DPC4／Smad4基因RNA干扰靶点设计和慢病毒载体制备

目的：DPC4／Smad4基因RNA干扰靶点的设计和RNA干扰靶点慢病毒载体制备。方法：针对DPC4／Smad4基因序列,并利用网站设计程序,依据RNA干扰序列设计的原则,设计多个RNA干扰靶点序列。根据设计经验和设计软件将其进行评估测定,选择最佳动力学参数靶点进入其后续的实验流程;生工生物合成含干扰序列的DNAoligo,具有严格的检测体系（PAGE纯化体系）,其两端含酶切位点粘端,直接连入酶切后的RNA干扰载体上。将连接好的产物转入制备好的细菌感受态细胞,并且对长出的克隆进行酶切鉴定。然后挑选出阳性克隆测序,进行测序比对后,鉴定阳性的克隆即为构建成功的目的基因RNA干扰慢病毒载体。将构建的慢病毒载体以及辅助包装载体质粒共转染到293T细胞。收获含有病毒的细胞培养上清,浓缩后进行滴度测定,并检测其感染性。另外应用荧光实时定量PCR检测在感染的293T细胞中敲减效果。结果：成功构建DPC4／Smad4shRNA的慢病毒载体LVshSmad4,并成功制备DPC4／Smad4shRNA慢病毒,三株病毒感染细胞后均具有有效的敲减效应,其中SHl最为显著。结论：DPC4／Smad4基因RNA干扰靶点的成功设计和RNA干扰靶点慢病毒制备,为以后探讨DPC4／Smad4基因与肿瘤的相关性治疗提供了实验基础。     

AKT2基因短发夹结构RNA慢病毒载体的构建及鉴定

目的：构建丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶2（AKT2）基因RNA干扰（RNAi）慢病毒载体。方法：利用公用网站按照RNAi序列设计原则,设计RNAi靶点序列并合成靶序列的Oligo DNA,退火形成双链DNA,与经MluI和ClaI进行酶切后的PLVTHM载体连接产生shRNA慢病毒载体。应用shRNA慢病毒载体转染293T细胞及U87细胞,测定病毒滴度,流式细胞仪测定U87细胞的转染效率,PCR及Western blot鉴定AKT2基因在U87细胞中的下调作用。结果：成功构建了shRNA-AKT2慢病毒载体,经测序与设计合成的靶向链完全一致。荧光显微镜下观察293T细胞感染效率大于90%,病毒滴度为3.59×107TU/ml;流式细胞仪测定对AKT2细胞的转染效率为86.93%。PCR测定shRNA载体感染U87细胞后AKT2的干扰效率为68%。Western Blot结果显示该慢病毒载体对AKT2的表达有较为显著的敲减作用。结论：成功构建了人胶质瘤细胞株AKT2基因RNAi慢病毒载体,为后续的体内外功能学试验创造了条件。     

AKT2 基因短发夹结构RNA 慢病毒载体的构建及鉴定

目的:构建丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶2(AKT2)基因RNA干扰(RNAi)慢病毒载体。方法:利用公用网站按照RNAi序列设计原则,设计RNAi靶点序列并合成靶序列的Oligo DNA,退火形成双链DNA,与经MluI和ClaI进行酶切后的PLVTHM载体连接产生shRNA慢病毒载体。应用shRNA慢病毒载体转染293T细胞及U87细胞,测定病毒滴度,流式细胞仪测定U87细胞的转染效率,PCR及Western blot鉴定AKT2基因在U87细胞中的下调作用。结果:成功构建了shRNA-AKT2慢病毒载体,经测序与设计合成的靶向链完全一致。荧光显微镜下观察293T细胞感染效率大于90%,病毒滴度为3.59×107TU/ml;流式细胞仪测定对AKT2细胞的转染效率为86.93%。PCR测定shRNA载体感染U87细胞后AKT2的干扰效率为68%。Western Blot结果显示该慢病毒载体对AKT2的表达有较为显著的敲减作用。结论:成功构建了人胶质瘤细胞株AKT2基因RNAi慢病毒载体,为后续的体内外功能学试验创造了条件。     

