甘油对利福霉素SV生物合成的影响*

利福霉素SV脂肪链桥部分的合成是以乙酸单位(由丙二酰CoA提供)和丙酸单位(由甲基丙二酰CoA提供)为延伸单元经过缩合、环化和后修饰而形成的,一些短链碳前体对二碳或三碳延伸单位的合成具有调节作用。研究发现添加一定量的甘油对利福霉素SV的生成具有明显的促进作用,其最适添加量为3%,添加时间以72h为宜,并且分批补加效果更好,最高提高效价21%以上。有机酸分析结果显示,甘油的加入导致乙酸和琥珀酸在胞外积累的增加,促进了EMP和TCA代谢途径,有利于利福霉素SV合成前体的积累。     

力复霉素前体甲基丙二酰CoA合成途径的研究

力复霉素合成的碳前体之一(2R)—甲基丙二酰CoA至少可以有三条酶学合成途径。三条途径中的关键酶分别为甲基丙二酰CoA转羧基酶、丙二酰CoA羧化酶、甲基丙二酰CoA变位酶和甲基丙二酰CoA消旋酶。通过比较各个酶活性的时间进程和力复霉素合成时间的相关性,以及各个酶的底物亲合力,对它们在地中海拟无枝酸菌(Amycolatopsis mediterranei)甲基丙二酰CoA合成中的贡献作了排序,发现甲基丙二酰CoA变位酶途径是主要负责酶系。但是各个途径的贡献排序并不是固定不变的,能受到环境因素的调控,丙酸盐的加入将抑制甲基丙二酰CoA变位酶活力,而使得甲基丙二酰CoA转羧基酶成为主要酶系。甲基丙二酰CoA合成途径的多样性有助于细胞对环境变化的灵活反应。此外,对各个酶的调控特性也进行了研究。     

无机磷对力复霉素合成的调节

本文报道无机磷抑制力复霉素产生菌地中海诺卡氏菌U-32中力复霉素(SV)的合成。随着丰富培养基中无机磷浓度的增加,SV的合成受到明显抑制,最高抑制率达sO％,而阔体生长则增加65％。不同时间加入无机磷对抗生素产量的影响是不相同的,在抗生素合成前(O一48h),无机磷的加入能严重影响SV的合成,但在合成期(72 h以后)加入则几乎不影响SV的产量。提高培养基中无机磷的起始浓度,使菌体合成脂肪量增加70％：甲基丙二酰CoA羧基转移酶和甲基丙二酰CoA羧基变位酶的活力受到明显抑制：菌体内腺苷化台物ADP、ATP的含量在整个发酵期都明显增加,细晦内能荷水平也因培养基中无机磷的起始浓度增加而提 高。     

S-丙二酰转移酶基因失活对地中海拟无枝酸菌产利福霉素的影响

为提高利福霉素的产量,构建了S-丙二酰转移酶基因失活的地中海拟无枝酸菌。利用融合PCR构建S-丙二酰转移酶基因的同源重组载体,通过电击转化导入到地中海拟无枝酸菌中,使之发生同源重组,以安普霉素为标记,筛选了S-丙二酰转移酶基因失活菌株,并对比了突变菌株与原始菌株的利福霉素SV产量。成功构建了S-丙二酰转移酶基因的同源重组载体,获得了地中海拟无枝酸菌突变株A.mediterranei △fab D,失活菌株的利福霉素SV产量为168.08 mg/L,比原始菌提高了9.94%。S-丙二酰转移酶基因的失活,弱化了突变菌株脂肪酸的合成,强化了利福霉素的合成。     

地中海拟无枝酸菌“硝酸盐效应”的研究进展

地中海拟无枝酸菌"硝酸盐效应"是指发酵基质中的硝酸盐在一定浓度下大幅度促进该菌合成利福霉素,并对初级代谢产生多种影响的现象。针对该效应,本实验室开展了多年的研究,阐明硝酸盐主要通过两个方面促进利福霉素的生物合成:一方面,硝酸盐增加利福霉素生物合成前体的供给(如UDP-葡萄糖、AHBA、丙二酰Co A以及甲基丙二酰Co A等),尤其是通过抑制体内脂肪酸的合成来保障利福霉素前体丙二酰Co A的供给;另一方面,硝酸盐提升利福霉素生物合成酶基因的表达。因此,在充足的利福霉素前体和合成酶系的协同效应下,菌体生成大量的利福霉素。进一步的工作将围绕"硝酸盐效应"的信号分子、信号转导途径以及相关基因的表达调控和翻译后修饰机制等方面展开。     

