孕早期血清雌激素水平与妊娠期高血压疾病发病风险的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨孕早期血清雌二醇（E₂）水平与妊娠期高血压疾病（HDCP）发病风险的关系。方法：选取2021年12月至2022年12月我院收治的100例HDCP患者（HDCP组）,另取同期产前检查健康孕妇80例为对照组,根据HDCP分类分为妊娠期高血压组（26例）、子痫前期-子痫组（35例）、妊娠合并慢性高血压组（21例）、慢性高血压伴发子痫前期组（18例）。检测血清E₂水平,比较对比不同妊娠期高血压疾病分类血清E₂水平差异。采用Logistic回归方法分析影响HDCP发病的危险因素。受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清E2水平预测HDCP的价值。结果：HDCP组血清E₂水平低于对照组（P＜0.05）,子痫前期-子痫组血清E2水平低于慢性高血压伴发子痫前期组、妊娠合并慢性高血压组、妊娠期高血压组（P＜0.05）,慢性高血压伴发子痫前期组血清E₂水平低于妊娠合并慢性高血压组、妊娠期高血压组（P＜0.05）。年龄≥35岁、高孕前BMI、产次≥2次、高血压家族史、母亲HDCP病史是HDCP发病的危险因素（P＜0.05）,E₂是保护因素（P＜0.05）。E₂预测HDCP的临界值为162.35 ng/L,曲线下面积为0.744,灵敏度为79.00%,特异度为76.25%。结论：HDCP患者孕早期血清E₂水平显著降低,且与HDCP病情加重有关,检测E₂水平可预测HDCP风险。     

血清miR-26a、miR-130a与老年急性脑梗死患者PI3K/Akt信号通路和预后的关系研究

摘要 目的：研究血清miR-26a、miR-130a与老年急性脑梗死（ACI）患者磷酸酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B（PI3K/Akt）信号通路和预后的关系。方法：选取2020年3月-2022年10月我院收治的98例老年ACI患者作为研究组,同期选取60例于本院体检健康的老年人作为对照组。采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（qRT-PCR）检测血清miR-26a、miR-130a表达水平,蛋白免疫印迹法检测外周血单个核细胞中PI3K、Akt蛋白表达;采用Pearson相关性分析miR-26a、miR-130a表达水平与PI3K、Akt蛋白表达的相关性。患者治疗后行1个月随访,根据改良Rankin量表（mRS）评分分为预后良好组（n=55例,mRS评分≤2分）和预后不良组（n=43例,评分＞2分）。收集患者的一般资料,采用Logistic回归模型分析老年ACI患者预后的影响因素。结果：研究组血清miR-26a表达水平高于对照组,miR-130a表达水平低于对照组（P＜0.05）。研究组PI3K蛋白表达量低于对照组,Akt蛋白表达量高于对照组（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关性分析显示,miR-26a表达水平与PI3K蛋白表达量呈负相关、与Akt蛋白表达量呈正相关,miR-130a表达水平与PI3K蛋白表达量呈正相关、与Akt蛋白表达量呈负相关（P＜0.05）。预后良好组与预后不良组在年龄、房颤占比、入院时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分、血糖及血清miR-26a、miR-130a表达水平方面比较具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄偏大、入院时NIHSS评分偏高、血糖偏高及血清miR-26a表达水平升高为老年ACI患者预后不良的危险因素,miR-130a表达水平升高为其保护因素（P＜0.05）。结论：老年ACI患者血清miR-26a表达水平升高、miR-130a表达水平下降,与PI3K/Akt信号通路密切相关,是老年ACI患者预后的影响因素。     

