用PCR方法分别扩增出sacB基因的启动子-信号肽序列（sacR）和枯草芽孢杆菌中性蛋白酶的前肽-成熟肽序列,将两者连接后克隆入载体pHP13中,构建了含有中性蛋白酶基因的诱导型表达分泌载体pHP13SN,再将其转化入枯草杆菌DB104,获得基因工程菌DB104(pHP13SN)。中性蛋白酶基因在蔗糖的诱导和sacR的调控下实现了分泌表达,并获得了具有生物学活性的中性蛋白酶。     

地衣芽孢杆菌2709碱性蛋白酶基因的克隆、序列测定及其表达

以克隆的地衣芽孢杆菌2709碱性蛋白酶编码序列的PCR扩增片段为探针。通过原位杂交从2709基因文库中筛选出两个含有完整的2709碱性蛋白酶基因的阳性克隆：Psci和Psc7。对Psc7中的插入片段构建若干亚克隆后测定了其全部DNA序列,结果显示该插入片段含2709碱性蛋白酶及其信号肽与导肽(Pro—peptide)在内的全部编码序列(1140碱基对)及长度分别为299和832碱基对的上、下游序列,该序列同M．Jacobs等克隆的地衣芽孢杆菌NcIB 6816的subtlisin Carlsberg基因序列显示了极高的同源性。通过枯草杆菌-大肠杆菌穿梭质粒Pbe2将克隆的2709碱性蛋白酶基因转入到蛋白酶缺陷型的枯草芽孢杆菌DB104中,结果表明2709碱性蛋白酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中得到了明显的表达。     

芽孢杆菌异源转化和转导的比较研究

以枯草杆菌168和Ki-2-148作转化受体,8个种和1个变种的17株芽孢杆菌DNA作给体进行转化,证实大多数异源DNA能将给体的遗传标记传递给受体,但种间转化的频率与同源转化的频率相比,往往降低。借助转导噬菌体PBS1,在枯草杆菌Ki-2,浸麻芽孢杆菌AS1·64,短小芽孢杆菌AS1·386和枯草杆菌168之间能进行异源转导。抗链霉素标记的转化频率比色氨酸标记和尿嘧啶标记的转化频率高,表明芽孢杆菌的抗链霉素标记具有较大的同源性。插     

地衣芽孢杆菌16S rRNA基因的TD-PCR扩增及系统发育分析

运用16SrRNA基因序列分析了中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心(CICC)保存的30株地衣芽孢杆菌的系统发育关系,结果显示:24株菌株位于地衣芽孢杆菌系统发育分支;3株菌株位于蜡状芽孢杆菌-苏云金芽孢杆菌系统发育分支;1株菌株位于枯草芽孢杆菌系统发育分支;2株菌株与其它地衣芽孢杆菌菌株间序列同源性为96.4%~97.4%,明显低于其它地衣芽孢杆菌菌株间同源性,分类地位不明确,有待进一步讨论。通过比较分析16SrRNA基因5′端500bp、3′端500bp以及其全基因的系统发育树,表明16SrRNA基因5′端500bp可以很好的代表全基因序列进行系统发育研究,可用于区分地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌以及蜡状芽孢杆菌分支。     

Effects of degU32(Hy), degQa and degR Pleiotropic Regulatory Genes on the Growth and Protease Fermentation of Bacillus Subtilis Ki-2-132

Effects of degU32 (Hy), degR genes from Bacillus subtilis 168 and deg Qa gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on Bacillus subtilis Ki-2-132 cell growth, sporulation and protease fermentation were investigated by introducing these genes into B. subtilis Ki-2-132 chromosome and/or cytoplasm. Although the genes come from different species and strains, they showed pleiotropic effects in B. subtilis Ki-2-132. B. subtilis Ki-2-132degU32 (Hy) showed increased protease production, and when cooperating with deg Qa either in plasmid or in chromosome, further altered cell growth, increased protease production and affected the spore formation in a glucose and dosage dependent manner. By contrast, degR did not significantly affect the protease productivity in degU32 (Hy) mutant, consisting with that DegR was used to stabilise DegU-phosphate, which in degU32 (Hy) strain no longer further amplify the DegU-phosphate effect.     

