广西蜘蛛抱蛋(Aspidistra retusa)的传粉生物学研究

蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的花部结构丰富多样,且常常贴地表开花,但其传粉生物学研究鲜有报道。广西蜘蛛抱蛋(Aspidistra retusa)是广西特有植物,为揭示该物种的自然传粉机制,在蜘蛛抱蛋属世界分布和分化中心的广西境内,开展了广西蜘蛛抱蛋开花物候、访花昆虫及繁育系统的野外观测研究。结果表明:广西蜘蛛抱蛋的花部结构中雄蕊高于雌蕊,但自交不亲和,为异花传粉;双翅目瘿蚊属成虫(Cecidomyia sp.,Cecidomyiidae,Diptera)为其专性传粉者,作为回报,广西蜘蛛抱蛋为瘿蚊提供理想的交配场所,同时提供大量的花粉供雌瘿蚊取食以补充生殖所需能量,并为受精卵的孵化以及幼虫的发育提供舒适的环境。该研究用实地现场观察第一手数据验证了前人有关蜘蛛抱蛋属植物瘿蚊传粉的推测,为中国蜘蛛抱蛋属植物传粉生物学研究的首次报道,然而蜘蛛抱蛋属植物花部结构极具多样性,应存在更多样的传粉方式,还有待更深入的调查研究。     

白穗花有性器官与胚胎发育形态的研究

利用石蜡切片技术对白穗花（Speirantha gardenii（Hook.）Baill.）胚胎发育过程进行了显微观察。研究结果表明：白穗花具四室花药,腺质绒毡层;小孢子母细胞减数分裂为连续型,四分体主要为左右对称型,偶有直线型、T型和交互对生型;成熟花粉为二细胞型;子房三室,中轴胎座;倒生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心型,珠孔由内珠被形成;胚囊的发育为蓼型;胚的发育类型为柳叶菜型,核型胚乳。根据已有的胚胎学资料,比较白穗花和铃兰族（Convallarieae）其它植物的胚胎学特征,结果显示：（1）白穗花属（Speirantha Baker）与蜘蛛抱蛋属（Aspidistra Ker-Gawler）的胚胎学特征更为接近,二者可能起源于共同的祖先;（2）夏须草属（Theropogon Maxim.）是铃兰族的异质类群。     

白穗花有性器官与胚胎发育形态的研究

利用石蜡切片技术对白穗花(Speirantha gardenii (Hook.) Baill.)胚胎发育过程进行了显微观察。研究结果表明: 白穗 花具四室花药, 腺质绒毡层; 小孢子母细胞减数分裂为连续型, 四分体主要为左右对称型, 偶有直线型、T型和交互对生型; 成熟花粉为二细胞型; 子房三室, 中轴胎座; 倒生胚珠, 双珠被, 厚珠心型, 珠孔由内珠被形成; 胚囊的发育为蓼型; 胚的发育类型为柳叶菜型, 核型胚乳。根据已有的胚胎学资料, 比较白穗花和铃兰族(Convallarieae)其它植物的胚胎学特征, 结果显示: (1) 白穗花属(Speirantha Baker)与蜘蛛抱蛋属(Aspidistra Ker-Gawler)的胚胎学特征更为接近, 二者可能起源于共同的祖先; (2) 夏须草属(Theropogon Maxim.)是铃兰族的异质类群。     

铃兰的胚胎学研究

铃兰（Ｃｏｎｖａｌｌａｒｉａ ｍａｊａｌｉｓＬ．）的花药四室,药壁发育为单子叶型。腺质绒毡层发育后期出现双核至多核。小孢子四分体主要呈左右对称型,偶见四面体型。胞质分裂为连续型。二细胞型花粉。子房三室,中轴胎座。胚珠倒生,双珠被,厚珠心。珠孔由内珠被形成。胚囊发育为葱型和英地百合型。受精以后,在子房壁、珠柄和外珠被细胞中含有草酸钙针晶。胚发育类似于石竹型,但基细胞发生纵裂形成两个子细胞。核型胚乳;合点端具巨形胚乳核     

国产蜘蛛抱蛋属的细胞分类学研究I.四个广西特有种的核型

研究了广西特有的４种蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的核型,结果如下：巨型蜘蛛抱蛋,２ｎ＝３８＝２４ｍ（２ｓａｔ）＋２ｓｍ＋１２ｓｔ;长药蜘蛛抱蛋,２ｎ＝３６＝１８ｍ＋２ｓｍ（２ｓａｔ）＋１６ｓｔ;广西蜘蛛抱蛋,２ｎ＝３６＝１８ｍ＋４ｓｍ（２ｓａｔ）＋１４ｓｔ,隆安蜘蛛抱蛋,２ｎ＝３８＝２０ｍ＋６ｓｍ（２ｓａｔ）＋１２ｓｔ。以上核型都属２Ｃ,具有明显的二型性．     