血清miR-21表达水平与子宫脱垂和阴道壁脱垂的相关性

摘要 目的：探讨血清miR-21表达水平与子宫脱垂和阴道壁脱垂的相关性。方法：选取我院2017年12月到2020年12月共收治的60例子宫脱垂和阴道壁脱垂的患者作为观察组,另取60例来我院体检的健康女性作为对照组,分析两组患者胶原蛋白Ⅰ、Ⅲ和miR-21表达水平,并分析血清miR-21表达水平与子宫脱垂和阴道壁脱垂的相关性。对所有患者经盆底重建术和相关治疗之后,将术后1年子宫和阴道壁基本复位未见脱垂,且POP-Q分度＜Ⅱ度的40例患者分为预后良好组,将术后1年内再次发生子宫脱垂和阴道壁脱垂,且POP-Q分度≥Ⅱ度的20例患者分为预后不良组,对比两组患者的临床情况,并分期血清miR-21表达水平对于子宫脱垂和阴道壁脱垂的预后预测价值。结果：两组患者胶原蛋白Ⅰ、Ⅲ和血清miR-21表达水平对比差异显著,观察组患者胶原蛋白Ⅰ、Ⅲ水平低于对照组,观察组患者血清miR-21水平高于对照组（P＜0.05）;Spearman相关分析结果显示：胶原蛋白Ⅰ、Ⅲ水平与子宫脱垂和阴道壁脱垂呈负相关,血清miR-21与子宫脱垂和阴道壁脱垂呈正相关（P＜0.05）;预后良好组与预后不良组患者孕次、脱垂部位、胶原蛋白Ⅰ、Ⅲ情况对比无差异（P＞0.05）,预后良好组与预后不良组患者年龄、BIM、产次、miR-21情况对比有差异（P＜0.05）;logistic回归分析结果得出,只有血清miR-21水平和BMI是子宫脱垂和阴道壁脱垂的预后独立因素（P＜0.05）。结论：胶原蛋白Ⅰ、Ⅲ和血清miR-21表达水平与子宫脱垂和阴道壁脱垂疾病具有明显相关性,因此可以考虑应用三种指标对患者进行诊断和治疗参考。而仅有血清miR-21水平和BIM水平是子宫脱垂和阴道壁脱垂的预后独立因素,可以用两者的水平来判断患者的预后情况,及时采取措施提升治疗方法。     

腔隙性脑梗死伴脑白质病变患者血清miR-146a和NSE水平与MoCA评分的关系研究

摘要 目的：研究腔隙性脑梗死（LI）伴脑白质病变（WML）患者血清miR-146a和神经元特异性烯纯化酶（NSE）水平与蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）评分的关系。方法：纳入我院从2017年3月～2019年3月收治的LI伴WML患者108例进行研究,记作LI伴WML组。另取同期收治的单纯WML患者与单纯LI患者各100例,分别记作WML组与LI组,再取同期于我院进行体检的健康人员100例作为对照组。比较四组人员的血清miR-146a和NSE水平、MoCA评分,并作相关性分析。结果：LI伴WML组、WML组、LI组血清miR-146a相对表达量均低于对照组,而LI伴WML组血清miR-146a相对表达量又显著低于WML组、LI组（均P＜0.05）;LI伴WML组、WML组、LI组血清NSE水平均显著高于对照组,且LI伴WML组血清NSE水平均显著高于WML组、LI组（均P＜0.05）。LI伴WML组MoCA总分显著低于WML组与LI组,且WML组与LI组MoCA总分显著低于对照组（均P＜0.05）。经Pearson相关性分析可得：LI伴WML组患者血清miR-146a相对表达量与MoCA总分呈正相关关系（P＜0.05）,而血清NSE水平与MoCA总分呈负相关关系（P＜0.05）。结论：LI伴WML患者的血清miR-146a水平存在明显低表达,而NSE水平存在明显高表达,并与MoCA评分相关,两者可能在认知功能损伤的发生、发展过程中起着至关重要的作用。     

外泌体lncRNA-MIR100HG/miR-100表达变化与胃癌临床病理特征、无疾病进展生存率的相关性

摘要 目的：探究胃癌患者血清外泌体长链非编码RNA-MIR100HG（lncRNA-MIR100HG）及微小核糖核酸-100（miR-100）表达情况,并分析其与患者临床病理特征和无疾病进展生存率之间的相关性。方法：收集60例胃癌患者和60例良性疾病患者,提取外泌体,检测lncRNA-MIR100HG/miR-100的表达情况并进行组间比较。采用Pearson相关分析lncRNA-MIR100HG与miR-100表达水平的相关性,应用单因素卡方检验分析与胃癌患者临床病理特征相关性,采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析lncRNA-MIR100HG/miR-100表达情况与无疾病进展生存率。结果：（1）胃癌组患者血清lncRNA-MIR100HG显著高于,miR-100相对表达水平显著低于胃良性疾病组（P<0.05）;（2）Pearson相关分析结果显示血清lncRNA-MIR100HG和miR-100存在显著负相关关系（r=-0.483,P<0.05）;（3）单因素卡方检验分析结果显示：胃癌患者血清lncRNA-MIR100HG相对表达水平与肿瘤大小、分化程度、肿瘤浸润深度、临床分期、淋巴结转移和远处转移相关,血清miR-100相对表达水平与肿瘤大小、分化程度、临床分期和淋巴结转移相关（P<0.05）;（4）血清lncRNA-MIR100HG、miR-100低水平表达胃癌患者PFS显著长于高水平患者（χ²=37.371,P＜0.05）,miR-100高水平表达胃癌患者PFS显著长于低水平患者（χ²=28.631,P＜0.05）。结论：胃癌患者血清外泌体lncRNA-MIR100HG/miR-100表达水平与肿瘤大小、肿瘤浸润深度、临床分期等病理特征相关,lncRNA-MIR100HG高表达与miR-100低表达可能提示胃癌患者预后越差。     

