The Accumulation of Risk and Essential Elements in Edible Mushrooms Chlorophyllum rhacodes,Suillus grevillei,Imleria badia,and Xerocomellus chrysenteron Growing in the Czech Republic

Risk and essential elements were determined in fruiting bodies of wild growing edible mushrooms Chlorophyllum rhacodes, Suillus grevillei, Imleria badia, and Xerocomellus chrysenteron collected in an unpolluted site in South Bohemia, the Czech Republic. The elements were also determined in underlying soils and the bioconcentration factors were calculated. The analyses revealed that C. rhacodes accumulated Ag, Cu, Rb, Se, Zn, As, Cd, and Tl. On the other hand, S. grevillei accumulated Cd, Rb, Ag, Se, and Cs. I. badia and X. chrysenteron strongly accumulated Rb, Cs, and Ag; these species showed the ability to accumulate Cu and Zn as well. Contents of detrimental Cr^VI were in all cases below the quantification limit (0.003 mg kg^?1 dry matter). Studied mushroom species (mainly C. rhacodes) accumulated some toxic elements. However, no considerable effect on human health is expected since they are usually consumed as a delicacy and do not represent a major component of diet.     

Tolerance of Ornamental Succulent Plant Crown of Thorns (Euphorbia milli) to Chromium and its Remediation

The potential of an ornamental shrub Crown of thorns (Euphorbia milli) was evaluated for remediation of soil contaminated with Cr. The plant is one of the rare succulent ornamental shrubs with a slow to moderate growth rate and is capable of blooming almost year-round. The plant could tolerate well up to 75 mg of applied Cr and beyond that there was mortality of plants. Though the plant could not be classified as a hyperaccumulator, the plant was still very efficient in translocating Cr from roots to shoots as evident from the data on uptake and translocation efficiency values. The translocation efficiency of over 80% in our study demonstrates that a large proportion of Cr has been translocated to the harvestable biomass of the plant and therefore, this plant could be effectively recommended for the remediation of soils contaminated with low to medium level of contamination i.e., up to 50 mg/kg soil.     

南极生物粪对汞的生物放大作用

首次报道了南极地区金图企鹅、阿德利企鹅、黑背鸥和巨海燕 4种海鸟 ,以及象海豹、威德尔海豹、毛皮海狮等 3种海豹新鲜粪便中的全 Hg含量 ,并对比了该区风化土壤的 Hg含量 ,其中 Hg含量水平依次为 :土壤背景值 <黑背鸥粪 <金图企鹅粪 <阿德利企鹅粪 <威德尔海豹粪 <象海豹粪 <巨海燕粪 <毛皮海狮粪 ,可见 ,相对于背景土壤生物粪明显富集 Hg元素。此外 ,结合上述粪便样品的 δ15 N测定结果 ,讨论了南极生物粪对 Hg的生物放大作用。研究表明 ,随着 δ15 N升高 ,即生物营养级的升高 ,其粪便的全 Hg含量有逐步增高的趋势 ,这证实了生物粪和生物肌体一样存在对 Hg的生物放大作用。文中还对南极阿德雷岛一个经过企鹅粪污染的 Y2湖泥芯剖面上 15个样品的 2 6种元素进行了聚类分析 ,结果表明 ,沉积物中的汞和企鹅粪的标型元素具有同源性 ,即沉积物中的汞主要是由企鹅粪带入的 ,由于生物粪对汞的生物富集作用 ,生物粪的混入会造成湖泊沉积物中汞含量的增高     

环境雌激素生态影响的研究进展

环境雌激素(ｅｃｏｅｓｔｒｏｇｅｎ) ,是指能够扰乱动物内分泌活动 ,生理活性与雌激素较为相似的动物体外化学物质 ,包括人工合成化合物以及植物天然雌激素 ,由于目前所发现的干扰动物及人体内分泌系统的有机化合物绝大多数都具有激素特征 ,因此通常又将环境激素称做“干扰内分泌化合物”(ｅｎｄｏｃｒｉｎｅｄｉｓｒｕｐｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉ ｃａｌｓ或ｅｎｄｏｃｒｉｎｅｄｉｓｒｕｐｔｅｒｓ)。环境激素问题只是在最近几年才引起世界关注 ,但由于环境激素污染范围广、影响大 ,对人类生存的威胁更直接 ,目前 ,西方国家将环境激素问题与臭…     

Lead phytoextraction from printed circuit computer boards by Lolium perenne L. and Medicago sativa L.

