播种期对蚕豆生長发育的观察

一、前言蚕豆(Vicia faba L.),为豆类作物中重要的一种,汉代张骞出使西域时传入我国,现我国南北各地,均大量栽培,特别是川、黔、湘、浙、闽等省。在世界上,现今欧洲各国,尤其是意、荷、德、英盛行栽培。亚洲的中国、印度、日本、朝鲜等国,栽培分布也极广。但是,它的栽培历史虽然悠久,种植面积虽然广泛,而关于它     

猕猴桃的引种驯化和选育种

新西兰是培育猕猴桃唯一成功的国家。本世纪初,猕猴桃还仅仅是中国的一种野生植物,而今天,它已成为新西兰最重要的园艺作物之一。猕猴桃业的成就激发了新西兰对各种园艺作物的高度重视。同时也促进了世界上许多地区的猕猴桃栽培。在国外,猕猴桃已被认为是21世纪的水果。显然,作为一种栽培的作物,它的发展还仅仅是开始。     

小麦的分类、起源与进化

小麦是世界历史上最古老的作物之一,约在一万年以前,在西南亚,人类首先成功地将小麦进行栽培生产粮食,因此小麦栽培历史和人类开化有着密切的相互关系。在现代世界农业中,小麦也是最重要的作物之一。它分布面积很广,从北纬67°的挪威、芬兰和苏联到南纬45°的阿根庭都有栽培。世界生产小麦的地区有苏联南部、美国中部平原和加拿大相邻地区、地中海地区、中国、印度、阿根廷北部和澳大利亚的西南部。这类作物在比较宽的环境 范围内都能获得高产。据统计,全世界有1/3的人口以小麦为主要粮食.消费的小麦食物卡值占全世界的20%以上。     

小麦的分类、起源与进化

小麦是世界历史上最古老的作物之一,约在一万年以前,在西南亚,人类首先成功地将小麦进行栽培生产粮食,因此小麦栽培历史和人类开化有着密切的相互关系。在现代世界农业中,小麦也是最重要的作物之一。它分布面积很广,从北纬67°的挪威、芬兰和苏联到南纬45°的阿根庭都有栽培。世界生产小麦的地区有苏联南部、美国中部平     

染色体倍数与杂种优势之关系初探

杂种优势是植物界的一个普遍现象,也是提高栽培作物产量的一个十分重要的途径.目前,除少数栽培作物外,大部分作物都已成功地利用了杂种优势.     

"九五"期间我国作物种质资源研究取得重大进展

“九五”期间,国家将“主要农作物种质资源评价与利用研究”列入国家重点科技攻关计划,取得了重大进展。通过该计划的完成,进一步丰富了中国作物种质资源多样性,使中国拥有作物种质资源达37万份。跃居世界第二;通过鉴定评价,筛选出的241份优异种质已在当前的作物育种和生产上发挥重要作用,并获得“九五”国家科技攻关重大成果;通过考察,抢救了三峡、赣南、粤北等山区一批珍、稀、优种质和近缘野生植物;五大作物种质资源指纹图谱绘制,重要性状基因的标记,以及库存种质保存理论和方法研究取得重要进展。提出了中国栽培稻和小麦核心种质建立的原则和方法。作物种质特性分布信息系统的建立和种质特性分布图的绘制,为种质特性的形成和分布规律研究提供了重要依据。     

我国食药用真菌产业发展前瞻

<正>1食用菌的归属问题什么是微生物?微生物和菌物的关系。食用菌早期放在微生物范畴,由于食用菌是担子菌中肉眼可见、手可摘的大型菌,包括虫生菌、木腐菌、草腐菌、菌根菌等。世界上最大的生物是菌物,如密环菌等一些较大的真菌,占地890公顷,重量10 t。据报道中国已知的菌物不足世界已知菌物的百分之一,所以中国菌物资源调查与开发面临艰巨的任务。什么是菌类作物?菌类作物等同于果树作物、蔬菜作物等作为一个独立的作物而存在。菌类作物是指野生可驯化栽培的蘑菇。中国已知有967种,占世界50%,其中药用菌540种,占世界70%。市场上可见的菌类作物种类约240种,其中可栽培菌类作物有60种左右,包括香菇、平菇、黑木耳、滑子菇、     