miR-23a在宫颈癌患者组织血清中的表达及相关性分析

摘要 目的：探讨宫颈癌患者血清中miR-23a的表达及与患者预后转归的相关性分析。方法：选取在我院进行手术治疗的120例宫颈癌患者为观察组,120例宫颈活检结果正常者为对照组。观察手术前及手术后患者血清中miR-23a的表达,肿瘤标志物及炎性因子含量变化,并分析miR-23a表达与宫颈癌患者临床病理特征的关系及预后。结果：观察组患者术前血清中miR-23a的相对表达量明显高于对照组miR-23a的相对量,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与手术前比较,术后观察组血清中miR-23a的相对量明显降低,肿瘤标志物癌抗原125（Cancer antigen 125, CA125）及鳞状上皮细胞癌抗原(Squamous cell carcinoma antigen, SCCA)含量明显降低,白细胞介素-6（Interleukin-6,IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）及C反应白蛋白（C reactive protein, CRP）水平含量亦明显降低,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组120例宫颈癌患者有74例miR-23a高表达,46例为miR-23a低表达。观察组患者血清中高表达miR-23a含量变化与妇科疾病史,肿瘤直径,淋巴结转移,肿瘤分化程度有关,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组患者miR-23a高表达患者生存期明显少于miR-23a低表达患者（P<0.05）。结论：血清中miR-23a高表达可能是判断宫颈癌预后的重要标志物。     

血清SF、AMH、APN、NF-κB与肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征不孕患者胰岛素抵抗和IVF-ET助孕妊娠结局的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨血清铁蛋白（SF）、抗苗勒管激素（AMH）、脂联素（APN）、核因子-κB（NF-κB）与肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）不孕患者胰岛素抵抗（IR）和体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）助孕妊娠结局的关系。方法：选取2019年1月～2021年1月广西医科大学第一附属医院收治的120例PCOS不孕症患者,根据体重指数（BMI）分为肥胖组（BMI≥28 kg/m²,79例）和非肥胖组（BMI＜28 kg/m²,41例）,肥胖组患者根据IVF-ET妊娠结局分为妊娠失败组47例和妊娠成功组32例。酶联免疫吸附法检测血清AMH、APN、NF-κB、SF水平,计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,采用Pearson相关系数分析肥胖型PCOS不孕症患者血清AMH、APN、NF-κB、SF水平与HOMA-IR的相关性,采用多因素Logistic回归分析IVF-ET助孕妊娠结局的影响因素。结果：肥胖组血清AMH、NF-κB、SF水平和HOMA-IR高于非肥胖组,APN水平低于非肥胖组（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关性分析显示,肥胖型PCOS不孕症患者的HOMA-IR与血清AMH、NF-κB、SF水平呈正相关（r=0.663、0.734、0.687,均P＜0.05）,与APN水平呈负相关（r=-0.683,P＜0.05）。妊娠失败组黄体生成素（LH）、LH/促卵泡生成素（FSH）比值、HOMA-IR、血清AMH、NF-κB、SF水平均高于妊娠成功组,受精率、优胚率、FSH、APN水平均低于妊娠成功组（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,LH、LH/FSH、HOMA-IR、SF、AMH、NF-κB水平升高是肥胖型PCOS不孕症患者IVF-ET妊娠失败的危险因素,APN水平升高是IVF-ET妊娠失败的保护因素（P＜0.05）。结论：肥胖型PCOS不孕症患者血清AMH、NF-κB、SF水平升高,APN水平降低,且与IR和IVF-ET助孕妊娠结局有关。     

血清miR-203、miR-217表达与急性髓系白血病患者预后的关系

摘要 目的：探究血清miR-203、miR-217表达与急性髓系白血病(AML)患者预后的关系。方法：选择2010年4月至2014年4月我院诊治的101例AML患者作为AML组,AML组根据治疗效果进一步分为完全缓解组和复发组,选择同期在我院体检的101例健康者作为健康组。采用荧光定量PCR检测各组的血清miR-203、miR-217表达水平,分析血清miR-203、miR-217表达水平与患者临床病理特征的关系,采用Kaplan-Meier法分析不同血清miR-203、miR-217表达水平AML患者的预后。结果：与健康组相比,AML组的血清miR-203、miR-217表达水平明显更低（P<0.05）。与完全缓解组相比,复发组的血清miR-203、miR-217表达水平明显更低（P<0.05）。血清miR-203表达水平与AML患者白细胞计数相关（P<0.05）,而血清miR-217表达水平与AML患者血小板计数相关（P<0.05）。血清miR-203相对高表达和miR-217相对高表达的AML患者5年生存率分别高于血清miR-203相对低表达和miR-217相对低表达患者（Log Rank ^miR-203 =17.870,Log Rank ^miR-217 =28.926,均P=0.000）。结论：血清miR-203、miR-217的表达水平与AML密切相关,检测血清miR-203、miR-217表达水平可能有助于评估AML患者的预后。     