基于前体供给途径遗传改造提高褐黄孢链霉菌纳他霉素的产量

纳他霉素(natamycin)是一种高效、广谱、安全的抗真菌剂,广泛应用于食品防腐与医药领域。纳他霉素可由多种链霉菌发酵产生。它是以乙酰辅酶A、丙二酰辅酶A及甲基丙二酰辅酶A为前体经Ⅰ型聚酮合酶(polyketide synthase,PKS)催化合成的多烯大环内酯类化合物。本研究以纳他霉素产生菌——褐黄孢链霉菌为研究材料,分别对不同前体分子供给途径中的关键酶进行过表达,并确定影响纳他霉素产量的关键前体供给途径。研究结果发现：通过过表达乙酰辅酶A合成酶(acetyl-CoA synthase,ACS)加强乙酰辅酶A合成途径,以及通过过表达甲基丙二酰辅酶A变位酶(methylmalonyl-CoA mutase,MCM)加强甲基丙二酰辅酶A合成途径,重组菌株纳他霉素产量分别比野生型菌株提高了44.19%和20.51%。共过表达ACS和MCM,重组菌株纳他霉素产量获得进一步提升(达1123.34mg/L),比野生型菌株提高了66.29%。上述发现为通过前体代谢工程的策略构建纳他霉素工业高产菌株提供了参考,也为其他聚酮类天然产物高产工程菌株的构建提供了借鉴。     

卡伍尔氏链霉菌NA4生物合成巴弗洛霉素前体甲氧基丙二酰ACP来源的研究

巴弗洛霉素（bafilomycin）是一类由I型聚酮合成酶装配合成的具有十六元大环内酯骨架的化合物,是研发农药和医药的良好母体。深海来源的卡伍尔氏链霉菌(Streptomyces cavourensis) NA4能产生巴弗洛霉素,而较低的发酵产量限制了巴弗洛霉素产业化应用。明确前体来源是理性构建高产菌株的基础,为了确定卡伍尔氏链霉菌NA4中合成巴弗洛霉素重要前体甲氧基丙二酰ACP的来源,构建了甲氧基丙二酰ACP生物合成部分基因bafB-E缺失突变株。实时荧光定量PCR分析发现野生株NA4中bafB mRNA表达水平随培养时间延长而不断增强,突变株则检测不到bafB mRNA的表达,显示ΔbafB-E突变株构建成功。进一步HPLC-UV分析结果显示,相比野生株NA4,ΔbafB-E突变株不再产生巴弗洛霉素。提示野生株NA4中bafB-F编码的合成途径是巴弗洛霉素装配前体甲氧基丙二酰ACP的唯一来源。将为通过强化前体供应策略理性构建巴弗洛霉素高产菌株提供参考。     

垩唑霉素生物合成的反式酰基转移酶具有底物宽泛性

垩唑霉素生物合成中的聚酮合酶(PKS)均缺少酰基转移酶(AT)功能域,在聚酮合酶外含有两个独立的反式AT OzmM和OzmC。对反式AT的敲除及回补实验证明两个反式AT是垩唑霉素合成所必需的。AT的功能是将延伸单元丙二酰辅酶A或者甲基丙二酰辅酶A传递到酰基载体蛋白(ACP)。为了研究OzmM和OzmC在垩唑霉素生物合成中的功能,本研究以OzmM蛋白和PKS蛋白OzmK为研究对象,研究了反式AT是否和PKS蛋白存在相互作用及反式AT将延伸单元传递给ACP后是否仍和PKS蛋白存在相互作用。为确定OzmM的功能,本研究在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达了OzmM蛋白并对其纯化进行体外实验,并且利用亲和共纯化和生物膜干涉技术验证了OzmM和OzmK之间的相互作用。本研究推测当OzmM将底物传递给ACP后会离开PKS蛋白,不参与延伸单元与聚酮主链的缩合反应,并且反式AT (OzmM)与PKS (OzmK)之间的弱相互作用是反式AT在ACP与PKS之间快速传递延伸单元的功能所必须的。另一个反式AT OzmC的功能为传递甲氧丙二酰ACP到OzmJ-ACP,本研究利用丙二酰辅酶A、甲基丙二酰辅酶A对其底物宽泛性进行研究,发现OzmC可以将丙二酰辅酶A传递给OzmQ-ACP,但不可以传递甲基丙二酰辅酶A。     

