四种番荔枝科植物花粉形态

利用扫描和透射电子显微镜,观察了番荔枝科(Annonaceae)4属4种植物的花粉形态与结构.刺果番荔枝(Annona muricata)和金钩花(Pseuduvaria trimera)为四合花粉,有四角形、偏菱形、T-型、十字形和四面体形.前者花粉表面具小穿孔,后者为皱波状纹饰.蕉木(Oncodostigma hainanense)和那大紫玉盘(Uvaria macclurei)为单花粉,前者表面为皱波状纹饰,后者为粗褶皱状纹饰.透射电子显微镜下,蕉木和那大紫玉盘覆盖层较厚、连续.蕉木覆盖下层较薄,偶尔可见颗粒状物质或不规则小柱,为过渡型覆盖下层;那大紫玉盘覆盖下层颗粒状.基层分为内外两层,外层较厚,平或呈波浪状,内层具有2～4片层结构.在不同属或同属不同种之间,花粉特征差异较大,多样性非常丰富.金钩花具有四合花粉、覆盖下层小柱状等进化特征,同时又具有花粉粒小、覆盖层无穿孔等较原始特征.     

北草蜥精子的超微结构--兼评不同类群蜥蜴精子形态的差异

应用透射电镜对北草蜥精子的超微结构研究结果表明,北草蜥精子头部顶体囊始终呈圆形,由皮质和髓质组成;顶体囊单侧脊的皮质与髓质问具电子透亮区;穿孔器1个,无穿孔器基板;具顶体下腔;细胞核长形,核内小管缺,核前电子透亮区缺,核肩圆。尾部颈段具片层结构。中段短,多层膜结构缺;纵切面上具2层线粒体;横切面上每圈线粒体6个;2组致密体,具连续的环状结构;线粒体与环状结构的排列模式：rs1／mi1、rs2／mi2;纤维鞘伸人中段,具终环。主段前面部分具薄的细胞质颗粒区;纤维3和8至主段前端消失;轴丝呈“9＋2”型。蜥蜴科内不同种类的线粒体数目不同,但都具有2组致密体。不同类群蜥蜴的顶体囊、顶体下腔、核前电子透亮区、穿孔器基板、核肩,以及线粒体与致密体的数目和排列方式等精子超微结构特征都为研究蜥蜴的系统发生提供了辅助信息。     

Somatic Embryogenesis in Cell Suspension Culture of Saposhnikovia divaricata

Calli of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. were induced from the roots of test tube seedlings cultured on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. Cell suspension was established by shaking the caul in liquid medium of the same components supplemented with 10% coconut milk. After the formation of embryogenic clusters, 2,4-D was omitted promoting the transformation of the embryogenic clusters to somatic embryos. Micro and submicroscopic: structural changes during the single cell to globular embryonic stage were observed. It was noticed that cortical endoplasmic reticulum appeared in the cells at the stage of embryogenic clump formation but was absent in other stages. Perhaps this was related to the metabolic specification leading to embryo formation. Spherosomes were observed of embryogenesis but remarkably increased in number at proglobular embryo stage. Meanwhile, the central electric dense matrix became progressively smaller and paler, while the outer part became enlarged and more transparent. This implied that the spherosomes took part in the storage of proteins or lipidproteins in the early stages of embryogenesis and transformation to lipid dror)s when the proteins were exhausted in the development of embryo, vacuolar protein bodies could be risualized in many cells in the proglobular embryo stage. This together with the existance and changes of spherosomes was similar to that observed in Peucedanum terebmthaceum. Further studies are meritted to approach, whether these are general phenomena in Umbelliferae. This work also revealed that the aggregation of single cells in suspension culture stimulated the initiation of embryogenesis.     