阿尔茨海默病血清miR-137、miR-138表达与认知功能损害和外周血淋巴细胞PI3K/Akt信号通路的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者血清微小核糖核酸（miR）-137、miR-138表达与认知功能损害和外周血淋巴细胞磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶（PI3K/Akt）信号通路的关系。方法：选取2020年1月至2022年5月青岛大学附属医院神经内科收治的95例AD患者（AD组）,根据临床痴呆评定量表（CDR）评分将患者分为轻度组（1分,35例）、中度组（2分,42例）、重度组（3分,18例）,另选取63例体检健康志愿者为对照组。检测AD组、对照组血清miR-137、miR-138表达水平以及外周血淋巴细胞PI3K/Akt信号通路相关蛋白表达,采用简易智能精神状态检查量表（MMSE）、蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）评估认知功能。分析血清miR-137、miR-138与MMSE、MoCA评分以及外周血淋巴细胞PI3K、Akt、B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因（Bcl-2）、Bcl-2相关X蛋白基因（Bax）表达的相关性。结果：AD组血清miR-137水平、外周血淋巴细胞PI3K、Akt、Bcl-2蛋白表达水平及MMSE、MoCA评分低于对照组（P＜0.05）,血清miR-138、外周血淋巴细胞Bax蛋白表达水平高于对照组（P＜0.05）。重度组血清miR-137水平、外周血淋巴细胞PI3K、Akt、Bcl-2蛋白表达水平及MMSE、MoCA评分低于中度组和轻度组（P＜0.05）,且中度组低于轻度组（P＜0.05）;重度组血清miR-138、外周血淋巴细胞Bax蛋白表达水平高于中度组和轻度组（P＜0.05）,且中度组高于轻度组（P＜0.05）。AD患者血清miR-137水平与MMSE、MoCA评分、外周血淋巴细胞PI3K、Akt、Bcl-2蛋白表达呈正相关（P＜0.05）,与外周血淋巴细胞Bax蛋白表达呈负相关（P＜0.05）;AD患者血清miR-138水平与MMSE、MoCA评分、外周血淋巴细胞PI3K、Akt、Bcl-2蛋白表达呈负相关（P＜0.05）,与外周血淋巴细胞Bax蛋白表达呈正相关（P＜0.05）。结论：AD患者的血清miR-137表达水平降低、miR-138表达水平增高,与认知功能障碍有关,且miR-137、miR-138可能通过调控PI3K/Akt信号通路参与AD发病过程。     

扩张型心肌病血清miR-210、β2-MG及TGF-β1水平的表达及其临床意义

摘要 目的：探讨扩张型心肌病（DCM）血清微小核糖核酸（miR）-210、β2微球蛋白（β2-MG）及转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）水平特点,分析其诊断DCM以及预测DCM预后的价值。方法：选择2016年8月至2018年8月我院收治的105例DCM患者（DCM组）,同期63例健康体检者（对照组）,根据随访期间是否发生心源性死亡将DCM患者分为生存组（76例）与死亡组（29例）。检测血清miR-210、β2-MG、TGF-β1表达水平、超声心动图指标及其它实验室指标水平,Pearson分析DCM患者血清miR-210,β2-MG及TGF-β1与超声心动图和其它实验室指标之间相关性,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析miR-210、β2-MG及TGF-β1诊断DCM以及预测DCM预后的价值。结果：DCM组血清miR-210、β2-MG、TGF-β1、高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）、肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）、B型脑钠肽（BNP）水平,左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、左心室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、E峰至室间隔距离（EPSS）、收缩末期容积（LVESV）高于对照组（P＜0.05）,左心室射血分数（LVEF）低于对照组（P＜0.05）。死亡组血清miR-210、β2-MG及TGF-β1水平高于生存组（P＜0.05）。DCM患者血清miR-210、β2-MG及TGF-β1水平与CK-MB、cTnI、BNP、LVEDD、LVEDV、EPSS、LVESV呈正相关（P＜0.05）,与LVEF呈负相关（P＜0.05）,TGF-β1与hs-CRP呈正相关（P＜0.05）。miR-210、β2-MG及TGF-β1诊断DCM、预测DCM预后的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.600、0.639、0.615;0.628、0.632、0.634,联合三项指标诊断DCM、预测DCM预后的AUC为0.885、0.863。结论：DCM患者血清miR-210、β2-MG、TGF-β1水平均增高,且与左心重构、心肌损伤以及预后不良有关,可作为DCM诊断以及预后预测的辅助指标。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.