前体代谢工程提高红霉素产量的研究进展

红霉素是十四元大环内酯类抗生素,具有广泛的医药价值和巨大的新药开发潜力。红霉素的主要成分红霉素A由丙酰辅酶A和甲基丙二酰辅酶A作为前体通过聚酮合酶合成大环内酯骨架,再经羟基化、糖基化、甲基化等一系列修饰合成。根据红霉素A的生物合成路线,我们从前体喂养途径、糖基化和甲基化优化等方面,简要综述近年来利用前体代谢工程手段提高红霉素产量的研究进展。     

微生物合成丙二酰辅酶A衍生物的代谢工程

丙二酰辅酶A是一种重要的微生物胞内代谢中间产物,由于其独特的结构,可衍生为几类具有独特结构的化合物,包括:脂肪酸类化合物、生物基化学品和植物源黄酮及聚酮类天然产物等。这些化合物广泛应用于食品、医药、化工和能源等领域。目前,微生物大量合成上述丙二酰辅酶A衍生物的限制性因素是其胞内较低的丙二酰辅酶A含量。本文中,笔者以提高微生物合成丙二酰辅酶A衍生物为核心,综述了提高其前体丙二酰辅酶A导向目标产物的代谢工程策略,包括丙二酰辅酶A合成途径的强化、竞争支路途径的消减以及其含量的精细调控等,以期为微生物合成丙二酰辅酶A衍生物的进一步研究提供参考。     

等离子体作用结合氧限制模型选育利福霉素SV高产菌株

利福霉素SV毒性低、疗效高、抗菌谱广,主要由地中海拟无枝酸菌发酵生产,其发酵过程属于耗氧发酵,供氧直接影响产物形成.为减少发酵过程氧限制影响,进一步提高利福霉素发酵产量,通过构建定向氧限制模型,将常温常压等离子体诱变和无水亚硫酸钠氧限制筛选模型相结合,建立了利福霉素生产菌株24孔板快速培养的高通量筛选方法,高效选育出能...     

Effect of uracil on rifamycin SV production by Amycolatopsis mediterranei MV35R

The effect of different organic nitrogen compounds on the production of rifamycin SV by Amycolatopsis mediterranei MV35R and their optimum concentrations have been described. Results obtained indicate that rifamycin SV production increased from 4020 mg l-1 to 4575 mg l-1 when organic nitrogen compound uracil was added at 0.2% (w/v) concentration to the fermentation medium by A. mediterranei MV35R. The rifamycin SV yield was enhanced by 505 mg l-1 using uracil (2 g l-1) when compared with barbital.     

Improved production of rifamycin SV by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Amycolatopsis mediterranei</Emphasis> MM2 by the feeding method of carbon source

The purpose of this research was to study the enhancement of rifamycin SV (RSV) yield according to the feeding method of a carbon source for Amycolatopsis mediterranei MM2. RSV produced during fermentation dropped sharply after reaching a maximum, and it was found that this trend of RSV production resulted from simultaneous production and degradation of RSV. To reduce RSV degradation during incubation, the effect of carbon source on cell growth was investigated. Based on the results, glucose was a better carbon source than glycerol for cell growth, although glycerol was better than glucose for RSV production, as reported in our previous study. To confirm this, RSV yield and dry cell weight (DCW) were measured according to the feeding method of carbon source using a 5-L size bioreactor. Results showed that initial cell growth rate and RSV yield were significantly increased regardless of the addition method of glucose into glycerol, provided glucose was present in the initial stage of cell growth.     

