珙桐科植物化学成分研究进展(综述)

本文概述从珙桐科植物中得到的数十种化合物的结构和波谱数据及药理活性,这些化合物大多结构新颖、具有较强生理活性,主要为喹啉类生物碱、吲哚类生物碱、鞣花酸类化合物、黄酮类化合物以及其它化合物。     

毛枝南蛇藤根皮中南蛇藤素的分离鉴定及含量测定

从卫矛科南蛇藤属植物毛枝南蛇藤(Celastrus hookeri Prain)根皮中首次分离出一个红色立方体形结晶,经紫外、红外、高分辨质谱和~(13)C核磁共振谱分析,并与有关文献数据对照,确认是南蛇藤素。作者用薄层扫描和高效液相两种方法初步测定了毛枝南蛇藤根皮和根的木栓化表皮的南蛇藤素含量,结果表明南蛇藤素主要集中在根的木栓化表皮,含量在12%以上,而在整个根皮中的含量大约为1%。     

南蛇藤种油中的倍半萜成分

从南蛇藤种油中分离了六个β－二氢沉香呋喃倍半萜,通^1HNMR,^13和单晶X－线射线衍射鉴定,它们的结构是：1α,6β－二乙酰氧基－9β－苯甲酰氧基－β－二氢沉香呋喃（1）,1α,6β－二乙酰氧基－9β－肉桂酰基－β－二氢沉香呋喃（2）,1α－乙酰氧基－6β,9β－二苯甲酰氧基－β－二氢沉香呋喃（3）,1α,2α－二乙酰氧基－9β－肉桂酰氧基－β－二氢沉和时呋喃（4）,1α－羟基－2α－乙酰氧基－9β－肉桂酰氧基－β－二氢沉香呋喃（5）和1α－乙酰氧基－2α羟基－9β－肉桂酰氧基－β－二氢沉香呋喃（6）。化合物2,5和6是首次从南蛇藤中分离得到。     

植物蜕皮激素的研究进展

蜕皮激素最早是从昆虫体内分离得到的,现今已有几十种该物质的类似物从植物中发现。综述了植物蜕皮激素类化合物的结构特点、资源分布、药理活性和应用方面近年来的研究情况。     

卫矛科中的倍半萜成分

卫矛科(Colastraceae)植物在我国分布较广,其中一些种为巾草药所用,很多种民间常作为天然杀虫药。最近,我们从4种卫矛科植物大芽南蛇藤(C. gemmatus Loesen.)、灯油藤(C. paniculatus Willd.)、少果南蛇藤(C. rosthornianus Loesen.)和白杜(E. bungeanus Maxim.)的根皮或其种子中分离得30多个倍半萜化学成分。     

短柄南蛇藤叶普通粉挥发性成分的研究

目的:研究短柄南蛇藤叶普通粉中的挥发性成分.方法:利用有机溶剂-水蒸汽蒸馏提取短柄南蛇藤挥发油,用GC-MS进行测定,结合计算机检索技术对分离化合物进行结构鉴定,应用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对百分含量.结果:分离鉴定出50种化学成分,占挥发油总量的92.24%,其中含量大于2%的分别为油酸31.59%、13-十八碳烯29.74%、棕榈酸4.41%、反-2-己烯醛3.36%、异丁基邻苯二甲酸酯3.26%、香叶基丙酮2.30%.结论:该文首次采用气相色谱-质谱联用法对短柄南蛇藤叶普通粉中的挥发性成分进行研究.     

一株皱叶南蛇藤内生放线菌的分离、鉴定及活性研究

目的:分离具有抗肿瘤作用与抗菌作用的内生放线菌,并对其进行分子鉴定和系统发育分析.方法:从皱叶南蛇藤中分离内生放线菌,通过滤纸片法和SRB法对其进行抗菌活性和抗肿瘤活性筛选,然后利用菌株形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列分析对活性菌株进行鉴定结果:从皱叶南蛇藤中分离到10株内生放线菌,其中内生放线菌LCB369具有较好的抗菌活性和抗肿瘤活性,该菌对5种致病菌和肝癌细胞株HepG2均有抑制作用.经分子分类学分析鉴定,该菌与Streptomyces microflavus 在同一个分支上,同源性为99%.结论:皱叶南蛇藤内生菌LCB369具有明显抗菌和抗肿瘤作用,经鉴定为链霉菌Streptomyces microflavus.     