针对miR-221基因干扰慢病毒载体的构建及其有效靶序列的筛选与检测

目的：构建携带人miR-221基因的miRNA干扰慢病毒载体并寻找其有效靶序列,为胶质瘤的研究提供一种新的方法。方法：合成含干扰序列的双链DNAoligo直接连入酶切后的RNA干扰载体上。将产物转入细菌感受态细胞,对长出的克隆进行PCR鉴定,阳性克隆即为目的基因RNA干扰慢病毒载体质粒。再将目的基因与目的载体分别进行双酶切,纯化酶切产物后进行定向连接,其产物转入细菌感受态细胞,再对PCR鉴定阳性的克隆进行测序和分析比对,比对正确即为融合蛋白过表达质粒载体,然后将两种质粒共转染入293T细胞,用westernbolt法检测其有效敲减靶序列。结果：重组质粒经测序鉴定证明各转录模板完整、正确插入到相应质粒中,共转染后发现编号为PscSI576的靶点干扰效果最好。结论：本实验成功构建了人miR-221基因的RNA干扰慢病毒载体,并找到了有效的干扰靶序列。     

小鼠Smad6基因RNAi慢病毒载体的构建与鉴定

构建小鼠Smad6基因RNA干扰（RNAi）慢病毒载体,有效沉默骨髓树突状细胞（BMDC）的Smad6基因表达,为构建骨髓致耐受DC用于哮喘等自身免疫疾病的研究。设计小鼠Smad6 shRNA序列,合成、退火,得到双链DNA,与经酶切后的Psih1-H1-copGFP shRNA Vector载体连接产生LV-shSmad6慢病毒载体,并测序鉴定。转染293TN细胞,包装产生慢病毒,测定滴度。感染小鼠骨髓树突细胞,检测Smad6基因的表达状况成功构建Smad6 shRNA的慢病毒载体LV-shSmad6。包装慢病毒,并显著抑制Smad6 mRNA水平及蛋白水平的表达。成功构建出小鼠Smad6基因shR-NA慢病毒载体,为后期研究Smad6基因在哮喘发病机制及新治疗方法提供了稳定的转染细胞载体。     

Smad4基因siRNA表达载体的构建与鉴定

目的:以Smad4基因为靶标构建小干扰RNA(siRNA)真核表达载体.方法:根据GenBank公布的人Smad4核酸序列及SiRNA设计原则,用AmbionRNAi在线软件,筛选得到2个19 bp片段为靶序列,合成两端带有Bam H Ⅰ、HindⅢ酶切位点的发夹结构寡核苷酸序列,经过退火,将此序列克隆到真核表达质粒pSilencerTM3.1-H1 neo vector中,构建成重组质粒,酶切及测序验证.脂质体介导转染人原代增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞,经G418筛选细胞克隆,并用RT-PCR检测Smad4基因的表达.结果:成功构建了pSilencerTM3.1.H1 neo-Smad4 shRNA表达载体克隆,插入片段测序结果与合成的siRNA序列一致.RT-PCR结果显示转染shRNA1、shRNA2重组质粒的成纤维细胞内Smad4 mRNA水平均降低,其中以pSilencerTM3.1-H1-Smad4 shRNA1更为明显(P＜0.01).结论:构建P-Smad4 shRNA袁达载体成功,为进一步研究Smad4基因的RNA干扰奠定了基础.     

KLF4siRNA慢病毒载体构建和鉴定

目的:构建上皮锌指蛋白4(Krüppel-like factor 4,KLF4)siRNA慢病毒载体并进行初步鉴定,为研究KLF4在宫颈细胞癌中的分子机制奠定基础。方法:利用公用网站中提供的RNA干扰序列设计原则,设计4个RNA干扰靶点序列,合成含干扰序列的单链DNA oligo,然后退火配对产生双链,再通过其两端所含酶切位点直接连入酶切后的RNAi慢病毒载体上;将连接产物转入制备好的细菌感受态细胞,PCR鉴定阳性重组子后,送测序验证,测序结果经比对确认正确的克隆,制备编码慢病毒颗粒的重组病毒质粒及其两种辅助包装原件载体质粒,共转染293T细胞,收集富含慢病毒颗粒上清液,对其浓缩后得到高滴度的慢病毒浓缩液,在293T细胞中测定并标定病毒滴度。收集上清液感染宫颈癌He La细胞,通过q RT-PCR及Western Blot鉴定KLF4 siRNA慢病毒干扰效果。结果:成功构建KLF4 siRNA慢病毒载体。KLF4 siRNA慢病毒感染He La细胞后,q RT-PCR及Western Blot测定结果显示,KLF4表达明显降低。结论:KLF4 siRNA慢病毒载体构建及包装成功,可有效抑制KLF4表达,为研究KLF4生物学功能奠定基础。     