MoeA,an enzyme in the molybdopterin synthesis pathway,is required for rifamycin SV production in Amycolatopsis mediterranei U32

Rifamycin SV contains one amide nitrogen atom at its C(7)N moiety. Earlier labeling studies suggested that nitrogen might be incorporated from a pathway involved in a molybdenum-dependent nitrate reductase. However, no genetic evidence is available thus far. The structural gene moeA, which is involved in molybdopterin synthesis in various organisms, has been cloned from rifamycin SV-producing Amycolatopsis mediterranei strain U32. The amino acid sequence deduced from the moeA gene showed significant similarity to members of the MoeA protein family and contains all the structural features that are highly conserved in the putative functional domains of MoeA proteins. Southern hybridization showed that there is only one moeA gene in the A. mediterranei genome. To further investigate the possible physiological function of the moeA gene, a double crossover gene replacement was achieved by inserting an aparmycin resistance gene into moeA in the A. mediterranei U32 chromosome. Phenotype analysis showed that the moeA gene is required for A. mediterranei growth in a minimal medium with nitrate as sole nitrogen source, possibly because nitrate reductase activity is diminished due to disruption of the moeA gene. Compared to the wild type strain, moeA-disrupted mutants lost 95% of their rifamycin SV production capacity in complex fermentation media. The results demonstrate that the moeA gene is necessary for rifamycin SV production in A. mediterranei, and that the nitrogen assimilation pathway involved in nitrate reductase is the major pathway for the genesis of the amide nitrogen atom in the rifamycin SV molecule.     

Development of balanced medium composition for improved rifamycin B production by isolated Amycolatopsis sp. RSP-3

Aim:  To develop optimum fermentation environment for enhanced rifamycin B production by isolated Amycolatopsis sp. RSP-3.
Methods and Results:  The impact of different fermentation parameters on rifamycin B production by isolated Amycolatopsis sp. RSP-3 was investigated using Taguchi methodology. Controlling fermentation factors were selected based on one variable at a time methodology. The isolated strain revealed more than 25% higher production compared to literature reports. Five different nutritional components (soyabean meal, glucose, potassium nitrate, calcium carbonate and barbital) and inoculum concentration showed impact on rifamycin B production at individual and interactive level. At optimized environment, 65% contribution was observed from selected fermentation parameters.
Conclusions:  Soyabean meal and calcium carbonate were the most significant factors among the selected factors followed by barbital and potassium nitrate. Glucose, however, showed the least significance on rifamycin B production with this strain. A maximum of 5·12 g l⁻¹ rifamycin B production was achieved with optimized medium containing (g l⁻¹) soyabean meal, 27; glucose, 100; potassium nitrate, 4; calcium carbonate, 3 and barbital, 1·2.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The present study signifies identification of balanced medium component concentrations for improved rifamycin B production by isolated Amycolatopsis sp. RSP-3. This strain requires organic and inorganic nitrogen sources for effective product yield. Yet at individual level, organic nitrogen source has c. nine-fold higher influence compared to inorganic one.     

Optimization of culture medium for rifamycin SV production by<Emphasis Type="Italic">Amycolatopsis mediterranei</Emphasis> MM2 using statistical designs

In this paper, we conducted a statistical optimization of the medium components for the production of rifamycin SV byAmycolatopsis mediterranei MM2. In order to maximize the yield of rifamycin SV, a Plakett-Burman experimental design (PBD) was initially utilized in the screening of the medium components among 11 nutrients. Glycerol and yeast extract were determined to influence significantly the yield of rifamycin SV. Then, a central-composite experimental design (CCD) was utilized in order to optimize the concentrations of the screened components accqired using the PBD and to predict the mutual interactions occurring between the screened components. The predicted optimal glycerol and yeast extract concentrations were determined to be 43.8 and 9.5 g/L, respectively. At this optimum point, the predicted rifamycin SV yield was 490.5 mg/L, whereas the corresponding experimental yield was 480.3±43.8 mg/L.     

