利用强启动功能片段提高麦迪霉素4”，-羟基丙酰化酶基因的表达

用PCR技术将本室克隆到的强启动功能片段取代麦迪霉素丙酰化酶基因(mpt)的启动子或与mpt基因自身启动子串连,获得含mpt重组质粒pCHFPE3和pCHFPE2。用含有这两个质粒的Streptomyces lividans TK24对螺旋霉素进行微生物转化,结果表明,与含有原启动子的mpt．S．Lividans TK24(p．WFPE)相比,丙酰螺旋霉素的组分比例分别提高了89．02％和58．53％。含重组质粒pCHFPE2的螺旋霉素产生菌S．Spiramyceticus发酵产物中丙酰螺旋霉素的组分也有较大辐度的提高。说明利用该强启动功能片段可以提高麦迪霉素丙酰化酶基因的表达。     

耐热链霉菌4″-O-异戊酰基转移酶基因在变铅青链霉菌TK24中的表达

拟研究异源调控系统提高耐热链霉菌Streptomyces thermotolerans 4″-O-异戊酰基转移酶基因(ist)表达的可能性。在麦迪霉素产生菌Streptomyces mycarofaciens 1748中曾克隆到BamHⅠ~8.0 kb片段,含此基因片段的变铅青链霉菌TK24 Streptomyces lividans TK24转化子可将螺旋霉素高效转化为丙酰螺旋霉素。序列分析表明此片段除包含麦迪霉素4″-O-丙酰基转移酶基因(mpt)外还存在与其连锁的两个正调控基因orf27和orf28。将这个基因簇中mpt基因的orf替换为ist基因的orf,然后与两个正调控基因或者单独一个orf27连接,将这些构建好的片段分别克隆到中等拷贝数及高拷贝数载体pKC1139和pWHM3上,再转化到S.lividans TK24中。通过测定S.lividans TK24转化子中螺旋霉素生物转化为4″-O-酰化螺旋霉素的产率来评价mpt和ist基因的表达水平。结果表明只有高拷贝载体pWHM3构建的重组质粒S.lividans TK24转化子中才能明显检测到4″-O-异戊酰螺旋霉素的产生。mpt基因的正调节系统可以提高ist基因的表达水平,含两个调节基因的转化子转化效率高于含单一调节基因的转化子。     

麦迪霉素4"-O-丙酰基转移酶(mpt)基因结构的研究

对含有麦迪霉素4"-O-丙酰基转移酶(mpt)基因的BamHI-BamHI 8.0kb的DNA片段进行限制性酶切分析,绘制出了含有21个酶切位点的限制性酶切图谱。以含有碳霉素异戊酰基转移酶基因(CarE)的2.4kb DNA片段为探针,经Southern blot分子杂交,将mpt定位于一个EcoRI-EcoRI-Pstl 3.0kb的DNA片段上,将该片段克隆至大肠杆菌/链霉菌穿梭质粒载体pWHM3上,获得重组质粒pWFPE。含有pWFPE的螺旋霉素产生菌产二素链霉菌(S.ambofaciens)及变铅青链霉菌(J.lividans)TK24均可将内源产生的或外源加入的螺旋霉素酰化为4"-O-丙酰螺旋霉素。对EcoRI-EcoRI-PstI 3.0kbDNA片段上mpt基因进行序列分析,在该片段上有一个开放阅读框架,它以ATG为起始密码子,以TGA为终止密码子,与其序列对应的编码产物含有388个氨基酸。Mpt基因的G+C mol％为68.0,密码子第三位上G+C mol％为91.5。Mpt基因编码的氨基酸序列与CarE基因编码的氨基酸序列的相同性为67.6％,相似性为86.4％。在起始密码子上游6bp处存在…     

