Selecting agri-environmental indicators for monitoring and assessment of environmental management in the example of landscape parks in Poland

The objective of this article is to assess the condition of and hazards to the natural environment in selected landscape parks in Poland with respect to the impact of agricultural management using the DPSIR method. Our proposed set of indicators, based on generally available and applicable data, shows at the local scale, in a simple way, the condition of functioning of the balance between the natural environment and agricultural management and it assesses the level of repair works in the context of the records of the environmental protection program. The highest negative impact of agricultural management in the areas studied is noticed in the soil environment as well as the contexts of biodiversity and landscape. On the other hand, the lowest influence of agricultural economy was noted in the cases of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. The results of the aggregated indicators also showed lower or higher dependencies between the coverage and the use of the area in landscape parks and the condition of particular elements of the environment and the landscape.     

Vulnerability assessment of wetland landscape ecosystem services using driver-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) model

Wetlands exist in complex ecological conditions that are changeable in time and space in terms of function and structural diversity. In recent decades, wetlands have been exposed to a wide range of threats. Assessment of these threats is essential to develop an understanding of the state of a wetland ecosystem and to develop a suitable management strategy. This paper discusses wetland vulnerability in terms of analysis of human and environmental systems from application of the driver-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) framework. This assessment presented a systematic methodology for assessment of wetland vulnerability in a social-ecological approach applying broad-scale ecosystem services and vulnerability functions. The method combined the hydro-geomorphic approach with estimations of vulnerability indicators and DPSIR analysis. The aim of this paper was to assess vulnerability of wetland ecosystem services and to characterize the threat indicators according to importance, severity, and probability of occurrence. Quantitative and qualitative methods were applied to characterize values for these three indicators. The Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method was used to prioritize threats and impacts of the wetland on the basis of experts’ opinions. The proposed methodology was applied to the Choghakhor international wetland landscape in south-western Iran. Vulnerability assessment revealed that water requirement of the lowland and the water transfer system were the most important factors threatening the wetland. Agricultural activities, settlements and urban areas, drought, tourism, population growth, and mining activities in the upland were the next most important priorities, in that order. Hydrological balance was determined as the most vulnerable function and was considered as the most important function in the Choghakhor wetland. The DPSIR model was used to determine a management strategy to reduce vulnerability of ecosystem services in response to drivers, pressures, states and impacts indicated by modelling.     

Water-environmental risk assessment of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei collaborative development region in China

With the rapid development of social and economic conditions in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) collaborative development region in China, the water-environmental problems gradually evolve into a regional problem. As an important tool of predicting and preventing these problems, water-environmental risk assessment (WERA) plays an increasingly important role in environment management. This study mainly targets the surface water environment and takes the BTH region as a study area in developing a water-environmental risk assessment index system based on the Driving force-Pressures-States-Impacts-Responses model. The weighting, risk, and zoning of each index are determined using multiple methods such as the Analytic Hierarchy Process, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, and geographic information system technology. Further discussions are made to analyze the leading factors of high-risk units, the relationship between the risk level and social economy, and the uncertainty of WERA. Generally speaking, results show that the relative high-risk areas mainly distribute in Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and Tangshan, and the relative low-risk areas mainly distribute in Chengde and Zhangjiakou. The remaining parts of the region are at the middle-risk level. The results also show a positive correlation between the risk level and the social economy. This study gathered lots of data and carried out a number of calculation work, and is expected to improve the WERA methods and help managers set the priorities for local water-environmental management and make more effective decisions in the context of BTH collaborative development.     