Developmental competence and ultrastructural changes of heat-stressed mouse early blastocysts produced in vitro

Mouse early blastocysts were exposed to temporatures of 39℃ and 41℃ for 2 h,respectively,to determine their developmental competence and uhrastructural changes. The results showed that heat stress at 41 ℃ for 2 h,significantly reduced the percentages of expanded and hatched blastocysts,but not at 39℃ for 2 h. The average cell numbers in expanded blastocysts,which developed from early blastocysts heat-stressed at temperatures of 39℃ and 41 ℃,were significantly reduced. The average cell numbers in hatched blastocysts subjected to heat stress were no different from those in the control group cultured at 37℃ . The mitochondria of the early blastocysts heat-stressed at 39T℃ for 2 h,were slightly swollen,but they had recovered after culturing at 37℃ for 2 h. However,the mitochondria in the blastocysts heat stressed at 41 ℃ for 2 h were severely swollen,and their number increased. The ribosomes shed from the rough endoplasmic reticulum,and the number of secondary lysosomes in the plasma increased. The integrity of desmosomes was disrupted. The space between the nuclear envelope and the perivitelline membrane enlarged. The fibre fraction and the particulate fraction of nucleoli were separated. The heterochromatin in nucleoli was also increased in its quantity. There were some lamellar-shape structures and heterogeneous dense materials exhibiting in the cytoplasm. The ultrastructural changes induced by heat shock at 41 ℃ for 2 h were not reversible. In conclusion,the damage of heat stress to mitochondria,lysosomes,ribosomes and cell nucleus,may be one of the most important factors that inhibit the normal development of mouse early blastocysts.     

玉米叶片原形成层细胞衰退过程的超微结构研究

Cell degeneration often occurred in Zea mays L. leaf procambium in various stages of development and could be classified either in the form of autolysis or condensation. In the autolytic degeneration the cells underwent a series of events from the appearance of prominant autophagie activity in the early stages, accompanied by a decrease of ribosomes and electron density of cytoplasm to the final stages of autolysis resulting in disorganization and disappearnce of all protoplasmic components, of which the nuclei and plasmalemma were the last to disappear. In the condensed type the initiation of cell degeneration was accompanied by an increase in the cytoplasmic density. As cell degeneration progressed, the protoplasmic components appeared to disintegrate and disappear in an orderly fashion i.e. dictyosomes and ER disorganized first, followed by plastids, nuclei and some mitochondria. The plasmalemma, ribosomes and mitochondria were still recognizable as the cell being crashed by the surrounding cells during the final stages of degeneration.     

中华鳖精子头部的形成

应用透射电镜技术详细研究了中华鳖精子头部形成过程的超微结构变化。结果显示,中华鳖精子头部的形成过程可分成5个连续时期：第1期前顶体泡形成并移向细胞核一侧,同侧核膜凹陷成浅窝。前顶体泡底部中央出现小的顶体颗粒,纤维物质层位于核前端与前顶体泡底壁之间,其核膜一侧的中央形成更小的顶体下颗粒,将与核内小管的形成有关。细胞核开始端移和变形。第Ⅱ期核浅窝逐渐外推,前顶体泡变成扁囊状覆盖于隆突的核顶端,顶体颗粒弥散成中等电子致密物分布于顶体帽中,纤维物质层发育为顶体下锥。环形核套微管在顶体后端的核周围逐渐形成,核内染色质开始浓缩成圆形颗粒,核膜下出现明显问隙,细胞核体积变小。顶体下颗粒消失,但其下端的核质中可见2-4条核内小管开始发生。第Ⅲ期拉长的细胞核前端突出于精子细胞外,表面有顶体复合体覆盖,核后端最宽并出现植入窝。染色质进一步浓缩,颗粒间隙变小,细胞核更细长。第Ⅳ期染色质浓缩成致密均质物,核肩之前的细胞核变细,成为核前突。环形核套微管先后改建为斜行和纵行核套微管,支持细胞突起形成“袖领”包绕顶体。第Ⅴ期核套微管解聚而消失,顶体周围的“袖领”也消失,顶体下间隙出现。结果显示中华鳖精子头部的形成过程,即核质浓缩的形态变化过程、顶体的形成和核内小管的发育与变化方面,存在许多与其他爬行动物不同之处。