DNA barcoding of Gaultheria L.in China (Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae)

Four DNA barcoding loci,chloroplast loci rbcL,matK,trnH-psbA,and nuclear locus internal transcribed spacer (ITS),were tested for the accurate discrimination of the Chinese species of Gaultheria by using intraspecific and interspecific pairwise P-distance,Wilcoxon signed rank test,and tree-based analyses.This study included 186 individuals from 89 populations representing 30 species.For all individuals,single locus markers showed high levels of sequencing universality but were ineffective for species resolvability.Polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing were successful for all four loci.Both ITS and matK showed significantly higher levels of interspecific species delimitation than rbcL and trnH-psbA.A combination ofmatK and ITS was the most efficient DNA barcode among all studied regions,however,they do not represent an appropriate candidate barcode for Chinese Gaultheria,by which only 11 out of 30 species can be separated.Loci rbcL,matK,and trnH-psbA,which were recently proposed as universal plant barcodes,have a very poor capacity for species separation for Chinese Gaultheria.DNA barcodes may be reliable tools to identify the evolutionary units of this group,so further studies are needed to develop more efficient DNA barcodes for Gaultheria and other genera with complicated evolutionary histories.     

白珠树属5种药用植物木脂素苷含量的比较

Ｔ.Ｚ.Ｈｓｕ＆Ｒ.Ｃ.Ｆａｎｇ〕是治疗风湿病的民族药,目前还没有评价质量的定性和定量方法。一般认为水杨酸甲酯是可能的有效成分,但根据作者的最新研究[1～3],建议暂用滇白珠木脂素苷含量作滇白珠的质量标准,同时建立[4]和改进[5]了分析木脂素苷的高效液相法,并研究了木脂素苷在滇白珠体内的分布特点及季节和地区对含量的影响[6]。根据作者对白珠树属(ＧａｕｌｔｈｅｒｉａＫａｌｍｅｘＬ.)的研究[7],发现具有抗风湿活性是该属许多植物的一个共同特点,其中至少有15种(变种)植物在民间被用于风湿病治疗[8],为了分析和比较这些植物在相关化…     

Methyl salicylate and trans‐anethole affect the pheromonal activity of homofarnesal,the female sex pheromone of azuki bean beetle

Plant essential oils (EOs) exhibit an array of biological activities against insect pests. However, their negative influences on the pheromonal activity of azuki bean beetle (ABB), Callosobruchus chinensis L. have not received research attentions. ABB is a field‐to‐storage pest of legumes, and its female produces the sex pheromone known as homofarnesal with two isomeric components: 2E‐ and 2Z–homofarnesal, (2E,6E)‐7‐ethyl‐3,11‐dimethyl‐2,6,10‐dodecatrienals and (2Z,6E)‐7‐ethyl‐3,11‐dimethyl‐2,6,10‐dodecatrienals. We evaluated the effects of three EOs and their two major components on the attractiveness of male ABBs to synthetic homofarnesal (2E‐:2Z–homofarnesal = 6:4) using Y‐tube olfactometry in laboratory and rocket traps in the semi‐open polyhouse. Y‐tube olfactometry showed the significant negative effect of EOs of Illicium verum, Croton anisatum at 10 and 100 ng, and Gaultheria fragrantissima at 100 ng against homofarnesal (100 ng) in attracting male ABBs. Similarly trans‐anethole (at 10 and 100 ng) and methyl salicylate (at 100 ng) also ascertained significant negative effect against homofarnesal (100 ng) in Y‐tube olfactometry. When 10 mg of each of trans‐anethole and methyl salicylate was released at the downstream of 30 mg homofarnesal lure in rocket traps, highly significant effect was achieved against attractiveness of homofarnesal to ABB males. This study ascertained significant level of negative effect of the tested EOs and their major components to homofarnesal, tracing out a new opportunity of integrating them in ABB management programs both in field and storage.     

Differential establishment and survival of species in deciduous and evergreen shrub patches and on bare ground,Mt. Koma,Hokkaido, Japan

The effects of patches formed by a deciduous shrub (Salix reinii) and an evergreen shrub (Gaultheria miqueliana) on cohabitants were examined on an active volcano Mt. Koma, northern Japan, using bareground as a comparative baseline (control). Species richness increased with increasing the areas of three habitats (Salix patches, Gaultheria patches and bareground), but significantly slowed in Gaultheria patches where the shoot densities of cohabitants also decreased. Calamagrostis hakonensis and Spiranthes sinensis were 2–3 times more likely to establish in Salix patches than in bareground, Anaphalis margaritacea var. angustior and Campanula lasiocarpa were 4–5 times more likely to establish on bareground than in Salix patches. Cohabitants was fewer with Gaultheria. Light intensities of the two patch types were ca 1/3 of that on bareground. Light intensity on Gaultheria was ca 88% of that on Salix patch and decreased with increasing patch size, because the differences in stem and leaf architectures and phenology between the two patch-forming species. Moisture and total nitrogen in volcanic deposits were 2–3 times higher in the patches than in bareground. In the patches, low light intensity restricted seed germination, in particular, for the plants characteristic of bareground, e.g., Anaphalis, while high soil moisture increased the survival rates of Calamagrostis. In Gaultheria patches, despite high moisture, the reduced light intensity influenced seed germination and inhibited the establishment of most species. Seedbanks estimated by a lab-experiment indicated that Salix patches trapped more seeds. As a consequence, Salix patches act as facilitator, in particular, for Calamagrostis, by improving moisture and nutrients status of volcanic deposits, moderating light intensity and seed trapping. Deciduous shrub patches, such as Salix reinii, have an improving role in accelerating rates of succession in harsh environments, while evergreen shrub patches slow plant establishment. Nomenclature: Ohwi and Kitagawa (1983)     

Two New Species of Gaultheria from Sichuan

Gaultheria lasiocarpa T. Z. Hsu and G. miyienensis T. Z. Hsu (Ericaceae) are des-cribed as new from Sichuan Province, China.     

