利用高效液相色谱法分离和测定棉花组织培养过程中4种内源激素

目的：优化利用高效液相色谱法测定棉花组织培养过程中吲哚-3-乙酸（IAA）、玉米素（ZT）、赤霉素（GA3）和脱落酸（ABA）等4种植物内源激素的条件,了解棉花胚性愈伤组织发生过程中4种内源激素及激素含量比例的规律性变化,以及添加不同外源激素对内源激素和愈伤组织的影响,为棉花组织培养由经验型变为理论型提供基础。方法：采用高效液相色谱法。结果：棉花胚性愈伤组织发生过程中4种内源激素及激素含量比例呈规律性变化：ZT、ABA、ABA/GA3、ABA/IAA呈现先上升后下降的趋势,GA3呈现先上升后下降再上升的趋势,ZT/IAA呈现明显的上升-下降-上升-下降的趋势;不同激素组合诱导下愈伤组织中内源激素含量及愈伤组织状态也有较大差别。结论：研究结果对指导组织培养过程中激素的调整和配比、制定适宜的培养计划有一定的指导意义;4种不同的内源激素都是愈伤组织生长的重要因子,各自适宜的浓度和恰当的比例调节着外植体的脱分化和再分化,各种激素协同作用促进细胞的生长和分化。     

piRNA-Triggered MIWI Ubiquitination and Removal by APC/C in Late Spermatogenesis

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Highlights? MIWI is a substrate of APC/C, and piRNA loading is essential for MIWI ubiquitination ? piRNA loading promotes MIWI binding to the APC/C substrate-binding subunit ? MIWI and piRNAs are coordinately eliminated in late spermatids ? Inhibition of MIWI destruction in late spermatids prevents sperm maturation     

银杏叶片三种酶活性变化与抗疫霉菌关系的研究

将疫霉菌离体接种于银杏叶片,发现不同龄期银杏叶片对疫霉菌的抗病性有差异,叶龄为100d的抗病性较强,叶龄为20d的抗病性较弱。不同银杏品种叶片对疫霉菌的抗性也有差异,潮田1号和大佛手2号较抗病,大佛手1号和桂G86-1较感病。不同龄期叶片接种后,其过氧化物酶(POD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的酶活性变化与抗病性成正相关,而多酚氧化酶(PPOD)的酶活性变化与抗病性没有相关性;不同银杏品种叶片接种后,品种间的抗病性与PPOD酶活性变化成正相关,而POD和PAL的酶活性变化与品种间的抗病性没有相关性。可见,POD、PPOD和PAL的酶活性变化没有明显规律性,不能作为衡量银杏叶片抗病性的生化指标。     

假单胞菌YL11对扩展青霉的抑制作用及其机理初探

【背景】苹果青霉病是由扩展青霉引起的一种重要的果实采后病害,影响果实品质导致苹果腐烂从而造成经济损失。【目的】研究假单胞菌YL11对扩展青霉的抑制作用和苹果采后青霉病的防治效果,并对抑菌机理进行初步探讨。【方法】以扩展青霉为供试菌株,研究不同浓度的假单胞菌YL11无菌发酵液对扩展青霉菌落直径、孢子萌发率、菌丝体干重、苹果损伤接种病斑直径扩展的影响,利用对电导率、核酸及蛋白释放量、AKP含量、SDH活性、ATP酶活性和ATP含量的影响对抑菌机理进行探究。【结果】假单胞菌YL11无菌发酵液能有效抑制扩展青霉生长,抑菌圈直径为22.33±0.27 mm,抑菌效价为71.67 mm/mL;能有效抑制孢子萌发,100%无菌发酵液对孢子萌发抑制率达到80.2%;对扩展青霉的生物量也有一定抑制作用,体积分数为100%时,菌丝体干重为4.7mg/mL,抑制率达到39.74%;无菌发酵液处理能有效抑制苹果青霉病病斑的扩展,3d时对病斑扩展的抑制率最大,达到47.1%;无菌发酵液处理均能引起电导率升高、胞内核酸和蛋白释放量增大、胞外AKP含量升高、SDH活性降低、ATP酶活性和ATP含量均降低,且随着发酵液浓度的增加效果越明显。【结论】假单胞菌YL11能显著抑制扩展青霉的生长,破坏细胞膜结构、降低能量代谢酶活性,从而扰乱扩展青霉的正常生长,对苹果青霉病有较好的生防效果,具有潜在的开发价值。     

The effect of bacteria on interspecific relationships between the euryhaline rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis and the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus japonicus

Inconsistent results have been obtained on the population growth of Brachionus rotundiformis and Tigriopus japonicus, when results from single-species and two-species mixed cultures are compared. Bacteria growth was not regulated in these experiments, which could be the cause for this. In order to test this possibility, we conducted similar experiments under axenic and synxenic (with presence of one species of bacteria) conditions. The population growth of B. rotundiformis was suppressed by the presence of T. japonicus in axenic cultures. T. japonicus could not persist in axenic cultures, but its population increased when grown in synxenic cultures. T. japonicus used RT bacteria strain as a food source, while these bacteria were toxic to B. rotundiformis. These results suggest that bacteria can modify the interspecific relationship between B. rotundiformis and T. japonicus.     