小玉竹的胚胎学研究

小玉竹Polygonatum humile Fisch．ex Maxim．的花药四室．绒毡层腺质型,发育后期出现双核至多核。小孢子四分体左右对称型,偶见四面体型,胞质分裂连续型。成熟花粉具2细胞。子房3室,中轴胎座。胚珠倒生,双珠被,厚珠心,珠孔由内珠被形成。胚囊发育为葱型。受精后,子房壁和外珠被细胞中含有草酸钙针晶。胚发育类似于紫菀型,基细胞有时纵裂形成两个子细胞。胚乳核型。根据实验结果,并结合前人的资料,本文提出了黄精属的胚胎学特征,并在此基础上对黄精族的概念以及属间系统关系进行了探讨。     

刺五加大,小孢子发生和雌,雄配子发育的观察

刺五加Ｅｌｅｕｔｈｅｒｏｃｏｃｃｕｓｓｅｎｔｉｃｏｓｕｓ（ＳｕｐｒｅｔＭａｘｉｎ．）Ｍａｘｉｍ,雄株的小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过程正常,大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程多不正常,雄花具５个花药,花药４室,药壁发育属双子叶型,腺质绒毡层,绒毡层细胞多具２核。小孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成四面体形四分体,其胞质分裂为同时型。成熟花粉３细胞型,子房下位,５室：每室有上胚珠和下胚珠,上胚珠退化,下胚珠倒生具单珠被     

中国蜘蛛抱蛋属二新记录种

首次报道了黄瓣蜘蛛抱蛋(Aspidistra lutea H.-J.Tillich)和吉婆岛蜘蛛抱蛋(A.arnautovii H.-J.Tillich)在中国的分布。这两种植物分别被发现于广西西南部的靖西县、龙州县。文中提供了形态学描述和图片。凭证标本存放于广西植物标本馆(IBK)。     

大花紫薇大小孢子的发生及雌雄配子体的发育

用石蜡切片法对不同发育时期的大花紫薇（Lagerstroemia speciosa）花朵进行解剖研究,探讨其大小孢子的发生及雌雄配子体的发育过程,结果发现：大花紫薇花药4室,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和腺质绒毡层构成,发育类型为双子叶型;小孢子四分体多为四面体型,偶见十字交叉型,胞质分裂为同时型;成熟花粉粒属于2-细胞型,具3孔沟,偶见败育现象;大花紫薇雌蕊具6~7心皮,子房6~7室,每室具多枚倒生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心,大孢子4分体呈直线排列,近合点端大孢子发育为蓼型胚囊,成熟胚囊为7细胞8核。花粉及胚囊发育多数正常,大花紫薇可以作为优良的杂交母本;同时可以根据开花物候不同阶段花的形态特征,初步判断大花紫薇大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体的发育进程。     

家榆胚胎学研究

采用常规石蜡切片法,借助光学显微镜对家榆胚胎发育进行研究,研究结果表明：（1）家榆的花药具4个药室;小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为同时型;小孢子四分体排列为四面体型和左右对称型;成熟花粉为2-细胞型;（2）花药壁发育类型为双子叶型,腺质绒毡层;（3）家榆子房两心皮1室,侧膜胎座,1枚倒生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心;四分体呈直线型和T型排列;（4）家榆胚囊类型为单孢子蓼型胚囊;胚的发育类型为茄型;核型胚乳;无胚乳型种子。     

Studies on the Development of Gametophytes in Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae)

The floral bud of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. began to differentiate at the end of April. In the beginning of November, female and male gametophytes reached their maturation. The flowers fell off in the following March. The wall of the microsporangium comprised epidermis, endothecium, two or three middle layers and a single layer of amoeboid tapetum with two nuclei. The extra-tapetal membrane was formed during the later stage of the development of anther. Meiosis of microspore mother-cell was normal and cytokinesis was of the simultaneous type. The tetrad was tetrahedral in shape. The mature pollen grains were 2-celled and 3-colporate. The ovule was unitegminous and tenuinucellate. During the development of the ovule, some special structures were formed, e. g. hypostase and obturator which originated from the integument. A single archesporium differentiated immediately below the nucellar epidermis. It functioned directly as the megaspore mother-celL This cell under went meiosis to form a linear tetrad. The chalazal megaspore was functional. The development of the embryo sac was conformed as the polygonum type. Two polar nuclei fused into the secondary nucleus and 'three antipodal cells degenerated soon after the embryo sac reached its maturation, at that time the female gametophyte had become an embryo sac which consisted of only four cells each with a nucleus just before two months of blooming. The nuclei of some synergids located in the chalazal part of the cells. Contrarily, the micropylar past of the synergids were occupied by a large vacuole. The secondary nucleus was usually located in the chalazal part of the embryo sac.     

