罗伊乳杆菌DSM 17938对生命早期抗生素暴露大鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的探讨预防性应用罗伊乳杆菌DSM 17938对生命早期抗生素暴露大鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法将24只新生SD大鼠随机分为抗生素暴露组(A组)和益生菌干预组(B组),每组12只。A组在出生后第2天(postnatal day 2,PND2)～PND6给予罗氏芬灌胃,2 h后给予生理盐水灌胃;B组同期给予罗氏芬灌胃,2 h后给予罗伊乳杆菌DSM 17938灌胃。PND7及PND42,2组大鼠中各处死6只,取空肠、结肠黏膜及其肠内容物进行16S rDNA V4区二代测序;PND42空肠、结肠组织进行病理检测,用Image Pro Plus 6.0测量绒毛长度和隐窝深度。结果PND42时,A组大鼠体质量明显低于B组。2组大鼠空肠、结肠未见明显炎症等改变,2组间空肠、结肠黏膜绒毛及隐窝深度差异无统计学意义。PND7时,2组大鼠空肠、结肠菌群多样性及门水平菌群组成差异无统计学意义;属水平上,A组、B组大鼠空肠菌属差异无统计学意义,而B组大鼠结肠菌群中乳杆菌属明显增加。PND42时,与A组大鼠比较,B组空肠菌群Alpha多样性指数明显降低,Beta多样性差异明显,门水平上拟杆菌门、变形菌门、柔膜菌门及广古菌门比例明显降低,厚壁菌门比例明显增加,属水平上假单胞菌属、乳球菌属、厌氧芽胞杆菌属、芽胞杆菌属、瘤胃球菌属、Dechloromonas及普氏菌属比例明显降低,乳杆菌属比例明显增加;结肠菌群Shannon指数明显增加,Beta多样性差异明显,门水平上拟杆菌门、疣微菌门比例明显增加,厚壁菌门比例明显降低,属水平上不动杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、金黄杆菌属及Facklamia比例明显降低,Akkermansia、瘤胃球菌属、普氏菌属及拟杆菌属比例明显增高。结论预防性应用罗伊乳杆菌DSM 17938可纠正生命早期抗生素暴露对大鼠发育期肠道菌群的影响。     

布拉酵母菌对大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝炎的疗效

目的探讨布拉酵母菌在高脂饮食诱导的非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)大鼠模型中的疗效及机制。方法 36只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组:A组(普通饲料组)、B组(高脂饲料组)和C组(高脂饲料+布拉酵母菌组)。实验第6周起,C组给予布拉酵母菌散10 mg/kg灌胃。第16周末进行肝脏病理分析和血清空腹ALT、AST、脂多糖(LPS)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、脂联素以及丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性测定;检测粪便中双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、肠球菌和大肠埃希菌数量,分析菌群与LPS相关性。结果与A组相比,模型B组肝脏脂肪变性程度和肝脏炎症显著增加,粪便菌群发生紊乱;与B组相比,C组脂肪变性及炎症程度积分显著减轻,血清ALT、AST、LPS、TNF-α及MDA显著下降,脂联素水平和SOD活性增高,大鼠粪便中乳杆菌、双歧杆菌和肠球菌数量明显增高,大肠埃希菌显著降低;乳杆菌、双歧杆菌和肠球菌与LPS负相关,大肠埃希菌与LPS正相关。结论布拉酵母菌可通过调整肠道菌群结构,减少炎性因子释放,拮抗脂质过氧化,改善肝脏脂肪变性及炎症。     

抗生素对新生大鼠肠道菌群和肠道免疫发育的影响

目的通过建立动物模型,探讨口服抗生素对新生大鼠肠道菌群的变化及肠道免疫发育的影响。方法选用30只7日龄新生SD大鼠,随机分为3组：抗生素组（A）、益生菌干预组（B）及对照组（C）,每组10只,A组给予头孢克洛灌胃,B组先给头孢克洛灌胃,2h后再灌长双歧杆菌,C组每天灌以等量的生理盐水,持续2周后处死大鼠,留取盲肠内容物按照张秀荣方法进行肠道菌群检测,免疫组化方法进行肠组织CD4、CD8的测定。结果A组与B、C组相比,革兰阳性杆菌占肠道总细菌数比例明显下降,革兰阴性杆菌及革兰阳性球菌占总细菌数比例明显升高,差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）;A组肠组织中CD4、CD8表达程度受到抑制,与B、C组相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,B、C两组所有的指标差异均无显著性。结论抗生素的应用会抑制肠道菌群的正常定植,引起菌群紊乱,进而影响肠道免疫系统发育。     

