Protocol for in vitro propagation of Excoecaria agallocha L., a medicinally important mangrove species

An in vitro propagation protocol has been developed for Excoecaria agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae), a mangrove species. Nodal segments were used for axillary shoot proliferation. One shoot from each node of binodal explants was observed 3 weeks after inoculation. The best axillary sprouting was seen on a newly formulated medium containing BA, Zeatin and IBA in concentrations of 13.3 μM, 4.65 μM and 1.23 μM, respectively. The new medium, first used in this study, has a specific composition of major nutrients, MS micronutrients and iron compounds. Nodal segments from rooted cuttings and seedlings responded better than those of mature tree explants. Multiple shoot induction was complemented with efficient shoot elongation, and repeated subculture of binodal segments from axillary shoots resulted in 10–12 shoots per explant in 3 months. Rooting was achieved by growing shoots in the new medium with 0.23 μM IBA. Regenerated plants were successfully acclimatized to the natural environment, and about 85% of plantlets survived under ex vitro conditions. This is the first report of micropropagation in the genus Excoecaria and also in mangrove tree species. Received: 11 August 1997 / Revision received: 10 February 1998 / Accepted: 2 March 1998     

Accumulation of Trace Metals by Mangrove Plants in Indian Sundarban Wetland: Prospects for Phytoremediation

The work investigates on the potential of ten mangrove species for absorption, accumulation and partitioning of trace metal(loid)s in individual plant tissues (leaves, bark and root/pneumatophore) at two study sites of Indian Sundarban Wetland. The metal(loid) concentration in host sediments and their geochemical characteristics were also considered. Mangrove sediments showed unique potential in many- fold increase for most metal(loid)s than plant tissues due to their inherent physicochemical properties. The ranges of concentration of trace metal(loid)s for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in plant tissue were 0.006–0.31, 0.02–2.97, 0.10–4.80, 0.13–6.49, 4.46–48.30, 9.2–938.1, 0.02–0.13, 9.8–1726, 11–5.41, 0.04–7.64, 3.81–52.20 μg g ^?1respectively. The bio- concentration factor (BCF) showed its maximum value (15.5) in Excoecaria agallocha for Cd, suggesting that it can be considered as a high-efficient plant for heavy metal bioaccumulation. Among all metals, Cd and Zn were highly bioaccumulated in E. agallocha (2.97 and 52.2 μg g ^?1 respectively. Our findings suggest that the species may be classified as efficient metal trap for Cd in aerial parts, as indicated by higher metal accumulation in the leaves combined with BCF and translocation factor (TF) values.     

二球悬铃木不同器官对空气中Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的累积作用

以交通繁忙区(污染点)和相对清洁区(对照点)道路两侧的二球悬铃木〔Platanus acerifolia ( Ait.) Willd.〕为研究对象,测定了不同器官(包括主干、老树皮、2年生枝条、1年生枝条、腋芽、叶片和果实)中Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量,并对污染点二球悬铃木各器官中4种重金属元素的累积量和污染指数及二者的分布比例进行分析。结果表明：二球悬铃木体内重金属元素的含量因样点、器官及元素的不同而呈现不同的变化规律,污染点4种重金属元素的累积量及其分布比例、污染指数及其分布比例则因器官和元素的不同而有明显差异。总体上看,污染点各器官的Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量均高于对照点且差异显著(P<0.05);4种重金属元素相比较,均以Zn含量最高,Cu含量次之,而Ni和Pb含量则较低;在不同器官中同一重金属元素的含量也有明显差异,其中,Cu、Ni和Zn含量均在腋芽中最高,Pb含量在2年生枝条中最高。4种重金属元素的累积量及其分布比例均在叶片中最高,在老树皮中次之,在1年生枝条、2年生枝条和腋芽中均较低;而4种重金属元素的污染指数及其分布比例则在老树皮中最高,在叶片中次之。研究结果显示：二球悬铃木各器官对空气中的重金属元素均有一定的吸滞能力,并且叶片和老树皮的吸滞能力明显优于其他器官。     

城市胁迫生境下二球悬铃木叶片的发育稳定度及其环境指示功能

对采自上海市区14个样点的二球悬铃木叶片发育稳定度、叶片气孔密度和气孔长径进行研究。结果表明,在3个采样时期,根据叶片宽度确定的非稳态不对称指数(FA1)和根据叶片侧脉长度确定的偏向性不对称指数(RDA1)在不同环境胁迫程度(UESL)下均表现出显著的差异,但进一步分析表明,各样点FA1与环境胁迫程度UESL之间呈显著的非线性回归关系,而RDA1与环境胁迫程度之间却未显示类似关系。此外,FA1与叶片气孔密度和气孔长径之间的显著相关关系表明,它们可共同作为指示小尺度上环境胁迫的有效指标,而RDA1是叶片的一种正常发育状态参数,并不适于反映环境胁迫状态。     