Compilation and discussion of driver,pressure, and state indicators for the Grand Bank ecosystem,Northwest Atlantic

There are global calls for new ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) approaches. Scientific support for EBFM includes assessing ecosystem indicators of biological communities, environmental conditions, and human activities. As part of a broader research project we have synthesized a suite of traditional and new indicators for the Grand Bank in Atlantic Canada, which we share here. This is an ideal ecosystem for indicator analysis because it experienced dramatic changes over the past three decades, including a collapse in fish biomass that had profound socio-economic consequences. We exploit the wealth of data for this ecosystem to investigate how individual indicators reflect observed changes in the ecosystem, and then illustrate two applications of this indicator suite. Correlations were used to show that relationships among the fish functional groups changed after the collapse, and that a subset of indicators is sufficient to characterize each ecosystem category. Lagged correlations highlighted how changes in the drivers and pressures are often not immediately manifest in the fish community structure. We also organized indicators into the DPSIR (driver-pressure-state-impact-response) management framework. This exercise illustrated that indicator categorization is contextual and not straightforward, and we advocate for use of simpler categories that clearly show what is actionable. Additional future analyses that can be performed with our newly published suite of indicators are recommended.     

构建我国生物多样性评价的指标体系

生物多样性指标体系的建设过程长期而复杂,需要结合科学研究、监测以及决策制定,并基于合理的结构进行指标设计.构建适宜的生物多样性评价指标体系、监测评估生物多样性状况及变化趋势,已被纳入我国国家生物多样性战略及其行动计划.本文结合国内外经验,从指标的逻辑框架、空间尺度、时间尺度、指标类型、评价方法等5个方面探讨了指标体系构...     

基于DPSIR模型的森林生态安全时空间变化研究——以浙江省79个县区为例

森林生态安全对于维持生物多样性、促进经济可持续发展、保障人类生存具有重要影响,本文主要探讨森林生态安全的影响因素以及森林生态安全指数时间与空间变化情况,以期为提高浙江省森林生态安全状况提供理论参考。基于DPSIR(驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应,Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Responses)模型,运用专家法、熵权法等确定浙江省森林生态安全指数,从县区角度对浙江省2000—2015年森林生态安全指数进行计算与分析,并通过绘制森林生态安全指数空间分布图观察森林生态安全空间变化状况。研究结果表明:(1)响应指标权重最大,政府政策作用显著,财政支持效果明显。(2)浙江省森林生态安全等级为较安全,森林生态安全指数分布在0.4—0.5之间,呈现波动式上升趋势。(3)状态指标的影响最明显,其次是压力指标、影响力指标、驱动力指标与响应指标;天然林面积减少是造成状态指标作用下降的主要原因;响应指标受其他指标的相互作用,上升趋势明显;经济发展一定程度上抑制了浙江省森林生态安全环境的改善与指数的提高。(4)浙江省森林生态安全指数地区分布不均匀,西南部地区森林生态安全指数高于东北部地区,县区指数差异明显,受自然环境与经济发展的双重影响。针对上述时空变化情况得出,浙江省应加大政策的扶持力度,增加林业生态建设投资;加快产业转型,实行循环经济,延长企业产业链;加强森林保护区的建设力度,制定相关条例规范人们行为的对策建议。     

基于生态安全格局与多尺度景观连通性的城市生态源地识别

高度城市化区域面临着严峻的生态环境问题,生态安全格局构建是保障城市生态安全的重要途径。生态源地的科学识别一直是生态安全格局构建的技术难点。以高度城市化的深圳市为例,从社会-经济-自然三方面要素构建DPSIR模型评估区域生态安全,并基于景观连通性的多尺度分析识别生态源地。研究表明:(1)深圳市生态安全格局呈现东南部、东北部优良,中部、西部区域警告的空间特征,其中安全区、较安全区、基本安全区、预警、中警分别占比30.34%、13.49%、9.85%、9.15%和37.17%;(2)通过连接度、聚合度、内聚力和分离度4个景观连通性测度指标的主成分分析,可知400 m是深圳市生态源地景观连通性最优的识别尺度,斑块最小识别阈值面积为0.8 km~2;(3)深圳市生态源地面积为753.78 km~2,占全市总面积的37.74%,主要为深圳市东南部与西部区域的林地和水域用地,其中包含了86.87%的法定保护区,且91.92%的区域落入生态控制线范围内;(4)基于生态安全格局与多尺度景观连通性的生态源地识别方法可为城市生态源地的识别提供新思路,从而有效指导城市规划。     