东北雷公藤三萜成分的研究

从东北雷公藤(Tripterygium regeli)根的乙醇提取物分得10种三萜化合物,经波谱分析和化学转化,鉴定为雷公藤内酯甲(wilforlide A 1)、雷公藤内酯乙(wilfo rlide B 2)、黑蔓内酯(regelide 3)、3β-羟基-11,13(18)-齐墩果二烯(3β-hydroxy-olean-11,13(18)-diene4)、orthosphenic acid(5)、salaspermic acid(6)、3-epikatonic acid(7)、maytenfolic acid(8)、3β-acecyl-oleanolic acid(9)和南蛇藤素(celastrol 10)。化合物3—10首次从该植物分得,3是新化合物.     

台湾扁柏化学成分研究进展

从植物台湾扁柏（Chamaecyparis obtusa var．formosana）中提取分离得到一百多种化合物,这些化合物大多结构新颖、具有较强生理活性,主要有倍半萜类、双萜类、木酚素类、固醇类以及其它化合物。本文综述了从该植物中得到的各类化学成分的结构和^13C NMR谱图数据。     

木槿属植物海滨木槿的研究进展

近几十年来,从木槿属植物中分离得到多种化合物,如木脂素、黄酮、萜类、mansonones类等化合物类型。文章重点介绍了木槿属及该属植物海滨木槿的研究进展,有助于对该属植物海滨木槿的进一步开发与研究。     

Root pressure and specific conductivity in temperate lianas: exotic Celastrus orbiculatus (Celastraceae) vs. native Vitis riparia (Vitaceae)

The exotic temperate liana (woody vine) Celastrus orbiculatus has become a weed in Michigan, occurring in many of the same habitats as the native liana Vitis riparia. However, C. orbiculatus frequently develops into extensive monospecific infestations, while V. riparia does not. Freezing-induced embolism may be responsible for limiting liana distribution. Root pressure has been observed in numerous tropical lianas and temperate species of Vitis and has been implicated as vital to the recovery of xylem function in wide vessels following winter freezes. For both of these co-occurring lianas we investigated root pressure and water conductance as possible explanatory factors for their differential spread. According to our hypothesis, C. orbiculatus should have produced greater or more frequent root pressures than V. riparia. However, the reverse proved true, indicating that root pressure is not a prerequisite for weedy proliferation of C. orbiculatus. Additionally, the seasonal patterns of specific conductivity of stem xylem indicate that each species responds differently to environmental constraints. Vitis riparia establishes conductivity early in the growing season, before the leaves emerge, using root pressure to reverse embolism, but loses conductivity with the first freeze in early autumn. Celastrus orbiculatus is slow to establish conductivity, depending on new wood production, but leafs out sooner than V. riparia and maintains green leaves after the first freeze. Vulnerability curves of xylem to cavitation caused by water stress for the two species indicate that they respond similarly to dehydration. These results indicate that root pressures are not responsible for the invasive success of C. orbiculatus and suggest that other factors must be key to its prolific invasion.     

外源亚精胺和精胺对NaHCO3胁迫下南蛇藤抗氧化系统的影响

研究了叶面喷施亚精胺和精胺对NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明：外源亚精胺和精胺处理使NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片O₂^-·产生速率、H₂O₂、丙二醛(MDA)含量和电解质外渗率显著降低(P<0.05).亚精胺处理明显提高了盐胁迫下超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶的活性,以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、类胡萝卜素(CAR)和脯氨酸(Pro)等抗氧化剂的含量,但对还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量没有作用;精胺处理明显提高NaHCO₃胁迫下POD和APX的活性以及GSH、CAR和Pro的含量,但对SOD和AsA含量影响不显著,甚至引起CAT活性明显降低.亚精胺和精胺处理明显改善了NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤的生长.外源亚精胺和精胺可以改善NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片的膜保护功能,减少叶片中活性氧的积累,从而提高南蛇藤对NaHCO₃胁迫的抗性.     