针对miR-221 基因干扰慢病毒载体的构建及其有效靶序列的 筛选与检测

目的:构建携带人miR-221基因的miRNA干扰慢病毒载体并寻找其有效靶序列,为胶质瘤的研究提供一种新的方法。方法:合成含干扰序列的双链DNAoligo直接连入酶切后的RNA干扰载体上。将产物转入细菌感受态细胞,对长出的克隆进行PCR鉴定,阳性克隆即为目的基因RNA干扰慢病毒载体质粒。再将目的基因与目的载体分别进行双酶切,纯化酶切产物后进行定向连接,其产物转入细菌感受态细胞,再对PCR鉴定阳性的克隆进行测序和分析比对,比对正确即为融合蛋白过表达质粒载体,然后将两种质粒共转染入293T细胞,用westernbolt法检测其有效敲减靶序列。结果:重组质粒经测序鉴定证明各转录模板完整、正确插入到相应质粒中,共转染后发现编号为PscSI576的靶点干扰效果最好。结论:本实验成功构建了人miR-221基因的RNA干扰慢病毒载体,并找到了有效的干扰靶序列。     

HRB2基因对细胞增值影响的研究

目的:研究HRB2基因对细胞增值的影响.方法:设计4对HRB2 RNA寡核苷酸片段,经退火制备的双链DNA oligo,连接经双酶切的线性化PLKO.1-TRC-SP6载体上,转化后经PCR鉴定,阳性克隆测序,质粒抽提,应用Lipofectamine2000将质粒导入293T细胞,包装成慢病毒,再感染靶细胞293T,用嘌呤霉素筛选15天后,收集细胞抽提RNA,实时定量RT-PCR检测HRB2mRNA水平,评价干扰效果.Western免疫印迹进一步确认有效作用靶点.通过划痕愈合实验和绘制生长曲线研究HRB2基因对细胞增值的影响.结果:载体构建成功.包装成慢病毒感染293T细胞系,发现:2号和4号靶点敲减HRB2基因效率达84%和88%.差别有统计学意义.通过western进一步证实了2号和4号是抑制HRB2的有效作用靶点.划痕愈合实验和绘制生长曲线的结果显示2号和4号靶点细胞株细胞生长受到抑制,并且4号较2号稍明显.结论:成功构建并筛选了携带有人HRB2基因的shRNA慢病毒载体及有效靶点,研究发现HRB2基因对细胞增值产生了影响,这为进一步研究HRB2的生物学功能提供了实验平台.     

小鼠XBP1基因RNA干扰慢病毒载体的构建及筛选

目的:构建小鼠XBP1基因RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)慢病毒载体,筛选具有较好干扰效率的小鼠XBP1 siRNA靶序列.方法:针对小鼠XBP1基因特异性序列,设计4个RNAi靶序列及1个阴性对照序列,合成含有正义和反义Oligo DNA的互补DNA序列,退火形成双链DNA,并克隆到经Age Ⅰ和EcoR Ⅰ酶切后的pGCL-GFP载体连接产生短发卡RNA(shRNA)慢病毒载体,PCR筛选阳性克隆,DNA测序鉴定.由病毒包装系统进行包装,经滴度测定后感染NIH3T3细胞,应用Real-time PCR鉴定干扰效率.结果:PCR鉴定与DNA测序证实合成的寡核苷酸链插入正确,293T细胞测定病毒滴度为1×108TU/ml.Real-timePCR证实XBP1-siRNA-3靶点的干扰效率最高,其干扰效率达到95%以上.结论:成功构建并筛选了小鼠XBP1基因RNAi慢病毒载体,为研究XBP1在巨噬细胞免疫功能调控中的作用奠定了基础.     

Anti-tubercular activity of novel 4-anilinoquinolines and 4-anilinoquinazolines

We screened a series of 4-anilinoquinolines and 4-anilinoquinazolines and identified novel inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The focused 4-anilinoquinoline/quinazoline scaffold arrays yielded compounds with high potency and the identification of 6,7-dimethoxy-N-(4-((4-methylbenzyl)oxy)phenyl)quinolin-4-amine (34) with an MIC₉₀ value of 0.63–1.25 µM. We also defined a series of key structural features, including the benzyloxy aniline and the 6,7-dimethoxy quinoline ring, that are important for Mtb inhibition. Importantly the compounds showed very limited toxicity and scope for further improvement by iterative medicinal chemistry.     