Stimulation of microsomal production of reactive oxygen intermediates by rifamycin SV: effect of ferric complexes and comparisons between NADPH and NADH.

Rifamycins are antibacterial antibiotics which are especially useful for the treatment of tuberculosis. Reactive oxygen intermediates are produced in the presence of rifamycin SV and metals such as copper or manganese. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the interaction of rifamycin SV with rat liver microsomes to catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species. At a concentration of 1 mM, rifamycin SV increased microsomal production of superoxide with NADPH as cofactor 3-fold, and with NADH as reductant by more than 5-fold. Rifamycin SV increased rates of H2O2 production by the microsomes twofold with NADPH, and 4- to 8-fold with NADH. In the presence of various iron complexes, microsomes generated hydroxyl radical-like (.OH) species. Rifamycin SV had no effect on NADPH-dependent microsomal .OH production, irrespective of the iron chelate. A striking stimulation of .OH production was found with NADH as the reductant, ranging from 2- to 4-fold with catalyst such as ferric-EDTA and ferric-DTPA to more than 10-fold with ferric-ATP, -citrate, or -histidine. Catalase and competitive .OH scavengers lowered rates of .OH production (chemical scavenger oxidation) and prevented the stimulation by rifamycin. Superoxide dismutase had no effect on the NADH-dependent rifamycin stimulation of .OH production with ferric-EDTA or -DTPA, but was inhibitory with the other ferric complexes. In contrast to the stimulatory effects on production of O2-., H2O2, and .OH, rifamycin SV was a potent inhibitor of microsomal lipid peroxidation. These results show that rifamycin SV stimulates microsomal production of reactive oxygen intermediates, and in contrast to results with other redox cycling agents, is especially effective with NADH as the microsomal reductant. These interactions may contribute to the hepatotoxicity associated with use of rifamycin, and, since alcohol metabolism increases NADH availability, play a role in the elevated toxic actions of rifamycin plus alcohol.     

甘油对粒毛盘菌DP5胞外多酚积累的影响

【目的】探明以甘油为碳源促进粒毛盘菌DP5积累多酚的可能原因。【方法】对碳源种类、甘油浓度、曲酸、抑制剂和前体等对多酚产量和生物量的影响进行分析。【结果】以甘油为碳源,能显著提高粒毛盘菌胞外多酚产量。甘油浓度为20 g/L时,胞外多酚产量最高,达到0.664 g GAE/L,并在发酵液中检测到曲酸,其含量为0.25 g/L。向以蔗糖为碳源的发酵液添加曲酸,胞外多酚含量从0.209 g GAE/L提高至0.376 g GAE/L。以甘油为碳源的发酵液中,酚氧化酶活性较低。粒毛盘菌DP5通过莽草酸途径和聚酮途径合成多酚,甘油有利于莽草酸途径和聚酮途径前体物质的合成。【结论】粒毛盘菌以甘油为碳源合成出曲酸,曲酸抑制多酚向黑色素的转化;甘油促进多酚前体的合成,从而提高了粒毛盘菌胞外多酚的积累量。     

Modification of Rifamycin Polyketide Backbone Leads to Improved Drug Activity against Rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Rifamycin B, a product of Amycolatopsis mediterranei S699, is the precursor of clinically used antibiotics that are effective against tuberculosis, leprosy, and AIDS-related mycobacterial infections. However, prolonged usage of these antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of rifamycin-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As part of our effort to generate better analogs of rifamycin, we substituted the acyltransferase domain of module 6 of rifamycin polyketide synthase with that of module 2 of rapamycin polyketide synthase. The resulting mutants (rifAT6::rapAT2) of A. mediterranei S699 produced new rifamycin analogs, 24-desmethylrifamycin B and 24-desmethylrifamycin SV, which contained modification in the polyketide backbone. 24-Desmethylrifamycin B was then converted to 24-desmethylrifamycin S, whose structure was confirmed by MS, NMR, and X-ray crystallography. Subsequently, 24-desmethylrifamycin S was converted to 24-desmethylrifampicin, which showed excellent antibacterial activity against several rifampicin-resistant M. tuberculosis strains.