外源亚精胺和精胺对NaHCO3胁迫下南蛇藤抗氧化系统的影响

研究了叶面喷施亚精胺和精胺对NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明：外源亚精胺和精胺处理使NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片O₂^-·产生速率、H₂O₂、丙二醛(MDA)含量和电解质外渗率显著降低(P<0.05).亚精胺处理明显提高了盐胁迫下超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶的活性,以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、类胡萝卜素(CAR)和脯氨酸(Pro)等抗氧化剂的含量,但对还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量没有作用;精胺处理明显提高NaHCO₃胁迫下POD和APX的活性以及GSH、CAR和Pro的含量,但对SOD和AsA含量影响不显著,甚至引起CAT活性明显降低.亚精胺和精胺处理明显改善了NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤的生长.外源亚精胺和精胺可以改善NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片的膜保护功能,减少叶片中活性氧的积累,从而提高南蛇藤对NaHCO₃胁迫的抗性.     

外源亚精胺和精胺对NaHCO3胁迫下南蛇藤抗氧化系统的影响

研究了叶面喷施亚精胺和精胺对NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明：外源亚精胺和精胺处理使NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片O₂^-·产生速率、H₂O₂、丙二醛(MDA)含量和电解质外渗率显著降低(P<0.05).亚精胺处理明显提高了盐胁迫下超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶的活性,以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、类胡萝卜素(CAR)和脯氨酸(Pro)等抗氧化剂的含量,但对还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量没有作用;精胺处理明显提高NaHCO₃胁迫下POD和APX的活性以及GSH、CAR和Pro的含量,但对SOD和AsA含量影响不显著,甚至引起CAT活性明显降低.亚精胺和精胺处理明显改善了NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤的生长.外源亚精胺和精胺可以改善NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片的膜保护功能,减少叶片中活性氧的积累,从而提高南蛇藤对NaHCO₃胁迫的抗性.     

Differential responses of invasive Celastrus orbiculatus (Celastraceae) and native C. scandens to changes in light quality

When plants are subjected to leaf canopy shade in forest understories or from neighboring plants, they not only experience reduced light quantity, but light quality in lowered red : far red light (R : FR). Growth and other developmental responses of plants in reduced R : FR can vary and are not consistent across species. We compared how an invasive liana, Celastrus orbiculatus, and its closely related native congener, C. scandens, responded to changes in the R : FR under controlled, simulated understory conditions. We measured a suite of morphological and growth attributes under control, neutral shading, and low R : FR light treatments. Celastrus orbiculatus showed an increase in height, aboveground biomass, and total leaf mass in reduced R : FR treatments as compared to the neutral shade, while C. scandens had increased stem diameter, single leaf area, and leaf mass to stem mass ratio. These differences provide a mechanistic understanding of the ability of C. orbiculatus to increase height and actively forage for light resources in forest understories, while C. scandens appears unable to forage for light and instead depends upon a light gap forming. The plastic growth response of C. orbiculatus in shaded conditions points to its success in forested habitats where C. scandens is largely absent.     