This work assessed the ability of Lolium perenne and Medicago sativa for extracting lead (Pb) from particulate printed circuit computer boards (PCB) mixed in sand with the following concentrations: 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g of PCB, and including a control treatment without PCB. The PCB were obtained from computers, and grinded in two particle sizes: 0.0594 mm (PCB1) and 0.0706 mm (PCB2). The PCB particle sizes at their corresponding concentrations were applied to L. perenne and M. sativa by using three experimental assays. In assay II, PCB2 affected the biomass production for both plants. For assay III, the PCB1 increased the biomass of M. sativa (236.5%) and L. perenne (142.2%) when applying either 0.5 or 1.0 g, respectively. In regards to phytoextraction, assay I showed the highest Pb-extraction by roots of L. perenne (4.7%) when exposed to 1.5 g of PCB1. At assay I, L. perenne showed a Pb-bioconcentration factor higher than 1.0 when growing at 0.5 g of PCB1, and when HNO₃ was used as digestion solution; moreover, in assay III both plants showed a Pb-translocation factor higher than 1.0. Therefore, Lolium perenne and Medicago sativa are able to recover Pb from electronic wastes (PCB).     

Field-based investigation on phytoremediation potentials of Lemna minor and Azolla filiculoides in tropical,semiarid regions: Case of Ethiopia

This study investigated the concurrent accumulation of eight heavy metals by two floating aquatic macrophytes (Lemna minor and Azolla filiculoides) cultivated in ambient media and blended wastewaters in the semiarid regions of Ethiopia. Both species accumulated heavy metals in varying degrees with a significant concentration gradient within the immediate water media. Highest bioconcentration factor (BCF) was determined for Mn and Fe in both plants. Results revealed that L. minor was high phytoaccumulator for Fe, Mn, Zn, and Co but moderate for Cd, Cu, Ni, and Cr. On the other hand, A. filiculoides was a high accumulator for Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu, but its potency was moderate for Co, Cr, and Ni, but lower for Cd. Both species exhibited significant difference in accumulating Co, Zn, and Mn (p < 0.05). In general, the BCFs for both plants were comparable within the same treatment. In this study, stronger associations between the heavy metal concentrations in the plant tissues and in the grown water media were observed for A. filiculoides.     

Phytoremediation potential of paragrass--an in situ approach for chromium contaminated soil

The present in situ phytoextraction approach uses paragrass (Brachiaria mutica (Forssk) Stapf) as a hyper accumulator for attenuation of chromium level in soil and mine waste water at South Kaliapani chromite mine area of Orissa. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) for Cr was maximum (0.334) in 100 days grown paragrass weeds. Transportation index (Ti) i.e. 6.16 and total accumulation rate (TAR) i.e. 8.2 mg kg(-1)day(-1) was maximum in 125 days old paragrass grown in Cr contaminated experimental cultivated plots. Cr bioaccumulation in roots was nearly 1000 times more than shoots. Paragrass showed luxuriant growth with massive fibrous roots when grown over Cr contaminated soils (11,170 mg/ kg dry soil). Cr bioaccumulation varies significantly with plant age, biomass and level of Cr contamination in irrigated mine waste water and soil. Paragrass could be used as hyperaccumulators as it showed rapid massive growth with a high tolerance to Cr.     

C8- and C9-Alkylphenols and Ethoxylates: II. Assessment of Environmental Persistence and Bioaccumulation Potential

C8- and C9-alkylphenols and their ethoxylates (APE) are widely used commercial products mainly used in industrial applications, in the formulation of crop protection chemicals, and in industrial and household cleaners. Recent regulatory focus on these compounds has included an assessment of their potential to meet criteria for persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic compounds (PBT). To fully evaluate either the relative persistence or bioaccumulation potential of any APE, degradation intermediates and metabolic by-products of these compounds should also be considered. To facilitate the evaluation of the ultimate fate of APE in the environment, a review of the degradation pathways and identification of degradation intermediates was performed (part I of a two-part series). In part II of this series, the relative persistence of APE as indicated by degradation half-lives was examined based on a review of abiotic and biological degradation data. To assess the bioaccumulation potential of APE, the relevant literature was also reviewed. The available data for C8- and C9-APE show that the commercial products and their degradation intermediates do not meet any national or international criteria for identifying these compounds as PBT substances.     

Organochlorine pesticides in Cyprinus carpio from Sidi Salem Dam,north-western Tunisia

Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) caught in Sidi Salem Dam in 2011 were analysed for the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including hexachlorobenzene (HCB), aldrin, heptachlor, lindane, dieldrin, endrin, and pp′-DDT and its two main metabolites pp′-DDD and pp′-DDE, in order to evaluate the extent of contamination of the dam. Fish were sampled monthly within the dam during 2011. Muscle, liver and gill tissues were analysed by gas chromatography for the determination of OCPs. Samples had variable concentrations of OCPs, ranging from 2.26 to 17.93 ng g?1, 0.59 to 42.67 ng g?1 and 3.30 to 84.27 ng g?1, which were isolated from gills, muscle and liver, respectively. The organochlorine pesticide levels found posed no threat to human health. The highest OCP levels were found in the liver tissues. The pp′-DDE concentrations and their ratios to ΣDDTs indicate aged DDT pollution and suggests that there has been no recent input of technical DDT from the agricultural areas into Sidi Salem Dam.