利用强启动功能片段提高麦迪霉素4″—羟基丙酰化酶基因的表达

利用ＰＣＲ技术将本室克隆到的强启动功能片段取代麦迪霉素丙酰化酶基因（ｍｐｔ）的启动子或与ｍｐｔ基因自身启动子串连,获得含ｍｐｔ重组质粒ｐＣＨＦＰＥ３和ｐＣＨＦＰＥ２。用含有这两质粒的Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｌｉｖｉｄａｎｓ ＴＫ２４对螺旋霉素进行微生物转化,结果表明,与含有原启动子的ｍｐｔ．Ｓ．ｌｉｖｉｄａｎｓ ＴＫ２４（ｐ．ＷＦＰＥ）相比,丙酰螺旋霉素的组分比例分别提高了８９．０２％和５８．５     

麦迪霉素4〃酰化酶基因的克隆及在螺旋霉产生菌中的表达

从含麦迪霉素生物合成基因⑴的初级克隆pCN6C5中,发现并分离了麦迪霉素4〃酰化酶基因,与质粒载体plJ680相连,获得重组质粒p66B,在螺旋霉素产生菌中得到表达,其主要产物为4〃异戍酰螺旋霉素。以p66B DNA BamHI—BamHI2．3kb插入片段为探针,从麦迪霉素产生菌基因文库中获得了另一阳性克隆pcNlOF5,southern分子杂交确定pcNlOF5BamHI—Bamm 8．Okb为同源片段。以pwHM3及pJJ680为载体,获得重组质粒pwF5及p6F5,分子大小分别为15．2kb及13．3kb。通过DNA转化,并经分子杂交实验证明,获得含重组质粒的螺旋霉素产生菌克隆菌株。其主要产物经分离、纯化后,分析其理化性质和光谱数据,鉴定为丙酰螺旋霉素Ⅲ和Ⅱ。研究还表明,麦迪霉素基因文库中只有pcNl0F5DNA与碳霉素产生菌的4〃异戊酰化酶基因同源,提示pcN6c5克隆携带的麦迪霉素4〃酰化酶基因与pcNlOF5的4〃丙酰化酶基因及碳霉素4〃异戊酰化酶基因有一定的区别。     

丙酰螺旋霉素基因工程菌构建的研究

将含有丙酰化酶基因的pIJM9重组质粒转化至螺旋霉素生产菌株S.spiramyceticus获得的转化子,经菌落康位杂交和Southern分子杂交表明,No．6l转化子含有pIJM9重组质粒,其发酵产物经薄层层析,生物显迹试验证明,含有与丙酰螺旋霉素标准品R,值相类似的组分,高压液相色谱分析也证明其产物中有与丙酰螺旋霉素保留时间基本一致的成份,质谱分析结果表明产物中含有与丙酰螺旋霉素Ⅱ相同的组分,这说明No．61克隆菌株是能够直接产生丙酰螺旋霉素的基因工程菌。     

麦迪霉素3-O-酰基转移酶在螺旋霉素链霉菌F21中的酰化特性

螺旋霉素(SP)与麦迪霉素(MD)均为16元大环内酯类抗生素,并且结构非常相似.螺旋霉素含有3个组分,其结构差异表现在16元内酯环C<,3>上的一个取代基的差异,SPⅠ组分为羟基、SPⅡ组分羟基乙酰化、APⅢ组分羟基丙酰化;麦迪霉素是以麦迪霉素A1为主要组分的多组分抗生素,麦迪霉素16元内酯环C3上连接的均为丙酰化羟基.已知这类抗生素16元内酯环C3羟基酰化是由一种称为3-O-酰基转移酶的蛋白催化完成.本研究将螺旋霉素产生菌-Streptomycesspiramyceticus F21中的螺旋霉素3-O-酰基转移酶基因用Streptomyces mycarofaciens ATCC 21454中的麦迪霉素3-O-酰基转移酶基因原位替换后,发现所产生的螺旋霉素仍然含有3个组分,并且螺旋霉素Ⅲ组分也不是主要组分,说明麦迪霉素3-O-酰基转移酶在螺旋霉素产生菌-S.spiramyceticus F21中不具有16元内酯环C3羟基丙酰化特异性以及酰化高效性,也提示其在麦迪霉素产生菌中的丙酰化特异性和高效性可能与该菌株(种)的特性有关.     