Organic nitrogen use by salal ericoid mycorrhizal fungi from northern Vancouver Island and impacts on growth in vitro of Gaultheria shallon

 Salal (Gaultheria shallon) recovers quickly from rhizomes after clear-cut timber harvesting and dominates clearcuts of Tsuga heterophylla and Thuja plicata forests. Thus it contributes to considerable problems in regeneration of these sites in coastal British Columbia, Canada. Based on what is known about other ericaceous plants, we speculated that mycorrhizal fungi of salal play a vital role in the growth and dominance of salal by providing access to organic nitrogen. In this study, the ability of four species of fungi isolated from salal to use different forms of organic nitrogen was tested in pure culture and in association with salal. The organic forms of nitrogen applied were glutamine (an amino acid), glutathione (a peptide), and bovine serum albumin (BSA, a protein). The fungi tested were Oidiodendron maius, Acremonium strictum, and two nonsporulating fungi. Inoculated plants always grew better than noninoculated plants regardless of nitrogen source. Glutamine was used as readily as ammonium nitrogen by all four fungi and the mycorrhizal plants of salal colonized by those fungi. There was considerable variation between fungus species or the plants inoculated with those fungi in using glutathione and BSA. Salal inoculated with O. maius grew better on glutathione than BSA, while A. strictum and unknown 1 produced significantly greater yields of salal on BSA. Colonization rates of salal by all four fungi was higher on glutathione or BSA than on ammonium or glutamine. Accepted: 19 June 1999     

基于叶绿体基因证据的民族药滇白珠复合群系统发育关系

滇白珠是我国重要的民族药用植物,广泛分布于长江以南地区,是一个分类困难的复合群。为了探讨其种下分类关系,该文对滇白珠复合群(包括毛滇白珠、秃果白珠和滇白珠3个变种)进行网罗式采样,基本覆盖了该复合群在中国的分布范围,同时包括菲律宾和马来西亚的各1个居群,共计81个居群241个个体,通过联合两个变异位点适中的叶绿体片段rpl33-psa J和trn L-rpl32,构建基于最大似然法(Maximum Likelihood)和贝叶斯法(Bayesian Inference)的系统发育树,以及Neighbor-Net法构建系统发育网络。结果表明:滇白珠复合群内具有明显的遗传差异,这种差异性相比形态,与地域分布相关性更大。系统发育分析显示,滇白珠复合群分为3个支系。其中:一支包括中国台湾和菲律宾南达沃的居群,为变种秃果白珠,符合前人分类结果;一支包括分布于横断山脉区域的居群,由变种毛滇白珠和滇白珠组成;剩余一支包括分布于华东南区域的居群,同样由变种毛滇白珠和滇白珠组成。分子证据支持基于形态分类的秃果白珠作为变种,而不支持毛滇白珠作为变种的处理。这样的遗传分化式样可能是由地理隔离导致,这一结果为民族药滇白珠的种质资源评价和保护利用奠定了分类学框架。然而,变种滇白珠居群间的谱系发生关系却尚未得到很好地解决,特别是无法明晰华东南大部分居群间的遗传分化格局,需要进一步补充样本通过谱系地理学手段,并寻找分辨率更高的核基因分子标记进行更深入的研究。     

iFlora与植物志修订的若干思考——以杜鹃花科白珠树属为例

结合现代植物学、DNA测序与信息等关键技术而产生的新一代智能植物志（iFlora）,其研发中最首要和迫切的任务之一就是如何将前沿、准确和完善的植物数据信息进行特色整合及智能化处理,为用户提供一个客观而科学的,具理论和实际应用为一体的植物学知识共享平台,并有效地为国民经济发展提供有价值的植物资源信息渠道。本文简要介绍了与传统植物志和目前常用的电子植物志数据库相区别的iFlora数据信息的分级内容、特点和功能,并强调了作为iFlora的核心数据信息,即用于物种鉴定的植物DNA条形码、关键形态学分类特征、植物图像等识别数据,以及分子系统发育数据等。以杜鹃花科（Ericaceae）白珠树属（Gaultheria）和其属下红粉白珠（G.hookeri）为例,介绍了iFlora采用的三类数据（核心数据、基础数据和拓展数据）构成的三级信息及其功能,同时探讨了信息整合时可能遇到的问题。     

杜鹃花科Vaccinium wardii Adamson的订正

通过对模式标本和原始文献的研究,确认Vaccinium wardii Adamson 是红粉白珠(Gaultheria hookeri C. B. Clarke)的异名,而不是乌鸦果(Vaccinium fragile Franch.)的异名.     

云南透骨草的化学成分研究

从云南透骨草全草95%乙醇提取物中分离得到11个化合物,经波谱分析鉴定为山奈酚3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷(1),番石榴苷(2),滇白珠甲苷(3),槲皮苷(4)(,-)-5’-甲氧基异落叶松脂醇9-O-β-D-木糖苷(5),五味子苷(6)(,–)-表儿茶素(7),异槲皮苷(8),金鸡纳素Ia(9),熊果酸(10)和2,5-双-(β-苯乙基)苯酚(11)。其中化合物1、2、9和11为首次从该植物中分得,化合物11是首次报导的天然产物。