Determination of Trace Element Stability in Sediments Using Redox Gel Probes: Probe Construction and Theoretical Performance

A simple and inexpensive technique is described that can be used to assess the stability of redox-sensitive compounds in the sediments of wetlands and other shallow water environments. In this method, solid redox-sensitive compounds, such as manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ), are incorporated into agar gels held in rigid plastic holders. One surface of the gel remains exposed along the length of the resulting probe. The probes are pushed vertically into sediments and are left in situ for a period of time (days to weeks), after which they are visually inspected and chemically analyzed. The diffusion of nonreactive solutes (e.g., sulfate) in 2% (wt/vol) agar was unaffected by the presence of immobilized MnO 2 particles. The rate of dissolution of particulate MnO 2 in agar gels in the presence of an external diffusing reductant (L-ascorbic acid) could be quantified by digital analysis of pixel density on gel images. Redox gel probes incubated in the sediment of a wetland built to remove manganese from circumneutral pH coal mine drainage demonstrated different patterns of depth-dependent MnO 2 stability along a 15-m transect. MnO 2 gel probe results were consistent with data obtained using sediment cores and porewater diffusion samplers.     

Salicornia spp. as a biomonitor of Cu and Zn in salt marsh sediments

Macroalgae in estuarine and coastal waters, in contrast to vascular salt marsh plants, have previously been utilised as biomonitors of sediment-held metals. The colonising halophyte Salicornia spp., however, occurs in both mudflats alongside macroalgae, as well as in association with salt marsh vascular plants. The present research aims to determine the relationships between fluctuations in sediment-held metals and those in Salicornia spp. over the course of a growing season. Samples of the species and corresponding underlying sediment were collected from the metal mine-polluted Restronguet Creek of the Fal Estuary, Cornwall on a monthly basis between March and November, 2000. Oven-dried sediment and vegetation samples were analysed for total Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn. Significant correlations with both the roots and aerial portion of the plant were found with sediment Cu and Zn concentrations. Significant relationships with either Mn or Fe were not observed. Thus, Salicornia spp. would appear to be a suitable tool for biomonitoring Zn and, particularly, Cu. Hyperaccumulation of Zn in the aerial portion during initial growth also indicates that Salicornia spp. may be useful for alleviating metal contamination through phytoextraction, whilst Cu in the roots is proposed as having potential for phytostabilization.     

苔藓植物对贵州丹寨汞矿区汞污染的生态监测

采用野外生态学系统取样方法和室内理化分析方法相结合,分别从苔藓植物地球化学特征、物种丰富度、群落类型、群落的结构等生物学特征上,探讨苔藓植物对丹寨汞矿区汞污染的生态监测。丹寨汞矿区苔藓植物共20个科,34属85种;真藓科和丛藓科占优势。在汞污染程度不同的4种生境梯度中,汞含量均超出国家土壤环境质量三级土标准的10倍以上。各研究生境梯度真藓(Bryum argenteum),丛生真藓(Bryum caespiticium)和狭叶小羽藓(Haplocladium angustifolium)体内的汞含量与其生境基质(土壤)的汞含量在P＜0.01水平上呈显著的正相关;且信度系数R均大于0.9,表明被测苔藓植物在地球化学特征上具有监测环境汞污染的生态功能。物种丰富度特征方面,汞污染严重区域物种丰富度较低;而污染程度相对较轻区域物种丰富度则较大;表明了该区苔藓植物丰富度总体上可以作为环境中汞污染的监测指标之一。群落学特征方面,群落类型丰富度在汞污染较重的区域丰富度较低;而苔藓植物群落结构方面,在汞污染较重区域过渡到汞污染相对较轻区域,纯群落数在逐渐减少,但3种及3种以上组成的群落数却有所增加。表现了苔藓群落结构组成越简单则该区汞污染较严重,苔藓植物结构组成越复杂则该区的汞污染程度相对较轻。这说明了苔藓植物群落特征也较适合作为汞矿区生态监测的指标。在汞污染区过渡到相对清洁区的污染过渡带,苔藓物种多样性和群落类型趋于多样化,产生了较明显群落边缘效应。     

江苏金坛盐矿形成时期盐湖水体成分:来自石盐包裹体的证据

我国白垩纪晚期-古近纪由于燕山运动和喜马拉雅运动,形成了一系列的断陷盆地,金坛盐矿就是该时期始新世中晚期的盐湖沉积.本次研究首次在国内半定量的进行了石盐原生包裹体的分析,发现其中Ca2+缺失而富含SO2-4,原始卤水成分为Na-Mg-K-Ca-C1-SO4体系.     

红壤矿区复垦土壤的微生物生态特征及其稳定性恢复研究Ⅱ.对土壤微生物生态特征和群落结构的影响

研究了浙江哩铺铜矿废弃地土壤微生物生态特征和群落结构.结果表明,与对照土壤相比矿区土壤微生物生态特征发生了明显的改变,微生物呼吸速率减弱,微生物生物量显著降低,微生物生理生态参数C_mic/C_org下降、qCO₂值明显升高,重金属对土壤微生物生态特征有明显的影响.Biolog结果显示,矿区土壤微生物的群落结构发生变异,对能源碳的消耗量和速度明显升高,改变了微生物利用碳源的种类,使微生物消耗更多的能源,以维持其正常的生命活动,利用效率降低,明显不如对照土壤.由此可见,微生物生态特征是表征矿区复垦土壤重金属污染的灵敏、有效和可靠的生物学指标.     

