三种花生幼胚蛋白质提取方法比较研究

植物组织(或细胞)的蛋白质提取效率与效果直接影响蛋白质双向凝胶电泳等实验的结果。为探索建立适用于花生幼胚蛋白质(双向凝胶电泳用)提取的最佳条件,尝试了磷酸缓冲液直接提取法、改良的荔枝胚胎蛋白提取法和Trizol(附加)提取法等3种提取方法,根据蛋白提取得率、试剂成本、双向电泳图谱的质量(蛋白质斑点的丰度、分布特点)进行初步评价。结果表明,磷酸缓冲液直接提取法简单但总体效果较差,改良的荔枝胚胎蛋白提取法综合评价最好,与双向凝胶电泳条件更兼容。     

Protoplast Formation and Regeneration in Lactic Streptococci

We cloned the promoter of the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene from Arachis hypogaea L. β-Glucuronidase (GUS) histochemical staining and GUS activity assay indicated that the activity of the promoter was exhibited predominantly in the leaves and enhanced by water and NaCl stresses, and by application of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) in transgenic Arabidopsis. Moreover, two novel ABRE-like (abscisic acid response element) elements were identified in the promoter region.     

花生分子标记的研究进展

国内外对花生的研究特别是在分子水平上的研究相对水稻、油菜等农作物比较薄弱。近些年,分子标记技术迅速发展,在花生上也得到广泛的应用。本文从花生属起源、种质资源的遗传多样性、抗性基因的标记和指纹图谱等方面,综述了国内外花生分子标记的研究进展。     

花生苗期耐盐性评价及耐盐指标筛选

评价鉴选耐盐品种对于盐碱地花生生产具有重要意义。采用盆栽试验,设置不同盐胁迫浓度,对200个花生品种(系)萌发至幼苗期通过出苗速度、植株形态和生物量等指标进行耐盐性系统评价。结果表明,随盐胁迫浓度的增加,出苗时间延长,植株形态建成抑制加重,物质积累减少。鉴选花生品种耐盐性强弱的适宜盐胁迫浓度为0.30%—0.45%,超过此浓度不能出苗。地上部形态和生物量可作为耐盐评价的首选指标,主根长和出苗速度可作为辅助指标用以判断花生品种的综合耐盐能力。200个品种(系)在不同盐胁迫浓度下均可分成高度耐盐型、耐盐型、盐敏感型和高度盐敏感型4组。耐盐品种数量随盐胁迫强度加大而下降,盐敏感品种数量则上升。0.15%浓度下200个品种全部出苗,4个类型品种数分别占供试材料的29.0%、39.0%、27.5%和4.5%;0.30%浓度下185个品种出苗,4个类型品种数分别占供试材料的5.5%、34.5%、23.5%和29.0%;0.45%浓度下107个品种出苗,4个类型品种数分别占供试材料的5.5%、5.5%、20.0%和22.5%。14个品种在各盐浓度胁迫下均表现耐性,10个品种在各盐浓度胁迫下均表现敏感,为花生耐盐机理研究及生产应用提供了不同类型材料。     

Effect of nontoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus on aflatoxin contamination of wounded peanut seeds inoculated with agricultural soil containing natural fungal populations

Peanuts and other seed and grain crops are commonly contaminated with carcinogenic aflatoxins, secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts in the field can be reduced by 77–98% with biological control through the application of nontoxigenic strains of these species, which competitively exclude native aflatoxin-producing strains from developing peanuts. In this study, viable peanut seeds were artificially wounded and inoculated with field soil containing natural fungal populations that were supplemented with conidia of nontoxigenic A. flavus NRRL 21882 (niaD nitrate-nonutilizing mutant) and A. parasiticus NRRL 21369 (conidial color mutant). Increasing soil densities of applied nontoxigenic strains generally resulted in an increase in the incidence of seed colonization by applied nontoxigenic strains, a decrease in seed colonization by native A. flavus and A. parasiticus, and a decrease in aflatoxin concentration in seeds. Reduction of aflatoxins in peanut seeds depended on both the density and the aflatoxin-producing potential of native populations and on the fungal strain used for biological control. Wild-type strain A. flavus NRRL 21882 and its niaD mutant were equally effective in reducing aflatoxins in peanuts, indicating that nitrate-nonutilizing mutants, which are easily monitored in the field, can be used for evaluating the efficacy of biocontrol strains.     