濒危植物瑶山苣苔的大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育研究

利用石蜡切片技术对瑶山苣苔大小孢子发生、雌雄配子体发育及胚胎发育进行了细胞学观察,结果表明:瑶山苣苔胚珠倒生,单珠被,薄珠心,具珠被绒毡层。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成的四分体呈直线排列,合点端的大孢子发育为功能大孢子,其余3个大孢子退化,胚囊为单孢子发生的蓼型胚囊发育方式。花药为四囊形,花药壁由外到内依次为表皮、药室内壁、中层和腺质绒毡层,小孢子形成时胞质分裂为修饰性同时型,小孢子四分体排列方式为四面体形,成熟花粉为2核细胞。胚乳发育为细胞型,在胚的发育过程中被吸收耗尽。瑶山苣苔大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育基本正常,不是导致其濒危的原因。但瑶山苣苔果实成熟时,胚仅发育至球形胚时期,需要经过一定时间休眠才能完成形态后熟,表明胚未发育完全可能是该物种天然更新困难的原因之一。     

狭叶柴胡大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育的研究

用石蜡切片法、半薄切片法对狭叶柴胡的大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育进行观察研究。结果显示:(1)狭叶柴胡花药壁的发育为双子叶型,腺质绒毡层;小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为同时型,四分孢子为正四面体形;成熟的花粉粒为3-细胞型,具3个萌发孔。(2)倒生型胚珠,单珠被,薄珠心;大孢子母细胞常为一个雌性孢原直接发育而成,大孢子四分体呈线型,多数情况为合点端一个大孢子分化为功能大孢子;由功能大孢子发育为蓼型成熟胚囊。(3)八核胚囊时期,珠心基部和两侧的一些珠心细胞留存较久,成为珠心座细胞。此外,珠被内表皮细胞发育为珠被绒毡层。     

防风大、小孢子发生与雌、雄配子体发育的研究

利用常规石蜡制片法研究了防风大、小孢子发生及其雌、雄配子体的发育过程。主要结果是：(1)小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为同时型,小孢子四分体为四面体形;(2)成熟的花粉粒为三细胞型,具3个孔沟;(3)花药壁发育类型为双子叶型。花药壁由4层结构组成：最外层为表皮,其内分别为药室内壁、1层中层、绒毡层,绒毡层为分泌型;(4)防风的子房为2室,每室1胚珠,单珠被,薄珠心,倒生型胚珠。大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成线形排列的4个大孢子,合点端大孢子具功能;(5)大孢子发生过程中,具有多个孢原细胞及多个大孢子母细胞的现象,但通常只有一个大孢子母细胞能继续发育;(6)胚囊发育属于蓼型;(7)防风的花为极端的雌雄蕊异熟,雄蕊的发育早于雌蕊的发育。     

短柄五加大,小孢子发生和雌,雄配子体发育的研究

短柄五加花药５枚,每个花药四个花粉囊。小孢子母细胞减数分裂时,胞质分裂为同时型,产生正四面体形的四分体。花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层四层细胞组成,其发育类型为双子叶型。腺质绒毡层,其细胞为二核。三细胞型花粉。子房５室,每室两个胚珠,上胚珠败育,下胚珠可育。下胚珠倒生,具单珠被,厚珠心。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成线性排列的四个大孢子,雌配子体发育属蓼型。开花当天,花粉散开,雌配子体尚未成熟,处     

楸树大小孢子发生与雌雄配子体发育的研究

运用石蜡切片法和整体透明法对楸树(Catalpa bungei C.A.Meyer)大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体发育过程进行了研究.结果表明:楸树可育雄蕊2枚,花药4室,药壁发育属双子叶型,腺质异型绒毡层.小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体后小孢子不分离形成正四面体型四合花粉,偶有左右对称型和十字交叉型.成熟花粉为二细胞型,无萌发孔.子房上位,2室,中轴胎座,胚珠多数,倒生,单珠被,薄珠心,具珠被绒毡层.单孢原直接发育为大孢子母细胞,四分体线形排列,合点端大孢子发育为功能大孢子,胚囊发育为蓼型.雄蕊发育早于雌蕊,花开后雌、雄蕊趋于同熟.研究认为:虽然楸树雌、雄蕊发育过程中均存在一定比例的败育,但其花而不实"并非雄性或雌性不育所致.推测与其授粉受精和胚后发育有关.     