“九五”期间我国作物种质资源研究取得重大进展

“九五”期间,国家将“主要农作物种质资源评价与利用研究”列入国家重点科技攻关计划,取得了重大进展。通过该计划的完成,进一步丰富了中国作物种质资源多样性,使中国拥有作物种质资源达37万份。跃居世界第二;通过鉴定评价,筛选出的241份优异种质已在当前的作物育种和生产上发挥重要作用,并获得“九五”国家科技攻关重大成果;通过考察,抢救了三峡、赣南、粤北等山区一批珍、稀、优种质和近缘野生植物;五大作物种质资源指纹图谱绘制,重要性状基因的标记,以及库存种质保存理论和方法研究取得重要进展。提出了中国栽培稻和小麦核心种质建立的原则和方法。作物种质特性分布信息系统的建立和种质特性分布图的绘制,为种质特性的形成和分布规律研究提供了重要依据。     

广东省雷北农作区鼠类的分布

广东省雷州半岛北部栽培作物地区(包括遂溪县、湛江市郊及海康县的北部、廉江县的东南部等广大地区),土地平坦,起伏轻微,是粤西地区经济作物主要产区之一;盛产甘蔗、花生、蕃薯、芝麻及豆类,接近河沟两岸还种植水稻、席草。这些地区的农作物常受鼠害。为了查明这些地区农业害鼠情况,笔者于1964年6月至1965年7月间,选择有代表性地区,进行了重点调查。现将调查资料整理出来,希望对当地农田鼠害防除,提供一些资料。     

四棱豆的试种、利用和固氮研究

四棱豆(Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)又名翼豆,属豆科蝶形花亚科,是多年生草质缠绕植物,原产亚洲热带地区。据报道,其叶、根、花、荚果和种子均可食用,且富含蛋白质和维生素,在发展中国家,曾被称为“高蛋白作物”。目前世界上已有几十个国家种植,但是对四棱豆的研究,仅是近十多年来才引起国际上的广泛重视。我国引种四棱豆的历史虽有几十年,但至今仍未进行生产性栽培,为了推广利用这一具有较大经济价值的豆类作物,     

蚕豆种子贮藏蛋白质组分的比较研究

以10份蚕豆品种为材料,利用SDS-PAGE方法,对其种子贮藏蛋白亚基组成进行了分析,结果表明:不同品种间的种子贮藏蛋白具有一定的差异,表现出一定的多态性;共分离出23条迁移率不同的亚基条带,13条具有多态性;利用贮藏蛋白亚基条带的信息,分析了品种间的蛋白相似度,相似度指数0.619～0.947,平均0.744;并通过聚类分析,在遗传相似系数0.8260水平上,将供试材料分为了3类,其中第2类具有较丰富的多样性,多样性指数达3.9296;共筛选出7对亲缘关系较远的杂交组合,可为蚕豆品种选育提供一定的科学依据。     

In vitro and in silico analyses of Vicia faba L. on Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma

The agonists of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) from natural victual products were used as antidiabetic agents. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a consequential legume that was known to possess potential antidiabetic activity, whose mechanism of action was unknown. The current study was focused to ascertain gene expression of the nuclear receptor PPARγ by Faba bean pod extract in rat cell lines (RINm5F).The real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that Faba bean pod extract in concentrations of 160 µg/mL have shown 4.97‐fold stimulation compared with control. The cells treated with 320 µg/mL has shown 5.89‐fold upregulation, respectively. Furthermore, in silico docking analysis was carried out against PPARγ, using the bioactive compounds identified from Faba bean pod extracts, which were known reported compounds from the literature. The results suggest that gene expression of PPARγ was inhibited by the constituents in Faba bean. In silico analysis prognosticates, butein has a high binding energy (?8.6 kcal/mol) with an atomic contact energy of ?214.10, followed by Apigenin and Quercetin against PPARγ. Similarly, the percentage of interaction was high for butein, followed by Apigenin and Quercetin than other compounds comparatively. Hence, the results conclude inhibition of PPARγ by the bioactive compounds from Faba bean, which may provide insights into developing future therapeutic molecules for diabetes mellitus.     