麦迪霉素3-O-酰基转移酶在螺旋霉素链霉菌F21中酰化特性

螺旋霉素(SP)与麦迪霉素(MD)均为16元环大环内酯类抗生素, 并且结构非常相似。螺旋霉素含有3个组分,其结构差异表现在16元内酯环C3上的一个取代基的差异, SP I组分为羟基、SP II组分羟基乙酰化、SP III组分羟基丙酰化; 麦迪霉素是以麦迪霉素A1为主要组分的多组分抗生素, 麦迪霉素16元内酯环C3上连接的均为丙酰化羟基。已知这类抗生素16元内酯环C3羟基酰化是由一种称为3-O-酰基转移酶的蛋白催化完成。本研究将螺旋霉素产生菌—Streptomyces spiramyceticus F21中的螺旋霉素3-O-酰基转移酶基因用Streptomyces mycarofaciens ATCC 21454中的麦迪霉素3-O-酰基转移酶基因原位替换后, 发现所产生的螺旋霉素仍然含有3个组分, 并且螺旋霉素III组分也不是主要组分, 说明麦迪霉素3-O-酰基转移酶在螺旋霉素产生菌—S. spiramyceticus F21中不具有16元内酯环C3羟基丙酰化特异性以及酰化高效性, 也提示其在麦迪霉素产生菌中的丙酰化特异性和高效性可能与该菌株(种)的特性有关。     

生米卡链霉菌变株丙酰化酶基因的克隆和表达

麦迪霉素产生菌生米卡链霉菌(streptomyces mycarofaciens)变株具有丙酰化酶活性,可以将螺旋霉素转化为丙酰螺旋霉素。为了进行丙酰化酶基因克隆,本实验以质粒pIJ702为载体通过鸟枪克隆法将变株DNA片段克隆至变铅青链霉菌TK54(Streptomyces livdansTK54),经薄层层析和高压液相色谱分析结果表明,在转化子中,N0．9菌株可以将螺旋霉素转化为丙酰螺旋霉素,这证明丙酰化酶基因已在变铅青链霉菌TK54中克隆并得到初步表达,№．9重组质粒插入DNA片段为4．16kb,经southern杂交表明确实来源于变株。此外还构建了N0．9重组质粒的限制酶酶切图谱。     

变铅青链霉菌TK24 secE启动子表达特性的研究

通过PCR扩增得到变铅青链霉菌（Streptomyces lividans)TK24 secE基因上游496bp的片段,其序列与S.coelicolor secE启动子序列同源性为99.8%。将该序列克隆到以儿茶酚加氧酶基因（xylE)为报告基因的链霉菌启动子探测质粒pIJ4083上,并转化S.lividans TK24原生质体,获得了重组菌株S.lividans [pIJ4083-secE]。S.lividans[pIJ4083-secE]菌株发酵结果表明,secE启动子为强启动子,活性与vsi基因启动子相当。secE启动子的表达在对数生长期达到高峰,平台期下降;28℃发酵培养时secE启动子活性远高于37℃发酵培养;比较了不同发酵培养基Phage,NB和CM中secE启动子的活性;实验结果还表明培养基中葡萄糖含量对secE启动子的表达有抑制作用。     

Cloning and expression of a lignin peroxidase gene from Streptomyces viridosporus in Streptomyces lividans.