Interactions between eIF4AI and its accessory factors eIF4B and eIF4H

Ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNP) remodeling by DEAD-box proteins is required at all stages of cellular RNA metabolism. These proteins are composed of a core helicase domain lacking sequence specificity; flanking protein sequences or accessory proteins target and affect the core's activity. Here we examined the interaction of eukaryotic initiation factor 4AI (eIF4AI), the founding member of the DEAD-box family, with two accessory factors, eIF4B and eIF4H. We find that eIF4AI forms a stable complex with RNA in the presence of AMPPNP and that eIF4B or eIF4H can add to this complex, also dependent on AMPPNP. For both accessory factors, the minimal stable complex with eIF4AI appears to have 1:1 protein stoichiometry. However, because eIF4B and eIF4H share a common binding site on eIF4AI, their interactions are mutually exclusive. The eIF4AI:eIF4B and eIF4AI:eIF4H complexes have the same RNase resistant footprint as does eIF4AI alone (9–10 nucleotides [nt]). In contrast, in a selective RNA binding experiment, eIF4AI in complex with either eIF4B or eIF4H preferentially bound RNAs much longer than those bound by eIF4AI alone (30–33 versus 17 nt, respectively). The differences between the RNase resistant footprints and the preferred RNA binding site sizes are discussed, and a model is proposed in which eIF4B and eIF4H contribute to RNA affinity of the complex through weak interactions not detectable in structural assays. Our findings mirror and expand on recent biochemical and structural data regarding the interaction of eIF4AI's close relative eIF4AIII with its accessory protein MLN51.     

Determination of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine, a metabolite of haloperidol, by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection

An electron-capture gas chromatographic procedure was developed for the analysis of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine (CPHP), a metabolite of haloperidol. The assay involved basic extraction of this metabolite from the biological samples, followed by back-extraction with HCl. After basification of the acid phase, extractive derivatization with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride in toluene was conducted. The pentafluorobenzoyl derivative was quantified on a gas chromatograph equipped with a fused-silica capillary column, an electron-capture detector and a printer-integrator. N-(3-Trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine was carried through the procedure as an internal standard and calibration curves were determined for each assay run. The procedure was demonstrated to be linear and reproducible and was utilized to detect and quantify CPHP in urine, plasma, brain and liver samples from rats treated with haloperidol. The structure of the derivatized metabolite was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.     

以ND4L和ND4基因为标记探讨黑腹果蝇种组的系统发育关系

多年来的形态学、染色体组学以及DNA序列几个方面的研究均没有很好地阐明黑腹果蝇种组内的系统发育关系。本实验测定了33个样品的ND4和31个样品的ND4L基因序列,以D．obscuroides为外群,用最大简约法和Bayesian法分别构建进化树。结果表明两种方法构建的拓扑结构一致,而且大部分支系的支持率较高。整个黑腹果蝇种组分成三大谱系：1）montium种亚组;2）ananssae种亚组;3）Oriental种亚组（melanogaster、ficsphila、eugracilis、elegans、suzukii、takahashii）。montium是最早分化的种亚组。在第三谱系中,melanogaster分化得最早;然后依次是ficsphila,eugracilis,elegans;suzukii与takahashii为姐妹种亚组,最后分化。     

Characterization of a modified nitrogenase Fe protein from Klebsiella pneumoniae in which the 4Fe4S cluster has been replaced by a 4Fe4Se cluster

The Azotobacter vinelandii nifS gene product has been used with selenocysteine to reconstitute Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase Fe protein. Chemical analysis and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy show that the 4Fe4S cluster present in the native protein is replaced by a 4Fe4Se cluster. As well, EXAFS spectroscopy shows that the bond lengths to the cysteine thiolate ligands shrink by 0.05 Å (from 2.28 to 2.23 Å) upon reduction, whereas the Fe–Fe distance is essentially unchanged. Thus, the core of the 4Fe4Se cluster remains essentially static on reduction, whilst the external cysteine thiolate ligands are pulled in towards the cluster. Compared with native (S)–Fe protein, the (Se)–Fe protein has a 20-fold increased rate of MgATP-induced Fe chelation, a sixfold decreased specific activity for acetylene reduction, a fivefold decreased rate of MgATP-dependent electron transfer from (Se)–Fe protein to MoFe protein, and a fourfold increase in the ATP to 2e ^? ratio. The high ATP to 2e ^? ratio and decreased specific activity are consistent with a lower rate of dissociation of oxidized (Se)–Fe protein from reduced MoFe protein. Thus, the relatively small adjustments in the Fe protein structure necessary to accommodate the 4Fe4Se cluster are transmitted both to adjacent residues that dock at the surface of the MoFe protein and to the ATP hydrolysis sites located approximately 19 Å away.     

Discovery of triazines as selective PDE4B versus PDE4D inhibitors

In this study we report a series of triazine derivatives that are potent inhibitors of PDE4B. We also provide a series of structure activity relationships that demonstrate the triazine core can be used to generate subtype selective inhibitors of PDE4B versus PDE4D. A high resolution co-crystal structure shows that the inhibitors interact with a C-terminal regulatory helix (CR3) locking the enzyme in an inactive ‘closed’ conformation. The results show that the compounds interact with both catalytic domain and CR3 residues. This provides the first structure-based approach to engineer PDE4B-selective inhibitors.