Rhizobium sophorae is the dominant rhizobial symbiont of Vicia faba L. In North China

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a major introduced grain-legume crop cultivated in China. In this study, rhizobia that nodulated faba bean grown in soils from three sites in North China (Hebei Province) were isolated and characterized. Firstly, isolates were categorized into genotypes by ribosomal IGS PCR-RFLP analysis, then representatives of the different IGS genotypes were further identified by phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA, housekeeping (atpD, recA) and nodulation (nodC) gene sequences. Rhizobial distribution based on the IGS genotype was related to the different soil physicochemical features by redundancy analysis. IGS typing and phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA and concatenated housekeeping gene sequences affiliated the 103 rhizobial strains isolated into four Rhizobium species/genospecies. A total of 69 strains of 3 IGS types were assigned to R. sophorae, 20 isolates of 5 IGS types to R. changzhiense and 9 isolates of 3 IGS types to R. indicum. The representative strain of the five remaining isolates (1 IGS type) was clearly separated from all Rhizobium type strains and was most closely related to defined genospecies according to the recently described R. leguminosarum species complex. Rhizobium sophorae strains (67% of total isolates) were common in all sites and shared an identical nodC sequence typical of faba bean symbionts belonging to symbiovar viciae. In this first study of rhizobia nodulating faba bean in Hebei Province, China, R. sophorae was found to be the dominant symbiont in contrast to other countries.     

小豆种质资源研究与利用概述

小豆（Vigna angularis Ohwi & Ohashi）属于医食两用作物,既是我国传统出口商品,也是农业种植结构调整的重要作物。然而与大宗作物相比,小豆现代分子遗传学、基因组学等研究落后,种质资源利用效率较低,品种改良仍局限于系统选育、杂交选育等常规手段,育种效率低。笔者从事小豆种质资源保存评价、新基因发掘及创新利用等研究多年,现从国内外小豆种质资源的收集与利用、品种选育概况及经典遗传学、现代分子遗传学等各方面研究进行回顾和概述,并对我国小豆产业进行了展望和讨论,以供国内小豆科研工作者参考,并期望对提高我国小豆遗传研究水平有所裨益。     

The Infection Court of Faba Bean Seedlings for Oospores of Peronospora viciae f.sp. fabae in Soil

The infection court of Faba bean seedlings for oospores of Peronospora viciae f.sp. fabae in soil was determined. Soil naturally infested with oospores was placed as 3-cm thick layers at four different depths relative to Faba bean seeds. Seedlings with downy mildew were obtained only from seeds sown in the middle of a 3-cm layer of oosporeinfested soil. No infection was obtained from oosporeinfested soil placed more than 1.5 cm above or below seeds. Histological observations showed that the hypocotyl and first part of the main root were the most probable sites of infection.     

普通菜豆种质资源遗传多样性研究进展

普通菜豆于15世纪从美洲直接引入中国,作为重要的食用豆类作物之一,在我国的许多地区广泛种植。本文对普通菜豆的起源、驯化、传播以及遗传多样性研究等方面的进展进行综述,并根据普通菜豆育种和生产中存在的问题及今后的研究方向提出一些建议,旨在为普通菜豆的种质收集保存以及合理利用提供参考。     

The effect of cover plants management on soil invertebrate fauna in vineyard in Northern Italy

Cover crops are largely used in vineyard management to improve ecological services such as pest and weed control, soil protection from erosion and soil water balance. Few data are available about the effects of cover crops on soil fauna and, in particular, on important generalist predators such as Carabidae and Araneae. We compare the effects of five different cover crops treatments: Sweet Alyssum, Phacelia, Buckwheat, Faba bean and a mixture of Vetch and Oat. A three years experimental trial was developed in Northern Italy. Soil fauna was investigated using pitfall traps. Cover crops seriously affected soil fauna of most taxa. Higher abundance of predators, in particular Carabidae and Staphylinidae, was present in treatments with legumes (Faba bean and Vetch and Oat) while soil Araneae seemed not to be affected. No vineyard pests seemed to be positively affected by cover crops. We confirm the importance of cover crops in increasing soil predator abundance and consequently improving pest control.     