A lignin peroxidase gene was cloned from Streptomyces viridosporus T7A into Streptomyces lividans TK64 in plasmid pIJ702. BglII-digested genomic DNA (4-10 kb) of S. viridosporus was shotgun-cloned into S. lividans after insertion into the melanin (mel+) gene of pIJ702. Transformants expressing pIJ702 with insert DNA were selected based upon the appearance of thiostrepton resistant (tsrr)/mel-colonies on regeneration medium. Lignin peroxidase-expressing clones were isolated from this population by screening of transformants on a tsr-poly B-411 dye agar medium. In the presence of H2O2 excreted by S. lividans, colonies of lignin peroxidase-expressing clones decolorized the dye. Among 1000 transformants screened, 2 dye-decolorizing clones were found. One, pIJ702/TK64.1 (TK64.1), was further characterized. TK64.1 expressed significant extracellular 2,4-dichlorophenol (2.4-DCP) peroxidase activity (= assay for S. viridosporus lignin peroxidase). Under the cultural conditions employed, plasmidless S. lividans TK64 had a low background level of 2.4-DCP oxidizing activity. TK64.1 excreted an extracellular peroxidase not observed in S. lividans TK64, but similar to S. viridosporus lignin peroxidase ALip-P3, as shown by activity stain assays on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. The gene was located on a 4 kb fragment of S. viridosporus genomic DNA. When peroxidase-encoding plasmid, pIJ702.LP, was purified and used to transform three different S. lividans strains (TK64, TK23, TK24), all transformants tested decolorized poly B-411. When grown on lignocellulose in solid state processes, genetically engineered S. lividans TK64.1 degraded the lignocellulose slightly better than did S. lividans TK64. This is the first report of the cloning of a bacterial gene coding for a lignin-degrading enzyme.     

Survival, metabolic activity and conjugative interactions of indigenous and introduced streptomycete strains in soil microcosms

The growth and activity of introduced (S. lividans TK24 pIJ673 and S.lividans TK23) and indigenous (S.griseus CAG17) streptomycete strains in soil was studied, under controlled conditions. The effect of environmental parameters such as temperature, soil water content and nutrient availability on the growth and activity of these strains, was studied using a highly dynamic fed-batch soil microcosm system. Using this new system, repeated cycles of active streptomycete growth were achieved, allowing long-term investigation of metabolic activity, plasmid stability and conjugative plasmid transfer. In long-term experiments, respiration rates and enzyme activity patterns matched the pattern of germination/sporulation cycles of the inoculants. In situ hybridisation, using fluorescently labelled oligonucleotides, also proved the presence of metabolically active streptomycete mycelia in sterile soil. Plasmid stability under varying temperatures and selective pressure was studied using the above system. In both sterile and non sterile amended antibiotic containing soil, no intraspecific transfer of plasmid pIJ673 from S.lividans TK24 to S.griseus CAG17 was detected. The soil microcosm system used, though, permitted detection of intraspecific conjugative transfer of this plasmid from S.lividans TK24 to S.lividans TK23 in soil.     

麦迪霉素产生菌酮基还原酶基因的研究

将麦迪霉素产生菌基因文库中与放线紫红索酮基还原酶基因actⅢ有同源性的4·0kb DNA片段克隆到质粒载体pWHM3中,构成重组质粒pCB4。将质粒pCB4转入酮基还原酶基因缺陷菌株——加利利链霉菌ATCC3167l中,得到转化子。转化子发酵产物经TLC和HPLC分析证明是阿克拉菌酮,与加利利链霉菌原株ATCC31133的产物相同,说明麦迪霉素产生菌酮基还原酶基因互补了加利利链霉菌ATCC31671中缺陷的酮基还原酶基因,使其恢复了产生阿克拉菌酮的能力。4．Okb DNA片段插入方向相反的重组质粒pCBR4在加利利链霉菌ATCC31671中发酵产物经TLC分析证明也是阿克拉菌酮,这说明4．0kbDNA片段中麦迪霉素产生菌酮基还原酶基因具有自身的启动子。对4．0kb DNA片段进行了限制酶酶切分析,建立了其酶切图谱。以actⅢ基因为探针,经分子杂交以及亚克隆和DNA转化实验,将麦迪霉索产生菌酮基还原酶基因定位于BssH Ⅱ—BamH Ⅰ 1．3kb DNA片段上。对1．3kb DNA片段核苷酸序列分析结果表明：此1．3kbDNA片段中含有一个独立的ORF,起始密码ATG,终止密码TAG,含783bp;在起始密码上游有GGAGG5个核苷酸SD序列;此ORF编码260个氨基酸,与actⅢ基因编码的261个氨基酸相似性为77．4%,相同性为66．7％,对麦迪霉素产生苗酮基还原酶基因的可能作用进行了讨论。     

