Phytoremediation potential of paragrass--an in situ approach for chromium contaminated soil

The present in situ phytoextraction approach uses paragrass (Brachiaria mutica (Forssk) Stapf) as a hyper accumulator for attenuation of chromium level in soil and mine waste water at South Kaliapani chromite mine area of Orissa. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) for Cr was maximum (0.334) in 100 days grown paragrass weeds. Transportation index (Ti) i.e. 6.16 and total accumulation rate (TAR) i.e. 8.2 mg kg(-1)day(-1) was maximum in 125 days old paragrass grown in Cr contaminated experimental cultivated plots. Cr bioaccumulation in roots was nearly 1000 times more than shoots. Paragrass showed luxuriant growth with massive fibrous roots when grown over Cr contaminated soils (11,170 mg/ kg dry soil). Cr bioaccumulation varies significantly with plant age, biomass and level of Cr contamination in irrigated mine waste water and soil. Paragrass could be used as hyperaccumulators as it showed rapid massive growth with a high tolerance to Cr.