Identification of Transposable Element Markers for a Rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) Resistance Gene in Cultivated Peanut

Peanut rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) affects pod yield and quality up to an extent of 10–50%. Efforts have been made on transferring the rust resistance gene to cultivated peanut species through interspecific hybridization. But, in most of the cases, it failed due to linkage drag of undesirable plant and pod features. Identification of tightly linked molecular markers will help to identify the desirable recombinants more efficiently. A recombinant inbred line population comprising 164 lines was developed from a cross between a rust‐resistant parent VG 9514 and a rust susceptible parent TAG 24. Using a modified bulk segregant analysis, 243 transposable element (TE) primer pairs were screened for putative linkage with rust resistance. Of the 243, 40 TE primer pairs were found polymorphic between parents and two transposable element markers, and TE 360 and TE 498 were found associated with rust resistance gene. Based on genetic mapping, TE 360 was found linked to the rust resistance gene at 4.5 cM distance. Identification of such markers could be applied for marker‐assisted selection of rust resistance plants in peanut.     

不同生育期花生叶片蛋白质含量及氮代谢相关酶活性分析

以5个珍珠豆型花生(Arachis hypogaea Linn.)品种(系)‘汕E’(‘Shan E’)、‘汕G’(‘Shan G’)、‘TH’、‘TJ’和‘泉花7号’(‘Quanhua No.7’)为研究对象,分析了花针期、结荚期和饱果期花生叶片中可溶性蛋白质含量及硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性的变化趋势,并比较了5个品种(系)荚果和秆产量的差异。结果表明:在3个生育期内,5个花生品种(系)叶片可溶性蛋白质含量和GDH活性的变化趋势基本一致,而NR和GS活性的变化趋势则有差异。其中,可溶性蛋白质含量均呈"低—高—低"的变化趋势,在结荚期最高;GDH活性均逐渐升高,至饱果期达最高;‘泉花7号’叶片NR活性呈"高—低—高"的变化趋势,而其他4个品种(系)叶片NR活性均逐渐降低;‘汕E’、‘TJ’和‘泉花7号’叶片GS活性呈逐渐降低趋势,而‘汕G’和‘TH’叶片GS活性呈"低—高—低"的变化趋势。总体上看,5个品种(系)中,‘汕G’和‘泉花7号’叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量及NR和GDH活性、‘汕E’叶片的NR和GS活性以及‘TH’叶片的GDH活性均较高。5个品种(系)的2个产量指标(单株荚果鲜质量和单株秆鲜质量)均有明显差异,总体上看,‘汕G’、‘泉花7号’和‘TH’的2个产量指标均较高,而‘汕E’和‘TJ’的2个产量指标均较低。综合分析结果显示:‘汕G’和‘泉花7号’叶片可溶性蛋白质含量及NR和GDH活性均相对较高,其荚果和秆产量也均较高,表明花生荚果和秆产量与不同生育期叶片氮代谢水平有一定关系。     

花生成熟花粉的超微结构

花生（Arachis hypogaea L．）成熟花粉为二细胞型,具3个萌发沟,少数有4个。外壁呈蜂窝状。花粉壁由覆盖层、基粒棒、外壁内层及内壁构成。线粒体嵴密集、相互平行,脂体被粗面内质网包围。粗面内质网与外核膜相连,亦与线粒体相连。高尔基体甚少。营养核无核仁及染色质,与生殖细胞相连形成雄性生殖单位（male germ unit）。生殖细胞锤形、有壁,见一末端延伸成长尾状（长8μm）。细胞质含核糖体、线粒体、微管,未见体。在有些生殖细胞核内观察到具双层膜、少量嵴及深色内含物的球形结构,其米来源及本质尚不知,有待进一步研究确定。     

Thansgenic peanut plants obtained by particle bombardment via somatic embryogenesis regeneration system

INTRODUCTIONArachiS hypogaea L., Peanut or groundnut, isan importal commercial crop worldwide. It provides an excellellt source of protein and other nutrients. Its production and quality can be severelyimpacted under stressful growing conditions such ascdriate factors, pests and diseajses. Genetic engineering provides a prospective way to reduce certainproblems by transferring individual genes for pestresistance or other traits into elite germplasm of acultiVated species. Thansgenic pea…     

渗透胁迫对花生幼叶细胞性氧伤害的定量分析

在渗透胁迫条件下不同花生（Arachis hypogaea Linn．）品种的水势、质膜相对透性（RPMP）、超氧离子、丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性两两之间都呈显著相关。而花生各品种的过氧化氢酶活性、过氧化物酶活性、谷胱甘肽含量和抗坏血酸含量与水势、RPMP、超氧离子、MDA含量和SOD活性等指标之间相关程度波动较大。水势对RPMP、MDA含量、超氧离子和SOD活性的弹性系数处于负效应阶段。SOD活性对RPMP、MDA含量和超氧离了的弹性系数的效应处于递减阶段。超氧离了对RPMP和MDA含量的生系数的效应处于递减阶段。各指标的弹性系数和相应的边际量因花生品种的抗旱能力不同而异。