Cloning and expression of a gene from Streptomyces scabies encoding a putative pathogenicity factor.

We cloned a 9.4-kb DNA fragment from Streptomyces scabies ATCC 41973 that allows the nonpathogen Streptomyces lividans 66 TK24 to necrotize and colonize potato tuber slices and produce scab-like symptoms on potato minitubers. Deletion analysis demonstrated that activity was conferred by a 1.6-kb DNA region. Sequence analysis of a 2.4-kb DNA fragment spanning the DNA region necessary for activity revealed three open reading frames (ORFs). The deduced amino acid sequence of ORF1, designated ORFtnp, showed high levels of identity with the first 233 amino acids of the putative transposases of the IS1164 elements from Rhodococcus rhodochrous (71%) and Mycobacterium bovis (68%), members of the Staphylococcus aureus IS256 family of transposases. No significant homologies to ORF2 and ORF3 were found in the nucleic acid and protein databases. ORFtnp is located 5' of ORF3. ORF2 is incomplete and is located 3' of ORF3. Subcloning of the individual ORFs demonstrated that ORF3, designated nec1, is sufficient for necrotizing activity in S. lividans 66 TK24. S. lividans 66 TK24 expressing nec1 does not produce thaxtomin A but produces an unidentified extracellular water-soluble compound that causes necrosis on potato tuber discs. The G+C content of nec1 suggests that it has moved horizontally from another genus. Southern analysis of ORFtnp and nec1 demonstrate that these genes are physically linked in Streptomyces strains, including S. scabies and Streptomyces acidiscabies strains, that are pathogenic on potato and that produce the phytotoxin thaxtomin A. These data suggest that nec1 may have been mobilized into S. scabies through a transposition event mediated by ORFtnp.     

Molecular cloning and high-level expression of a bromoperoxidase gene from Streptomyces aureofaciens Tü24.

A bromoperoxidase gene was cloned from Streptomyces aureofaciens Tü24 into Streptomyces lividans TK64 by using the promoter-probe vector pIJ486. Subcloning of DNA from the original, unstable clone allowed the gene to be localized to a 1.7-kilobase (kb) fragment of DNA. Southern blotting showed that the cloned 1.7-kb insert hybridized to a 4.3-kb fragment in an SstI digest of S. aureofaciens Tü24 total DNA. The 1.7-kb insert was shown to code for a protein with the electrophoretic properties of the subunits of the nonheme bromoperoxidase isolated from S. aureofaciens Tü24. The protein produced by S. lividans TK64 transformed with pHM621, which contained an 8.0-kb insert, was shown to be identical to the S. aureofaciens Tü24 bromoperoxidase in terms of its electrophoretic mobility on denaturing and nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels and its NH2-terminal amino acid sequence. The bromoperoxidase was overproduced (up to 180 times) by S. lividans TK64 containing pHM621. Based on the heat stability of the S. aureofaciens Tü24 bromoperoxidase, a new and simple purification procedure with very high yields was developed.     

