New Triterpenic Glucoside from Beesia calthaefolia  (Maxim.) Ulbr. Native to China

Five compounds (1-5) were isolated from the rhizome of Beesia calthaefolia (Maxim.) Ulbr. Based on chemical and spectral evidence, their structures were determined as beesic acid (9-phenyl-2E, 4E, 6E, 8E-nontetraenoic acid, 1), vanillic acid (2), oleanolic acid-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-α-L -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (3), hederasaponin B (oleanolicacid-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, 4) and beesioside Q (oleanolic acid-3-O-β-D -glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, 5), respectively. Compound 1 was isolated from natural sources for the first time and compound 5 was a new compound.     

角叶铁破锣的核型及其系统学意义

本文首次报道了角叶铁破锣的核形态。其静止核和有丝分裂前期染色体分别属于复杂中央染色微粒型和中间型;中期染色体数目为2n=16;核型公式为2n＝10m+4st十2t(2sat)。根据上述结果并结合有关资料,本文讨论了铁破锣和角叶铁破锣之间的核型差异以及铁破锣属的系统位置,指出铁破锣属可能与升麻属等类群关系较近而与金莲花属等类群关系较远,因此将该属置于升麻族中比置于金莲花族中合理。     

中国特有药用植物铁破锣中的新皂甙类成分

从铁破锣（Beesia calthaefolia(Maxim.)Ulbr.根茎中分离得到5个化合物（1－5）,经化学和波谱学方法鉴定,其中2个为有机酸－铁破锣酸（beesic acid,9-phenyl-2E,4E,6E,8E-nontetraenoic acid,1)和香草酸（2）;3个为齐墩果酸型三萜皂甙：oleanolic acid-3-o－α-Larabinopyranosyl-－28－O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4）-β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1→6）-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester(3),hederasaponin B(oleanolic acid-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α－L-arabinopyranosly-28-Oα-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6）－β－D－glucopyranosyl ester,4)和铁破锣皂甙Q（beesioside Q,oleanolic acid-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3）－α－L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranolsyl-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6）－β－D－glucopyranosyl ester,5)。化合物1系首次从自然界中分离得到,化合物5为新化合物。     

Chromosome Studies of Subgenus Gymnaconitum Endemic to China and Beesia (Ranunculaceae)

The paper reports chromosomal number and chromosomal morphologies of annual Aconitum gymnandrum endemic to China and Beesia calthifolia for the first time. Of the two spcies, chromosome number is same (X=8, 2n=16) and chromosome average lengths are 6.17μ , 10.73μ respectively. The longest chromosome 1, the short chromosomes 3-5, 7 and the shortest chromosome 8 are metacentrical (m), the chromosomes 2, 6 are submetacentrical (sm), and the pairs 4, 5, 8 have satellites in the karyotype of A. gymnandrum. In B. calthifolia, all of the chromosome 1-5 are the long m, the chromosomes 6, 8 are the short sm and the 7 is telocentrical (t). The pairs 3, 4, 6 have satellites. According to the comparison of karyotypes of three subgenera—subgen. Paraconitum, subgen. Aconitum and subgen. Gymnaconitum in Aconitum, the evolution trend of chromosomes is further discussed. Finally, the relationship between Aconitum and Beesia is also discussed in thispaper.     

二倍体铁破锣的核型及四倍体细胞型的首次发现

本文重新检查了铁破锣的核型。来自湖南新宁的40个个体中,1个个体为四倍体,其核型公式为2n＝4x=32=16m+8sm+4st+4t;其余个体为二倍体,其核型公式为2n＝2x＝16=8m+4sm+2st+2t。来自云南大理的10个个体全为四倍体,其核型公式为2n=4x=32＝16m+8sm+4st+4t。据此认为商效民(1985)报道的该种的核型分析结果有误。他至少将第4对染色体的着丝点位置辨认错了。该对染色体不具有中部着丝点而实际上具有近端部着丝点。本文还比较了铁破锣和角叶铁破锣的核型差异,并详细讨论了铁破锣属的系统位置。     