Complete mitochondrial genome of three Branchiostegus (Perciformes, Malacanthidae) species: genome description and phylogenetic considerations

We cloned and sequenced the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of three tilefishes (Branchiostegus albus, Branchiostegus argentatus, and Branchiostegus japonicus) to characterize and compare their mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes). The mitogenomes of B. albus, B. argentatus, and B. japonicus were 16,532, 16,550, and 16,541 bp long, respectively, and all consisted of 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA, and 22 transfer RNA (tRNAs)), which are typical for vertebrate mtDNA. As in other bony fishes, most genes were encoded on the H-strand, except for the nad6 and eight tRNA genes that were encoded on the L-strand. Among the 13 protein-coding genes of all three tilefishes, 2 reading-frame overlaps were found on the same strand: atp8 and atp6 overlapped by 10 nucleotides, and nad4L and nad4 overlapped by 7 nucleotides. The identity of the nad4 gene between B. albus and B. argentatus was the lowest at 87%. Conversely, the identity of the nad6 gene between B. albus and B. japonicus was the highest at 99%. Most tRNA genes were similar in length among the three species, while the tRNA-Ser((AGY)) of B. japonicus was 9 bp longer than those of B. albus and B. argentatus. The control region of the mitogenome spanned 853, 862, and 856 bp in B. albus, B. argentatus, and B. japonicus, respectively. A maximum likelihood tree constructed using 11,035 sites contained five independent groups with bootstrap values of 100% in support of their divergence. All three tilefishes examined were clustered with the Pomacanthidae species in Group II.     

Synthetic muO-conotoxin MrVIB blocks TTX-resistant sodium channel NaV1.8 and has a long-lasting analgesic activity

MuO-conotoxin MrVIB is a blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels, including TTX-sensitive and -resistant subtypes. A comprehensive characterization of this peptide has been hampered by the lack of sufficient synthetic material. Here, we describe the successful chemical synthesis and oxidative folding of MrVIB that has made an investigation of the pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of the peptide feasible. We show for the first time that synthetic MrVIB blocks rat NaV1.8 sodium channels and has potent and long-lasting local anesthetic effects when tested in two pain assays in rats. Furthermore, MrVIB can block propagation of action potentials in A- and C-fibers in sciatic nerve as well as skeletal muscle in isolated preparations from rat. Our work provides the first example of analgesia produced by a conotoxin that blocks sodium channels. The emerging diversity of antinociceptive mechanisms targeted by different classes of conotoxins is discussed.     

Structural and functional diversities among mu-conotoxins targeting TTX-resistant sodium channels

mu-Conotoxins are peptides that block sodium channels. Molecular cloning was used to identify four novel mu-conotoxins: CnIIIA, CnIIIB, CIIIA, and MIIIA from Conus consors, C. catus and C. magus. A comparison of their sequences with those of previously characterized mu-conotoxins suggested that the new mu-conotoxins were likely to target tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-r) sodium channels. The four peptides were chemically synthesized, and their biological activities were characterized. The new conotoxins all blocked, albeit with varying potencies, TTX-r sodium currents in frog dorsal-root-ganglion (DRG) neurons. The more potent of the four new mu-conotoxins, CnIIIA and CIIIA, exhibited a strikingly different selectivity profile in blocking TTX-r versus TTX-sensitive channels, as determined by their ability to block extracellularly recorded action potentials in three preparations from frog: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and TTX-treated C-fibers. CnIIIA was highly specific for TTX-r sodium channels, whereas CIIIA was nonselective. Both peptides appeared significantly less potent in blocking TTX-r sodium currents in rat and mouse DRG neurons. When CnIIIA and CIIIA were injected intracranially into mice, both induced seizures, but only CIIIA caused paralysis. This is the most comprehensive characterization to date of the structural and functional diversities of an emerging group of mu-conotoxins targeting TTX-r sodium channels.     

cDNA cloning of translationally controlled tumor protein/histamine releasing factor (TCTP/HRF) from the intertidal harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus japonicus.

We synthesized a cDNA library from the intertidal copepod Tigriopus japonicus, converted it to phagemids and sequenced expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Of these, Tigriopus translationally controlled tumor protein/histamine releasing factor (TCTP/HRF) was further characterized. The Tigriopus TCTP/HRF gene encoded 172 amino acid residues and showed high similarity to Drosophila but moderate similarity to other annelids (e.g. Brugia, Wuchereria and C. elegans). The Tigriopus TCTP/HRF gene appeared in the same clade as the annelids. Here, we describe the analysis of the Tigriopus TCTP/HRF gene.