Dormancy-breaking and germination requirements for seeds of Symphoricarpos orbiculatus (Caprifoliaceae)

Fruits (drupes) of Symphoricarpos orbiculatus ripen in autumn and are dispersed from autumn to spring. Seeds (true seed plus fibrous endocarp) are dormant at maturity, and they have a small, linear embryo that is underdeveloped. In contrast to previous reports, the endocarp and seed coat of S. orbiculatus are permeable to water; thus, seeds do not have physical dormancy. No fresh seeds germinated during 2 wk of incubation over a 15°/6°-35°/20°C range of thermoperiods in light (14-h photoperiod); gibberellic acid and warm or cold stratification alone did not overcome dormancy. One hundred percent of the seeds incubated in a simulated summer → autumn → winter → spring sequence of temperature regimes germinated, whereas none of those subjected to a winter → spring sequence did so. That is, cold stratification is effective in breaking dormancy only after seeds first are exposed to a period of warm temperatures. Likewise, embryos grew at cold temperatures only after seeds were exposed to warm temperatures. Thus, the seeds of S. orbiculatus have nondeep complex morphophysiological dormancy. As a result of dispersal phenology and dormancy-breaking requirements, in nature most seeds that germinate do so the second spring following maturity; a low to moderate percentage of the seeds may germinate the third spring. Seeds can germinate to high percentages under Quercus leaf litter and while buried in soil; they have little or no potential to form a long-lived soil seed bank.     

Developing dynamic mechanistic species distribution models: predicting bird-mediated spread of invasive plants across northeastern North America

Species distribution models are a fundamental tool in ecology, conservation biology, and biogeography and typically identify potential species distributions using static phenomenological models. We demonstrate the importance of complementing these popular models with spatially explicit, dynamic mechanistic models that link potential and realized distributions. We develop general grid-based, pattern-oriented spread models incorporating three mechanisms--plant population growth, local dispersal, and long-distance dispersal--to predict broadscale spread patterns in heterogeneous landscapes. We use the model to examine the spread of the invasive Celastrus orbiculatus (Oriental bittersweet) by Sturnus vulgaris (European starling) across northeastern North America. We find excellent quantitative agreement with historical spread records over the last century that are critically linked to the geometry of heterogeneous landscapes and each of the explanatory mechanisms considered. Spread of bittersweet before 1960 was primarily driven by high growth rates in developed and agricultural landscapes, while subsequent spread was mediated by expansion into deciduous and coniferous forests. Large, continuous patches of coniferous forests may substantially impede invasion. The success of C. orbiculatus and its potential mutualism with S. vulgaris suggest troubling predictions for the spread of other invasive, fleshy-fruited plant species across northeastern North America.     

极端干旱对贵州省喀斯特地区植物的影响

基于2010年贵州省旱灾中喀斯特地区受损植被的调查资料,分析受损植被的物种组成、植物区系、生活型、叶质及其立地环境条件.结果表明:调查的6个样地中,因旱受损植物达31种,杉木、南蛇藤、密花树、齿叶铁仔、青冈和云南樟的受损数量最多,受损物种以热带中型革质单叶的常绿小乔木为主.受损植物主要分布在坡度较陡的顺倾坡中上部和水平产状碳酸盐岩发育的薄层石灰土上,土厚＜30 cm和石土面小生境植物受损最多,分别占87.4%和40.0%.建议喀斯特地区适当增加温带性质小型叶耐旱落叶乔木及灌木的种植面积,植树造林应选择石沟和土面等土层较厚、立地条件较好的小生境.     

Cytotoxic beta-dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpenoids from the fruits of Celastrus orbiculatus

Assay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of nine beta-dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpenoids from the fruits of Celastrus orbiculatus. All isolated beta-dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpenoids were tested for their cytotoxic activity against human melanoma A375-S2 and human cervical carcinoma Hela cell lines. Among them, compounds 1-5 and 7 showed cytotoxic activity. Compound 3 exhibited promising cytotoxicity against both human melanoma A375-S2 and human cervical carcinoma Hela cell lines. The structure-activity relationship was discussed briefly.     

《本草图经》兴化军防己的本草考证

对《本草图经》中兴化军防己的附图及文字记载进行本草考证,探究其原植物品种。通过古今文献考证和植物学比较研究,从植物形态、药材性状、产地分布及性味功用等方面进行分析,认为《本草图经》中的兴化军防己应为今之防己科植物木防己[Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC.],为防己类中药的古今品种沿革及基原考证提供参考。