Leaching potential and forms of phosphorus in deep row applied biosolids underlying hybrid poplar

Biosolids deep row incorporation (DRI) offers an alternative recycling approach for bioenergy crop production, but phosphorus additions in excess of the vegetation requirements can potentially impair water quality. The effects of DRI of anaerobically digested (AD) and lime-stabilized (LS) biosolids at four rates (213, 426 Mg ha⁻¹ for AD and 328, 656 Mg ha⁻¹ for LS) and a single rate of conventional P fertilizer on leaching of PO₄-P, and TKP were investigated in a hybrid poplar plantation in a coastal plain heavy mineral mine reclamation site. The effects of AD and LS biosolids aging on the transformations and losses of P applied with the biosolids were also studied. Zero tension lysimeters were installed at the site to collect leachate. Samples were collected at least monthly for 30 months between July 2006 and December 2008. We also analyzed biosolids P (labile P, Al-, Fe-bound-P, Ca-bound-P, total P, Mehlich 1 P) fractions. The loss of P was determined and P binding constituents were described via regression analysis. Orthophosphate and TKP from the DRI biosolids leached in negligible amounts, and were similar to leaching from conventional P fertilization. Most of the P was Al- and Fe-bound in the AD biosolids and Ca-bound in the LS biosolids. Labile P decreased with decrease in organic C, which indicated that P leaching potential from the DRI biosolids decreased with aging. Our results indicated that P mobility from biosolids of the type used should not pose a water quality risk.     

Plant-derived phenolic compounds impair the remediation of acid mine drainage using treatment wetlands

The use of wetlands to remediate acid mine drainage has expanded rapidly since the realisation that acid coal mine drainage running into natural sphagnum wetlands undergoes an increase in pH and a precipitation of metals. However, our study suggests that the inclusion of plants in the acid mine drainage treatment system may be questionable, due to inefficiencies caused by exudation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and in particular its phenolic constituents. They complex with iron, causing increased solubility, the exact opposite of what is required to facilitate amelioration. The addition of minewater to planted wetland mesocosms initially caused a decline in Fe concentrations, typically from over 1100 to a low of 75 mg L⁻¹. However, it increased higher than 300 mg L⁻¹ after 15 days. The rise in iron occurred concurrently with DOC and phenolic increases; 15-69 and 5-15 mg L⁻¹, respectively, for Eriophorum angustifolium. Removal of DOC by precipitation with calcium lowered the DOC abundance, but without a simultaneous decrease in iron concentration. The concentration of one fraction of the DOC, phenolic compounds, did not decline, and we propose that the Fe was complexed with that phenolic DOC pool. The proposal was confirmed by enzymic depletion of the phenolic compounds using phenol oxidase. Our findings suggest that phenolic complexation represents a potent constraint on wetland-based bioremediation of iron in acid mine drainage.     

A process-orientated design and performance assessment methodology for passive mine water treatment systems

The aim of this paper is the development of a methodology for assessing the iron removal efficiency of passive mine water treatment settling lagoons and reed beds. Previous work in the design and sizing of coal mine drainage lagoons and wetlands has focussed on the use of standard hydraulic residence times or using the 10 g m⁻² d⁻¹ metric, these criteria have been applied without regard to the fundamental physical and chemical processes controlling iron removal in the system, namely the pH dependent rates of Fe(II) oxidation and physical settling of the particulate Fe(III). In this study field water quality data have been collected from lagoons and reed beds. These data are examined alongside data from the UK Coal Authority database and combined with simple mathematical formulations to provide a framework through which to understand passive treatment schemes from a process-orientated perspective. It is demonstrated that for the sites studied reed beds are more efficient for iron removal. This paper recommends that judgements of iron removal performance should be based on a derived treatment efficiency index (?) and that the modelling approach espoused in this paper should be used when designing passive mine water treatment schemes.     

六种选矿药剂对藻类的毒性比较

本文评价了六种选矿药剂对藻类的毒性效应,它们对斜生栅藻的毒性大小排列顺序是:二号油>Fu>0145>Yx>MPA>S-808,96h-EC_(50)值分别为41.2,50.1,82.0,177.8,198.2和900ppm。六种选矿药剂对藻类毒性最大的是二号油,毒性最小的是S-808。对藻类细胞形态的观察结果表明,0145对藻类的细胞形态有轻度的致畸效应,在其它五种药剂的培养物中,均未发现畸变细胞。在室温下存放10d后MPA,0145和二号油,毒性明显下降,其下降速率的顺序是:MPA>0145>二号油。藻类对S-808具有净化脱色作用,100ppm浓度的S-808溶液经藻类作用32d后,其色度可减少48％,作用62d和93d,色度分别降低54％和58％。0145抑制藻类的光合放氧,经50,100和200ppm浓度的0145处理4h后,与对照相比,藻类的光合放氧速率分别下降15、34和36％。     

Mining pattern of the honeysuckle leaf-minerPhytomyza lonicerae

The mining pattern of the honeysuckle leaf-miner Phytomyza lonicerae which feeds on Lonicera gracilipes was analyzed with special reference to the avoidance of parasitoids' attacks. The leaf-miner makes the linear mine with branches and crosses by turning and branching, off the backtracking mine. Both average numbers of turnings and branchings were about 4. The speed of mining was 1.5 times faster in backtracking than in advancing. The mine width increased as the mining larva grew and total volume of consumed plant tissue was nearly constant independent of variability of the number of turnings and other characteristics of the mine. The majority of larval mortality were due to attacks by parasitoid wasps (Chrysochairs pentheus and Diglyphus minoeus), which locate the present position of leaf-miners, by tracing mine tracks, and wasps attack leaf-miners at a higher rate in backtracking than in advancing. The adaptive significance of branching and crossing by leaf-miners was discussed in terms of the reduction of parasitoids' attacks.