近几十年来冀西北山地白桦次生林径向生长对气候变化的响应

研究不同海拔高度天然次生林径向生长特征及其对气候变化的响应, 揭示影响山地树木径向生长的主要因子, 对于研究气候变化对温带森林生态系统适应性生长、演替和可持续经营的影响具有重要意义。该研究以冀西北山地次生林优势树种白桦(Betula platyphylla)为对象, 于研究区海拔1 350、1 550、1 750、1 950 m处分别设置样地, 采集样木树芯和圆盘, 运用树木年轮气候学方法建立白桦天然次生林标准年表, 并将年轮宽度指数与气候因子进行相关、多元逐步回归分析。主要结果: (1) 1960-2018年研究区气候呈变暖变干趋势, 其中1960-1989年为平稳期, 1989-2018年为快速期。(2)白桦次生林径向生长在1989年发生改变, 年轮宽度指数呈现“增长-下降”的“Λ”形生长趋势。(3)在气候变化平稳期, 白桦次生林径向生长在低海拔样地(B1350、B1550)与气温(平均气温、最高气温、最低气温)呈正相关关系, 在高海拔样地(B1750、B1950)与上年和当年生长季降水量呈显著正相关关系; 在气候变化快速期, 低海拔样地(B1350、B1550)白桦次生林径向生长与生长季气温、生长季潜在蒸散发(ET₀)呈负相关关系, 高海拔样地(B1750、B1950)白桦次生林径向生长与生长季及生长季末期ET₀呈负相关关系。 (4)在气候变化平稳期, 温度对B1350、B1550、B1750样地白桦次生林径向生长的贡献率分别为76%、54%、51%, 水分的贡献率为24%、46%、49%; 在气候变化快速期, 温度对B1350、B1550、B1750样地树木径向生长的贡献率分别为58%、41%、38%, 水分的贡献率为42%、59%、62%; 高海拔B1950样地树木生长始终受水分因子的控制。     

Strong and stable geographic differentiation of swamp buffalo maternal and paternal lineages indicates domestication in the China/Indochina border region

The swamp type of the Asian water buffalo is assumed to have been domesticated by about 4000 years BP, following the introduction of rice cultivation. Previous localizations of the domestication site were based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation within China, accounting only for the maternal lineage. We carried out a comprehensive sampling of China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Nepal and Bangladesh and sequenced the mtDNA Cytochrome b gene and control region and the Y‐chromosomal ZFY, SRY and DBY sequences. Swamp buffalo has a higher diversity of both maternal and paternal lineages than river buffalo, with also a remarkable contrast between a weak phylogeographic structure of river buffalo and a strong geographic differentiation of swamp buffalo. The highest diversity of the swamp buffalo maternal lineages was found in south China and north Indochina on both banks of the Mekong River, while the highest diversity in paternal lineages was in the China/Indochina border region. We propose that domestication in this region was later followed by introgressive capture of wild cows west of the Mekong. Migration to the north followed the Yangtze valley as well as a more eastern route, but also involved translocations of both cows and bulls over large distances with a minor influence of river buffaloes in recent decades. Bayesian analyses of various migration models also supported domestication in the China/Indochina border region. Coalescence analysis yielded consistent estimates for the expansion of the major swamp buffalo haplogroups with a credibility interval of 900 to 3900 years BP. The spatial differentiation of mtDNA and Y‐chromosomal haplotype distributions indicates a lack of gene flow between established populations that is unprecedented in livestock.     

Centrocestus formosanus (Digenea: Heterophyidae) encysted in the freshwater fish, Puntius brevis, from Lao PDR

The metacercariae of Centrocestus formosanus, a minute intestinal trematode of mammals and birds, were detected in the freshwater fish, Puntius brevis, from Vientiane Municipality, Lao PDR. The metacercariae were experimentally fed to mice, and adult flukes were recovered in their small intestines 7 days later. The adult flukes were morphologically characterized by having 32 (rarely 34) circumoral spines arranged in 2 alternative rows, a large bipartite seminal vesicle, an oval-shaped ovary, and an X-shaped excretory bladder. Based on these characters, the adults were identified as Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924). The taxonomic significance of C. formosanus, in relation to a closely related species, C. caninus (Leiper, 1913), is briefly discussed. It has been first verified by adult worm recovery that C. formosanus is prevalent in Vientiane areas of Lao PDR, taking the freshwater fish, P. brevis, as a second intermediate host.