铁破锣属的系统位置——ITS(nrDNA)序列证据

对Beesia calthifolia等5种金莲花亚科植物的核糖体DNA中的内转录间隔区(ITS)序列及5．8S rRNA基因的3′端序列进行了测定。这几种金莲花亚科植物的ITS-1的长度范围为225～232 bp,ITS-2 的长度范围为201～217 bp。B．calthifolia的ITS-1(227 bp)和ITS-2(215 bp)的长度及序列均与升麻 属及类叶升麻属植物相近,其5.8S rRNA基因的3′端序列也近乎与升麻属及类叶升麻属植物完全一致 (仅一个碱基缺失的差异),但其在上述几方面均与金莲花属植物相差甚远。以Ranunculus enysii作为 外类群,运用PAUP软件进行的系统发育分析表明:B．calthifolia,Cimicifuga acerina,C．brachycarpa 和Actaea asiatica形成一个单系群,并得到bootstrap分析的极强支持,B．calthifolia位于这一单系群的 基部。这一DNA序列分析结果与来自植物化学、孢粉学和细胞学的研究结果相吻合,更进一步支持铁破锣属是升麻族的自然成员,并可能是升麻族中一个最原始的类群。     

铁破锣花序的开花特性与昆虫传粉的相互关系研究

为了揭示植物花的空间布局与开花动态的调节机制以及避免同株异花传粉的生态学策略,该研究对铁破锣［Beesia calthifolia (Maxim.) Ulbr.］花序形态结构、开花动态和传粉生物学进行了观察分析。结果表明：（1）铁破锣花序结构设计巧妙,由3朵花组成一个聚伞花序单元并依次排列在主花序轴上,且花序轴上聚伞花序之间距离较远。（2）铁破锣通过单个聚伞花序顶花先开,通常只有6～8朵聚伞花序的顶花同时开放,而且总状花序从基部到顶部逐次开放,从而使得大量聚集单花的花序达到尽量少开花。（3）铁破锣花白色,花粉是访花昆虫的仅有诱物,纤细巴蚜蝇（Baccha maculata）是铁破锣的主要传粉昆虫,这种昆虫能够以花丝为着力点取食花粉,通常在一个花序上取食一朵单花后很快飞向另外一个花序的花。研究认为,铁破锣花序的空间设计和开花的时间序列动态减少了昆虫访问同株异花的可能性。     

毛茛科金莲花族和升麻族细胞学的比较研究

对毛茛科金莲花族Trolliese和升麻族Cimicifugeae的细胞学进行了比较研究。发现驴蹄草Caltha palustris L．在云南西北部形成一个多倍体系列(2n=32,48,64),四倍体细胞型(2n=4x=32)较为常见,其核型有明显的居群间变异。驴蹄草属Caltha、鸡爪草属Calathodes、Megaleranthis以及金莲花属Trollius的染色体在大小上基本相似,都属于中等大小的R-型染色体。细胞学和花粉学证据都支持鸡爪草属与Megaleranthis和金莲花属有较近的亲缘关系。铁破锣属Beesia、Anemonopsis、黄三七属Souliea、升麻属Cimicifuga以及类叶升麻属Actaea的核型彼此基本相似,在染色体大小和形态上都与驴蹄草属、鸡瓜草属、Megaleranthis以及金莲花属的核型明显有别。细胞学证据表明铁破锣属应是升麻族中的成员。     

中国毛茛科植物小志(廿三)

(1)对升麻族铁破锣属、黄三七属、疏花升麻属、升麻属和类叶升麻属的重要区别特征进行分析 之后认为铁破锣属在此族居于原始地位,其他四属互相有清楚、稳定的区别特征,是四个独立的属,应予 保持,因此不同意英国学者J．A Compton将黄三七属和升麻属并人类叶升麻属的处理。(2)由于过去 被鉴定为Cimicifuga foetida L．的中国居群与分布于亚洲北部的真正的C．foetida L．除了花序不同部 分开花时间上的区别之外无其他重要区别,遂将此中国居群作为C．foetida L．位于其分布区南部的一个地理变种。(3)描述了翠雀属3新种,铁线莲属1新种1新变种。     