含益生菌四联疗法根治顽固性幽门螺杆菌感染的疗效观察

目的 探讨含益生菌四联疗法根治顽固性幽门螺杆菌感染(H.pylori)的疗效.方法 经标准三联疗法根治失败的顽固性幽门螺杆菌感染患者180例,随机分为6组:A组(含双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片四联疗法):雷贝拉唑+阿莫西林+克拉霉素+双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片;B组(伴同疗法):雷贝拉唑+阿莫西林+克拉霉素+呋喃唑酮;C组(标准四联疗法):雷贝拉唑+阿莫西林+克拉霉素+胶体果胶铋.疗程均为7d.同样分组方案A1组、B1组、C1组,疗程14d.治疗前后查肝肾功及三大常规,观察药物不良反应.1个月后复查胃镜并作快速尿素酶实验及14C呼吸实验(14C-UBT),观察H.pylori根除情况.结果 含双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片四联疗法根除率7d为76.7％,与其他两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),无任何不良反应发生;14 d为90.0％,与其他两组比较差异也无统计学意义(P＞0.05),各组均优于7天组(P ＜0.05);14天组不良反应发生率为6.67％,7天及14天组不良反应均低于其他相应各组.结论 含双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片四联疗法根治顽固性幽门螺杆菌感染的疗效与标准四联及伴同疗法相当,但不良反应较少,可以值得推广.     

植物乳杆菌LpT1和LpT2大鼠体内降胆固醇特性

【目的】探讨植物乳杆菌LpT1和LpT2大鼠体内降胆固醇特性。【方法】将高脂血症的大鼠随机分成4组,分别进行灌胃。A、B、C和D组分别灌胃菌株LpT1、菌株LpT2、洛伐他汀和蒸馏水。灌胃28d后,断尾采血,分离血清,分别测定总胆固醇、总甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的含量并进行肝脏组织切片的制作与电镜观察。【结果】饲喂高脂饲料7d后,成功构建出高脂血症大鼠模型。植物乳杆菌菌株LpT1和阳性对照洛伐他汀降胆固醇效果极其显著(p<0.01),菌株LpT2次之(p<0.05),而阴性对照水几乎无降胆固醇效果。从电镜扫描结果看,植物乳杆菌LpT1和LpT2在大鼠肠道中定植后,能很好的调节肝脏代谢脂类物质朝着正常化趋势发展。【结论】研究结果为进一步明确植物乳杆菌体内降胆固醇机制奠定了良好基础。     

小鼠低菌模型的构建及多形拟杆菌对其补偿生长作用的研究

目的探讨高剂量抗生素构建低菌小鼠模型的可行性,并研究小鼠在不同生理状态下肠内拟杆菌的演替规律及对小鼠生长性能的影响。方法将120只SPF级的昆明小鼠分成3组：A组为空白对照组;B组为模型组,用22g/（kg·BW）的氨苄青霉素连续灌胃小鼠3d构建低菌动物模型;C组在构建低菌小鼠模型的基础上每天早晚2次各灌胃1ml的多形拟杆菌发酵液（10^9／m1）,连续3d。用注射器稀释法测定小鼠肠内拟杆菌的活菌数,并测定各组小鼠体重和日增重。结果高剂量的抗生素处理可以使小鼠保持16d的低菌状态,但是给小鼠带来了一定的应激;C组小鼠在灌胃多形拟杆菌发酵液后,肠内拟杆菌在22～34d迅速生长并形成优势定植,且体重和日增重在实验后期显著增加即补偿生长。结论低菌模型较常规动物更能敏感地反映添加拟杆菌的生物学效应,但对小鼠有一定应激;多形拟杆菌对低菌小鼠具有明显的补偿生长效应,它可以缓解应激并使小鼠更快的恢复到正常的生理状态。     

多形拟杆菌对肥胖大鼠减肥影响的初步研究及毒性实验

目的研究人体肠道内的多形拟杆菌对肥胖大鼠的减肥作用。方法从人体肠道中提取、分离和鉴定1株多形拟杆菌。建立高能饲料诱发的大鼠肥胖模型,给大鼠灌胃多形拟杆菌菌液,25 d后观察大鼠体重及肠道内多形拟杆菌的数量变化。结果灌胃多形拟杆菌菌液的给药组的大鼠体重与灌胃生理盐水的模型组相比,增长慢（P〈0.05）,差异有显著性,且体内拟杆菌数量多于模型组,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论提示多形拟杆菌菌液对肥胖大鼠有一定的减肥作用。     