华北驼绒藜大小孢子的发生及雌雄配子体发育过程的解剖学研究

运用石蜡切片技术对华北驼绒藜大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体的发育进行了研究.结果表明:(1)花药4室,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、1~2层中层及1层绒毡层组成,药壁发育为基本型,腺质绒毡层,发育后期为二核或三核;(2)四分体胞质分裂为同时型,小孢子四分体多数为四面体型,偶见十字交叉型;(3)成熟花粉2-细胞型,单核小孢子时期存在不同比例的空壳花粉,从0%~80%不等;(4)胚珠倒生,双珠被,厚珠心,大孢子四分体直线型排列,合点端为功能大孢子,蓼型胚囊.     

南方山荷叶大、小孢子发生与雌、雄配子体发育

首次报道了南方山荷叶大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体形成。主要结果如下:花药4室,花药壁发育为基本型,由7层细胞组成,由外到内依次为表皮、药室内壁、3层中层和2层绒毡层;药室内壁有带状加厚现象,绒毡层细胞多具双核,为腺质型绒毡层;多孢原,发生于表皮下;小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,小孢子四分体多为四面体型,少数为十字交叉形、直线形、左右对称形或"T"形;成熟花粉粒为2-细胞型,偶见3-细胞型;成熟花粉粒呈圆形,具单萌发孔。雌蕊1枚,子房单心皮,纵切面呈瓶状;1室,边缘胎座,具4～5枚发育不同步的横生胚珠。胚珠具双珠被,厚珠心;珠孔由两层珠被共同形成,在一直线上或呈"之"字形。多孢原,位于珠心表皮下。直线形四分体,合点端的1个大孢子发育为功能大孢子,胚囊发育为蓼型。成熟胚囊中,3个反足细胞大而明显,但宿存时间短,较早退化。     

Studies on the Development of Male and Female Gametophytes in Sinojakia xylocarpa

Observed in this paper was the development of the microspore and megaspore, male and female gametophytes in Sinojakia xylocarpa, which is endemic to China. The anther comprises four microsporangia. Microspore wall forms simultaneously after meiotic division in PMCs. The arrangment of microspore in a tetrad is tetrahedral. Bicel lular pollen grains appear at the shedding stage. ‘They are 3-colporate, with irregular min ute-faveolate exine sculpture. The anther wall development is of the dicotyledonous type, and its endothecitum develops slight fibrous thickenings, which also form on some epidermal cells. The tapetum is glandular. The pistil with hollow style is composed of three carpels, and its ovary contains several anatropous ovules. The ovule is unitegmic, tenuinucellar, but no obturator was observed. The archesporial cell functions directly as the megaspore mother cell which forms a linear tetrad, but T-shaped tetrad was found in a few ovules. A Polygonum type embryo sac forms from the functional chalazal megaspore. In the mature embryo sac, the synergids are elongate with a large vacuole at the chalazal end, but the distrihution of vacuoles in the egg cell appears random. Two polar nuclei remain in contact with each other for a spell before the fertilization and the 3 antipodal cells may persist into early postfertilzation stages. Numerous starch gra ins occur in the embryo sac. According to the present embryological studies on Sinojakia xylocarpa and the works on embryogenesis by some early embryologist, authors consider that Styracaceae, Symplocaceae, Sapotaceae and Ebenaceae are rather closely related, and we alsoconsider it reasonable to put the 4 families mentioned above in Ebenales.     

海桐大、小孢子发育及雌、雄配子体形成的研究

利用常规石蜡制片法研究了海桐大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体发育的过程。结果显示:(1)小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为连续型,四分孢子为以四面体形为主,四分孢子后期部分小孢子壁皱缩;(2)花药壁由4层结构组成,由外到内为表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层;(3)海桐具多个胚珠,单珠被,薄珠心,胚珠类型为倒生胚珠。大孢子母细胞减数分裂主要形成线形排列的4个大孢子,还具有少有的十字形排列,功能大孢子位于合点端;(4)胚囊发育属单孢型的蓼型,成熟的雌配子体为四细胞五核胚囊。