Bioavailability of Trace Elements in Beans and Zinc-Biofortified Wheat in Pigs

The objectives of this experiment were to study bioavailability of trace elements in beans and wheat containing different levels of zinc and to study how the water solubility of trace elements was related to the bioavailability in pigs. Three wheat and two bean types were used: wheat of Danish origin as a control (CtrlW), two Turkish wheat types low (LZnW) and high (HZnW) in zinc, a common bean (Com), and a faba bean (Faba). Two diets were composed by combining 81?% CtrlW and 19?% Com or Faba beans. Solubility was measured as the trace element concentration in the supernatant of feedstuffs, and diets incubated in distilled water at pH?4 and 38°C for 3?h. The bioavailability of zinc and copper of the three wheat types and the two bean-containing diets were evaluated in the pigs by collection of urine and feces for 7?days. The solubility of zinc was 34?C63?%, copper 18?C42?%, and iron 3?C11?%. The zinc apparent digestibility in pigs was similar in the three wheat groups (11?C14?%), but was significantly higher in the CtrlW+Faba group (23?%) and negative in the CtrlW+Com group (?30?%). The apparent digestibility of copper was higher in the HZnW (27?%) and CtrlW+Faba (33?%) groups than in the CtrlW (17?%) and LZnW (18?%) groups. The apparent copper digestibility of the CtrlW+Com diet was negative (?7?%). The solubility and digestibility results did not reflect the concentration in feedstuffs. The in vitro results of water solubility showed no relationship to the results of trace mineral bioavailability in pigs.     

Root distribution and interactions between intercropped species

Even though ecologists and agronomists have considered the spatial root distribution of plants to be important for interspecific interactions in natural and agricultural ecosystems, few experimental studies have quantified patterns of root distribution dynamics and their impacts on interspecific interactions. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship between root distribution and interspecific interactions between intercropped plants. Roots were sampled twice by auger and twice by the monolith method in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.)/maize intercropping and in sole wheat, maize, and faba bean up to 100 cm depth in the soil profile. The results showed that the roots of intercropped wheat spread under maize plants, and had much greater root length density (RLD) at all soil depths than sole wheat. The roots of maize intercropped with wheat were limited laterally, but had a greater RLD than sole-cropped maize. The RLD of maize intercropped with faba bean at different soil depths was influenced by intercropping to a smaller extent compared to maize intercropped with wheat. Faba bean had a relatively shallow root distribution, and the roots of intercropped maize spread underneath them. The results support the hypotheses that the overyielding of species showing benefit in the asymmetric interspecific facilitation results from greater lateral deployment of roots and increased RLD, and that compatibility of the spatial root distribution of intercropped species contributes to symmetric interspecific facilitation in the faba bean/maize intercropping. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Development of genomic simple sequence repeat markers in faba bean by next-generation sequencing

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important food legume crop with a huge genome. Development of genetic markers for faba bean is important to study diversity and for molecular breeding. In this study, we used Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology for the development of genomic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 14,027,500 sequence reads were obtained comprising 4,208 Mb. From these reads, 56,063 contigs were assembled (16,367 Mb) and 2138 SSRs were identified. Mono and dinucleotides were the most abundant, accounting for 57.5 % and 20.9 % of all SSR repeats, respectively. A total of 430 primer pairs were designed from contigs larger than 350 nucleotides and 50 primers pairs were tested for validation of SSR locus amplification. Nearly all (96 %) of the markers were found to produce clear amplicons and to be reproducible. Thirty-nine SSR markers were then applied to 46 faba bean accessions from worldwide origins, resulting in 161 alleles with 87.5 % polymorphism, and an average of 4.1 alleles per marker. Gene diversity (GD) of the markers ranged from 0 to 0.48 with an average of 0.27. Testing of the markers showed that they were useful in determining genetic relationships and population structure in faba bean accessions.