Notulae de Ranunculaceis sinensibus (ⅩⅩⅢ)

(1) In this paper, differences among the five genera constituting the tribe Cimi cifugeae of the family Ranunculaceae are discussed. Beesia, the first genus, with compound cymes and flowers bearing neither petals nor staminodes, is different from the other four genera with simple or compound racemes and flowers bearing either petals or staminodes, and may occupy a primitive position within the tribe. As to the other four genera, Souliea is characterized by the stem without basal leaf but with 2～5 sheath-like cataphylls, the sepals being deciduous but not caducous, moderate in size and petaloid, the petals being much smaller than sepals, but pink in color and more or less petaloid, the pollen grains being pan tocolpate or pantoporate, the carpels being 1～3 per flower, when mature forming dry linear follicles conspicuously reticulate on the surface and dehiscent along the ventral suture, and the seeds being reticulate-foveolate on the surface. These diagnostic characters indicate clear ly that Souliea might have deviated from the lineage formed by the next three genera, i. e. Anemopsis, Cimicifuga, and Actaea, which have their own well-recognizable diagnostic characters. Anemopsis is characterized by the normally developed basal leaf, the racemose inflorescence with sparse and few long pedicellate flowers, the sepals 7～10 in number, mod erate in size, and petaloid, the petals slightly smaller than sepals, the tricolpate pollen grains, the carpels 2～4 per flower, stalked, when mature forming dry oblong follicles with transverse veins on the surface, and the seeds with scaly membranous wings. Cimicifuga is distinguished by the normally developed basal leaf, the caducous, small, often sepaloid sepa ls, the organs of the second floral whorl sometimes with empty sterile anthers being stamin odes not petals, the tricolpate pollen grains, the carpels 1～8 per flower, when mature form ing dry oblong or ovoid follicles with transverse veins on the surface, and the seeds usually with scaly membranous wings. The last genus Actaea is different by the basal leaf trans formed into a small scale, the caducous, small, often sepaloid sepals, the organs of the sec ond floral whorl being clawed petals, the pollen grains with 3(4～6) colpi, carpel 1 per flow er, when mature forming a fleshy indehiscent berry smooth on the surface and without any veins, the seeds roughish or slightly rugose, neither foveolate nor winged on the surface, and the advanced most asymmetric karyotype. According to the diagnostic characters given above, we believe that Beesia, Souliea, Anemopsis, Cimicifuga, and Actaea do represent five independent genera, and the treatment of the tribe Cimicifugeae including these five genera in it by Hutchinson (1923), Janchen (1949) and some other authors, has precisely shown the taxonomic diversity within the tribe. We are therefore unable to accept the treatment published by Compton et al. (1998) to lump the two genera, Souliea and Cimicifuga, into the genus Actaea. (2) Compton et al. (1998, 1997) found out that the Chinese plants previously identified by various authors as Cimicifuga foetida L., in which the terminal and lateral racemes of the compound raceme flower more or less simultaneously, differ from the true C. foetida L. in northern Asia, in which the terminal raceme of the compound raceme flowers before the lateral ones, and thus restored the species name Cimicifuga mairei Lévl. , which was formerly reduced to the synonymy of C. foetida L. , for the Chinese plants. After examining the specimens collected from Siberia and from Southwest China we failed to find out any other differences in both vegetative and reproductive organs between the plants of the two regions, and we consider that it is better to treat the populations in Southwest and Central China as a geographical variety of Cimicifuga foetida L. A new combination, Cimicifuga foetida L. var. mairei (Lévl.) W. T. Wang & Zh. Wang, is thus made. (3) 3 species of Delphinium, 1 species and 1 variety of Clematis are described as new.