几种化学药剂对悬铃木碳氮比值和花芽分化的影响

四种化学药剂处理的悬铃木,其冬季糖和氮含量均高于对照,春季则相反;并对新梢伸长有促进,对粗度有抑制效应;其中经ＧＡ３和乙硫氨酸处理的Ｃ／Ｎ比值增大,新梢成花量增加;乙烯利和２硫尿嘧啶处理的Ｃ／Ｎ比值减小,新梢成花量显著减少。从而为选用减灭悬铃木球果药剂提供理论依据     

河南槭叶铁线莲(毛茛科)一新变种——无裂槭叶铁线莲

报道了槭叶铁线莲一新变种——无裂槭叶铁线莲Clematis acerifolia Maxim. var. elobata S. X. Yan。该变种与原变种不同在于植株较矮,高不超过20 cm,叶卵形至宽卵形,不分裂,基部宽楔形至近截形,边缘具不规则锯齿。     

Chemistry and weak antimicrobial activities of phomopsins produced by mangrove endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. ZSU-H76

Three metabolites named phomopsin A (1), B (2) and C (3), together with two known compounds cytosporone B (4) and C (5), were isolated from the mangrove endophytic fungus, Phomopsis sp. ZSU-H76 obtained from the South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, mainly by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques. The medium-sized cyclic phenol ether based on 1 or 2 is rare in natural products. In bioassays, compounds 1, 2, and 3 had no significant antibiotic activities, but compounds 4 and 5 inhibited two fungi Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum with an MIC ranging from 32 to 64 microg/ml.     

二球悬铃木冬芽休眠的温度特性

为了探讨树木冬芽休眠与分布的相互关系以及悬铃木冬芽休眠机理,研究了悬铃木冬芽休眠的温度特性.结果表明：（1）悬铃木冬芽具有浅冬休眠特性,在25℃条件下即使深休眠期的冬芽也能够部分萌发,萌芽率达到40﹪～60﹪,但在15～20℃低温下不能萌发,而随着经历低温量的增加,休眠逐渐得到解除,在春季的10～15℃低温下也能萌发;（2）悬铃木冬芽的休眠解除的低温范围较大,5℃与12℃具有同样的低温效果,15℃也有较大的低温效果,甚至20℃也有低温效果,不同于温带树种,但与横跨亚热带与暖温带分布的山桐子相似;（3）9～10月份为悬铃木的休眠导入期,10月下旬进入深休眠期,同时进入休眠解除期,经过冬季低温信号的诱导,休眠得以解除,保证春季冬芽的正常萌发;（4）悬铃木冬芽能否萌发取决于芽鳞的阻碍作用力与生长点、叶原基或花原基萌发力的平衡状态,当阻碍力大于萌发力表现为冬芽不能萌发,当阻碍力小于萌发力表现为冬芽的萌发;（5）芽鳞除了具有阻碍作用和抵御冬季寒冷干燥气候外,还具有利用冬季低温解除其休眠的作用,在解除其休眠的过程中既提高了生长点、叶原基或花原基的萌发力,也降低了芽鳞的阻碍力;（6）悬铃木冬芽内的主芽和副芽休眠特性不同,在主芽萌芽能力弱时,副芽的萌芽能力增强,反之,主芽萌芽力强时,副芽的萌发就会受到抑制,当主芽能够经过冬季低温解除休眠能够萌发时,冬芽内的副芽重新进入休眠状态,可能是系统维持的一种生态适应;（7）二球悬铃木能横跨亚热带与暖温带广泛栽培正是由悬铃木冬芽休眠的生理生态特性决定的.     

悬铃木花粉生活力及贮藏力的研究

以30~40年生悬铃木(Platanus acerifolia)的花粉为试材,研究了不同培养基对其萌发的作用,同时探讨了不同贮藏条件和贮藏时间对花粉生活力的影响。结果表明:悬铃木花粉在15%蔗糖 0.01%硼酸的培养基上培养24 h后萌发率最高;附加琼脂的固体培养基对花粉的萌发影响不大;50 mg/L的赤霉素对悬铃木花粉的萌发没有明显的抑制或促进作用;花粉干燥后在低温4℃下贮藏能保持较长的生活力,比未经干燥25℃和4℃下贮藏分别长35 d和20 d。