硫霉素环化酶基因在变铅青链霉菌TK24中的表达及基因定位

将含有硫霉素环化酶基因的重组质粒p6BCl2转化变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyceslividans)TK24,含有p6BCl2的转化子细胞抽提液分别与琉霉素生物合成阻断变株Y,发酵液以及纯化的Y。中间产物经过体外共培养可产生活性物质．化学分析表明与Y,发酵液混合后产生的是硫霉素,与纯化的Y。中间产物混合产生的是一种不稳定的活性物质。说明硫霉素环化酶基因在S.lividans TK24中得到了表达,其产物以Y。中间产物为底物并弥补了Y,中的缺陷。对p6Bcl2中4．5kb外源片段进行了限制酶酶切分析,建立了酶切图谱．利用含硫霉素环化酶基因的S．Lividans TK24转化子体外转化Y,的应用体系,将硫霉素环化酶基因定位在0．9kb Hinc I—Pst I片段上,并证明了硫霉紊环化酶的活性与IPNS同源片段无关。以上实验为进一步研究琉霉素环化酶基因的结构打下了基础。     

Cloning of metK from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus ATCC31121 and effect of its high expression on antibiotic production

A metK gene encoding S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase was cloned from the non-Streptomyces actinomycetes, Actinoplanes teichomyceticus ATCC31121. In order to evaluate the effect of the metK expression on antibiotic production in actinomycetes, an expression vector harboring the metK gene was constructed and introduced into Streptomyces lividans TK24 and A. teichomyceticus, and the antibiotic production of the exconjugants was assessed. As a result, it was determined that the expression of metK induced 17-fold and 2.2-fold increases in actinorhodin production from S. lividans TK24 and teicoplanin production from A. teichomyceticus, respectively, compared with the control strains.     

麦迪霉素产生菌具有启动功能的DNA片段的克隆和分析

利用启动子探针质粒载体pIJ486从麦迪霉素产生菌总DNA中克隆得到了一段具有启动功能的DNA片段.通过限制性酶酶切分析,测定插入DNA片段大小为2.3kb.又利用载体pIJ486和pIJ487的新霉素抗性结构基因上游有多酶切点方向相反的性质,分析了插入片段在两个不同方向上的启动能力.结果表明,在两个方向上均有启动功能,但强弱相差六倍.其中在XbaI-HindIII方向上具有较强的启动能力,在变铅青链霉菌中新霉素抗性水平可达20mg/ml以上.进一步对插入片段的三个BamHI小片段进行分析的结果表明,较强启动子区域集中在BamHI-BamHI 0.79kb DNA片段上.     

人肿瘤坏死因子β(hTNFβ)在变铅青链霉菌中的表达研究

以变铅青链霉菌为宿主研究了人INFβ(hTNFβ)的异源表达。应用链霉菌S.VENEZUELAC cbs762.70分泌产生的枯草杆菌蛋白酶抑制剂vsi基因的启动子、表达调控序列和分泌信号肽序列,分别对hTNFβ进行了直接分泌表达、分泌融合表达和胞内表达。将hTNFβ的cDNA分别直接融合于vsi信号肽序列下游2个氨基酸处、vsi全长基因之后以及vsi起始密码子ATG的下游,获得的表达盒分别克隆至链霉菌高拷贝质粒pIJ486,转化Streptomyces lividans TK24,获得了重组菌株S.lividans(pIJ486-hTNFβ),s.LIVIDANS(PIJ486-vsi-hTNFβ)和S.lividans(pIVPA-hTNFβ)。分别对不同的重组菌株进行摇瓶培养,对其培养的上清液和细胞裂解液进行SDS—PAGE和Westen杂交,结果表明：hTNFβ在重组菌株中均获得了表达,且直接分泌产物和胞内表达产物均具有生物学活性。hTNFβ直接分泌表达产物的分子量约为16kDa,NB培养基中培养48h时表达水平约为0．7mg／L。胞内表达产物分子量与对照重组hTNFβ一致(18．7kDa),但随培养时间的延长远步降解为16kDa,NB培养基中培养48h时的表达水平(25．1mg／L)远高于其直接分泌表达水平。