Sustainability of Nile tilapia net-cage culture in a reservoir in a semi-arid region

Among the tools used to measure sustainability in aquaculture, sets of indicators allow a holistic view of a system in its social, environmental, and economic dimensions. Approaches that align indicators with models such as the Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework can improve understanding of this sustainability. This study evaluated the sustainability of cage production systems for Nile tilapia in the Santa Cruz Reservoir, to determine whether a set of indicators used with the DPSIR conceptual model was effective to study the sustainability of the system. The 49 indicators used were calculated from information obtained from questionnaires and from monitoring the production system. Sustainability was also modeled and compared with hypothetical scenarios, with different fish stocking densities. The results indicated that the production system is economically feasible, generating profit and distributing income. However, the income generated benefits few people and is not fixed in the community. Environmentally speaking, the system is highly dependent on inputs, especially the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus, and energy, as well as increasing sedimentation of nutrients in the reservoir. In the social dimension, the venture employs few workers. The modeling showed that the system is potentially sustainable, and that changes in stocking density decreased this sustainability. In summary, the system showed many sustainable features, whereas some others need to be modified to improve the general sustainability.     

基于社会-生态系统的沙漠化逆转过程脆弱性评价指标体系

土地沙漠化是当今世界最为严峻的生态环境问题之一。沙漠化逆转作为其反向转化过程,存在一定的脆弱性和不稳定性,即沙漠化逆转趋势减弱或反向发展的倾向。社会-生态系统理念是当今世界生态系统分析的新思路,从该视角界定沙漠化逆转过程的脆弱性概念,选取Driving-Pressure-Status-Impact-Response(DPSIR)分析框架,以农牧交错带典型沙漠化逆转区宁夏盐池县为案例,针对沙漠化逆转的因果联系和过程特点,构建一套涵盖气候湿润指数、生态治理指数、沙地所占比例在内的4层、5要素、41指标的评价体系,进而探讨驱动力、压力、状态、影响、响应5项要素间的逻辑因果关系及其脆弱性定量化计算方法,以期科学评估沙漠化逆转过程的脆弱性,为该类型区沙漠化问题的进一步治理和调控提供科学依据。     

基于DPSIR模型的国家级生态文明先行示范区生态文明建设分析评价——以湘江源头为例

结合国家级生态文明先行示范区生态文明建设的基本要求,将欧洲环境局的DPSIR环境管理模型引入到其生态文明建设分析评价当中,阐述了其分析评价的四个核心要点,并据此从生态制度、生态经济、生态社会和生态环境4个方面选取40个指标建立了评价指标体系,以湘江源头国家级生态文明先行示范区为研究对象,运用粗糙集理论和方法,就其生态文明建设展开分析评价,验证了评价模型的合理性、可操作性。结果表明:一是DPSIR模型能够很好地体现生态文明建设各因素间的因果关系信息,模型显示,可通过增强"驱动力"、降低"压力"、优化"状态"、妥对"影响"、全面"响应"等途径来增强示范区生态文明建设效果。二是从指标权重和研究的结果来看,对生态文明建设有着正向影响且权重较大的指标,要重视其正向影响并积极推动其效应最大化,对一些制约或影响生态文明建设的负向指标,要严格做好控制工作并减少其影响效应。三是研究得出湘江源头国家级生态文明先行示范区宁远、江华和蓝山三县生态文明建设总体水平呈现稳步上升的趋势。生态社会、经济和制度的"驱动力"持续增强,生态资源和环境"状态"不断改善,生态社会和经济"影响"逐渐合妥,生态社会、经济和环境"响应"全面迅速,但经济转型、资源和环境"压力"仍然亟待降低。建议从生态文明先行示范区创建的要求着手,对照目标,弥补差距,推动示范区建设高质量发展。