不同分娩方式对晚期早产儿肠道菌群的影响

目的 探讨不同分娩方式对晚期早产儿肠道菌群定植的影响。方法 以胎龄(周)为34~(0/7)～36~(6/7)的15例晚期早产儿为研究对象,根据分娩方式分为自然分娩组(n=8)和剖宫产组(n=7)。收集早产儿出生后3 d、7 d、14 d的粪便标本,应用高通量测序技术对细菌16S rRNA可变区中的V4区进行测序,分析肠道菌群多样性及组成结构。结果 (1)自然分娩组晚期早产儿粪便标本菌群多样性指数逐渐上升,剖宫产组的多样性指数较平稳,两组相比差异无统计学意义;(2)45份粪便标本中共检测出10个菌门,均以变形菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门为优势菌门,两组晚期早产儿生后变形菌门、拟杆菌门所占比例逐渐降低,厚壁菌门、放线菌门呈增多趋势。两组相比,剖宫产组7 d、14 d时拟杆菌门的相对丰度显著低于自然分娩组(Z=-2.896,P=0.004;Z=-2.120,P=0.040),变形菌门相对丰度仅在7 d时显著高于自然分娩组(Z=-2.190,P=0.030);(3)两组研究对象中,除自然分娩组14 d时以双歧杆菌属为优势菌属外,余下均以肠杆菌属为优势菌属。相比于自然分娩组,在7 d时剖宫产组拟杆菌属所占比例显著降低(Z=-2.806,P=0.005),肠杆菌属所占比例显著升高(Z=-2.199,P=0.030)。结论 剖宫产能显著影响婴儿早期肠道菌群的定植,降低肠道中早期拟杆菌的水平。     

深海鱼油治疗阿尔茨海默病大鼠的作用及对其肠道菌群的影响

目的研究深海鱼油对阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠的治疗作用及其对大鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法从60只SD大鼠中随机选择50只建模并随机分为5组,其余为假手术组。石杉碱甲组灌胃石杉碱甲注射液20 μg/kg,深海鱼油高、中、低剂量组分别灌胃0.21 g/kg、0.42 g/kg、0.84 g/kg深海鱼油,假手术组和模型组大鼠灌胃等体积生理盐水,大鼠给药体积按照1 mL/kg。结果第2、3、4、5 d大鼠逃避潜伏期,Aβ40、Aβ42含量,拟杆菌门、瘤胃菌科、拟杆菌科、普雷沃氏菌科、拟杆菌属、螺杆菌属、普雷沃氏菌属、链球菌属水平,模型组高于假手术组(P<0.05),石杉碱甲组和深海鱼油高、中、低剂量组均低于模型组(P<0.05);大鼠跨越平台次数,厚壁菌门、变形菌门、乳杆菌科、毛螺菌科、韦荣球菌科、乳杆菌属、瘤胃球菌属、毛螺菌属、肠球菌属、韦荣球菌属水平,模型组低于假手术组(P<0.05),石杉碱甲组和深海鱼油高、中、低剂量组均高于模型组(P<0.05)。模型组神经组织显著改变,石杉碱甲组和深海鱼油高、中、低剂量组均出现好转。结论深海鱼油可改善AD模型大鼠学习能力和记忆能力、减轻大鼠海马组织病变,改善大鼠肠道菌群。     

乳杆菌制剂(定君生)和(或)甲硝唑三种方法治疗滴虫性阴道炎疗效比较

目的探讨滴虫性阴道炎的更佳治疗方法。方法2004年10月至2005年9月绍兴市妇幼保健院妇科门诊对92例滴虫性阴道炎病例随机分为A、B、C三组,A组31例,采用乳杆菌制剂0．25g塞阴道,每晚1次,共10d;B组31例．采用甲硝唑片0．2g口服,3次／d,共7d,同时用乳杆菌制剂塞阴道;C组30例,采用甲硝唑栓0．5g塞阴道,每晚1次,共10d,同时用甲硝唑片口服。结果停药3～5d的治愈率：A组67．74％、B组93．55％、C组93．33％;A组与B、C组之间差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,B组与C组间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。停药3月的治愈率：A组41．93％、B组87．10％、C组56．67％,B组与A、C组间差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）,有效率：A组54．84％、B组93．55％、C组70．00％,B组与A、C组间差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,A组与C组间治愈率及总有效率差异无显著性（P〈0．05）。结论甲硝唑片口服联合乳杆菌制剂（定君生）塞阴道是一种治疗滴虫性阴道炎的更佳方法,值得临床推广应用。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Progress in glial cell studies in some laboratories in China

Glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS) consist of a heterogeneous population of cell types,each characterized by distinct morphological features,physiological properties,and specific markers.In contrast to the previous view that glial cells were passive elements in the brain,accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells are active participants in various brain functions and brain disorders.This review summarizes recent progress of glial cell studies from several groups in China,ranging from studie...