The spoOA and degU genes of Bacillus subtilis show genetic homology

Abstract The transformation efficiency of competent Bacillus subtilis degU32 (Hy) strains was found to depend on the marker that was selected. Protrophic transformants were obtained at frequencies similar to those in the wild type control, but Spo⁻ transformants oere rare also when a spoOA::erm insertion that produces a selectable marker (Erm^R) was used. The Erm^R transformants obtained within the degU32 (Hy) background were Spo⁺ and had lost the characteristics of the DegU(Hy) parental recipient strain i.e., secretion of exo-enzymes and sporulation resistance to catabolites. The spoOA::erm insertion was mapped to a location near degU . The similarities between the spoOA and degU sequences and the metabolic interferences between the mutated products which result in this unexpected recombination, are discussed.     

Altered phosphorylation of Bacillus subtilis DegU caused by single amino acid changes in DegS.

The Bacillus subtilis sacU locus consists of the degS and degU genes, which play a major role in controlling the production of degradative enzymes including extracellular proteases. DegS has been shown to be autophosphorylated and to transfer the phosphoryl group to DegU. In this study, we partially purified the DegS proteins which carry amino acid changes resulting from various mutations and examined the phosphorylation reaction. The mutations used were degS42, causing a reduction in exoprotease production, and degS100(Hy) and degS200(Hy), causing overproduction of the enzymes. The following results were obtained. The DegS protein derived from degS42 was deficient in both autophosphorylation and subsequent phosphate transfer to DegU. Compared with wild-type DegS, the DegS proteins derived from the overproduction mutations, degS100(Hy) and degS200(Hy), were less active in the autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of DegU. However, the DegU phosphates produced by the mutant DegS proteins were more stable than that produced by the wild-type DegS. These results suggest that phosphorylation is tightly linked to exoprotease production and that the prolonged retention of the phosphoryl moiety on DegU activates the genes for the extracellular proteases. It was also shown that the rate of dephosphorylation of DegU-phosphate was increased as the amount of DegS was increased. All of these results suggest that DegS is involved in the dephosphorylation of DegU-phosphate.     

The phosphorylation state of the DegU response regulator acts as a molecular switch allowing either degradative enzyme synthesis or expression of genetic competence in Bacillus subtilis.

Two classes of mutations were identified in the degS and degU regulatory genes of Bacillus subtilis, leading either to deficiency of degradative enzyme synthesis (degS or degU mutations) or to a pleiotropic phenotype which includes overproduction of degradative enzymes and the loss of genetic competence (degS(Hy) or degU(Hy) mutations). We have shown previously that the DegS protein kinase and the DegU response regulator form a signal transduction system in B. subtilis. We now demonstrate that the DegS protein kinase also acts as a DegU phosphatase. We present evidence that the DegU response regulator has two active conformations: a phosphorylated form which is necessary for degradative enzyme synthesis and a nonphosphorylated form required for expression of genetic competence. The degU146-encoded response regulator, allowing expression of genetic competence, has been purified and seems to be modified within the putative phosphorylation site (D56----N) since it is no longer phosphorylated by DegS. Both the degU146 mutation as well as the degS220 mutation, which essentially abolishes DegS protein kinase activity, lead to deficiency of degradative enzyme synthesis, indicating the requirement of phosphorylated DegU for the expression of this phenotype. We also purified the degU32(Hy)-encoded protein and showed that this response regulator is phosphorylated by the DegS protein kinase in vitro. In addition, the phosphorylated form of the degU32(Hy)-encoded protein presented a strongly increased stability as compared with the wild type DegU protein, thus leading to hyperproduction of degradative enzymes in vivo.