国家公园陆地自然生态系统完整性与原真性评价方法探索: 以钱江源国家公园体制试点为例

中国建立国家公园的目的是保护自然生态系统的完整性和原真性, 促进生物多样性保护。国家公园的完整性和原真性评价是国家公园的布局规划、边界范围确定以及功能区划等研究的前提条件。为了评估国家公园自然生态系统完整性和原真性状态, 本文基于陆地自然生态系统的结构和功能, 通过指标筛选、专家咨询、指标量化和建立综合评价模型, 构建了陆地自然生态系统完整性与原真性的评价指标体系及其量化评价方法。该评价方法包括5个自然生态系统完整性指标、5个自然生态系统原真性指标和2个综合评价指标。以浙江省钱江源国家公园体制试点为例, 本文初步评估了其生态系统完整性与原真性状态, 并对评价结果进行了分级。按照本研究的评价方法, 钱江源国家公园体制试点的自然生态系统完整性评价结果为52.83%, 评价等级为较差; 自然生态系统原真性评价结果为87.06%, 评价等级为好。钱江源国家公园体制试点有待关注和提升的指标有保护区域完整性指数(27.00%)和旗舰种适宜生境完整性指数(53.04%)。最后, 本文结合研究区域评价结果对生态系统完整性和原真性领域应关注的问题进行了讨论。该自然生态系统完整性和原真性评价方法可提供一种评价指标覆盖较全面、数据易获取, 且评价结果易被决策者和管理者理解的评价思路。     

Identification of a Region within the Placental Alkaline Phosphatase mRNA That Mediates p180-dependent Targeting to the Endoplasmic Reticulum

In both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, it has been recently established that mRNAs encoding secreted and membrane proteins can be localized to the surface of membranes via both translation-dependent and RNA element-mediated mechanisms. Previously, we showed that the placental alkaline phosphatase (ALPP) mRNA can be localized to the ER membrane independently of translation, and this localization is mediated by p180, an mRNA receptor present in the ER. In this article, we aimed to identify the cis-acting RNA element in ALPP. Using chimera constructs containing fragments of the ALPP mRNA, we demonstrate that the ER-localizing RNA element is present within the 3′ end of the open reading frame and codes for a transmembrane domain. In addition, we show that this region requires p180 for efficient ER anchoring. Taken together, we provide the first insight into the nature of cis-acting ER-localizing RNA elements responsible for localizing mRNAs on the ER in mammalian cells.     

Chemical fingerprint analysis of rhizomes of Gymnadenia conopsea by HPLC-DAD-MSn

A high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS(n)) method has been firstly developed for chemical fingerprint analysis of rhizomes of Gymnadenia conopsea R. Br. and rapid identification of major compounds in the fingerprints. Comparing the UV and MS spectra with those of reference compounds, seven main peaks in the fingerprints were identified as adenosine (1), 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (2), 4-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde (3), dactylorhin B (4), loroglossin (5), dactylorhin A (6) and militarine (7). Compounds 4-7 were succinate derivative esters and firstly discovered from this species. The Computer Aided Similarity Evaluation System (CASES) for chromatographic fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicine was employed to evaluate the similarities of 10 samples of the rhizomes of G. conopsea collected from Sichuan, Qinghai and Hebei provinces, Tibet autonomous region of China, and Nepal. These samples from different sources had similar chemical fingerprints. This method is specific and may serve for quality identification and comprehensive evaluation of this traditional Tibetan remedy.     

黄土高原不同植被类型区人工林地深层土壤干燥化效应

人工林地土壤干燥化正在日益严重的威胁着黄土高原人工植被建设成效.在黄土高原3个植被类型区广泛观测苹果、刺槐、油松、辽东栎、狼牙刺、沙棘和柠条等23种不同立地和树龄林地深层土壤湿度基础上,比较和分析了各类林地土壤含水量、土壤湿度剖面分布和土壤干燥化强度,定量评价了各类林地深层土壤干燥化效应.研究结果表明:(1)23种林地0～1000 cm土层土壤湿度、土壤贮水量和土壤有效含水量平均值依次为10.84%、1409.8 mm和446.6 mm,明显低于荒草地土壤湿度和当地土壤稳定湿度值,各类林地平均土壤水分过耗量超过500 mm,每年多消耗土壤水分36.8 mm.林地土壤水分过耗量和耗水速度以中部半干旱森林草原区最高,南部半湿润森林区相对较低.林地土壤干燥化速度为:柠条和狼牙刺林地＞油松林地＞刺槐和沙棘林地＞苹果园地和辽东栎林地;(2)除林龄较短的苹果、沙棘和柠条林地外,各类林地在300 cm以下深层土壤湿度明显低于荒草地土壤湿度和土壤稳定湿度值,林地深层土壤湿度表现为阳坡低于阴坡、坡地低于平地,最大耗水深度接近或超过1000 cm.随林龄增长,林地深层土壤湿度逐渐降低,土壤干层逐渐加深和加厚;(3)23种林地土壤干燥化指数平均值为51.6%,达到中度(偏重)干燥化强度,林地土壤干层厚度达到或超过800 cm,随着降水量从半湿润区向半干旱偏旱区趋势性减少,林地土壤干燥化强度趋于强化,土壤干层厚度趋于增加.土壤干燥化强度和土壤干层厚度表现为:油松、辽东栎、狼牙刺和柠条林地＞刺槐林地＞苹果和沙棘林地.     

西藏虫草蝠蛾属一新种(鳞翅目：蝙蝠蛾科)

报道了采自西藏那曲地区比如基地的鳞翅目蝙蝠蛾科一新种,比如蝠蛾Hepialus biruensis Fu, sp.nov。该种幼虫是我国特产药材冬虫夏草的寄主昆虫之一。     

燕山山脉软枣猕猴桃的居群结构与动态研究

为探究层间藤本植物软枣猕猴桃（Actinidia arguta）在群落中的生长格局和居群动态变化，以燕山区域内的野生软枣猕猴桃为研究对象，采用样圆法分区域进行了野生软枣猕猴桃的居群结构调查，编制了特定时间生命表并绘制存活曲线。结果表明：燕山区域Ⅰ-Ⅱ径级（幼苗阶段）种群个体分别占总数量的15.39%（东段）、31.25%（中段）和30.76%（西段），总体居群结构呈"倒金字塔"型，种群表现出衰退趋势。调查区域软枣猕猴桃的高度结构基本符合连续发育特征，相对完整。燕山东段和中段的软枣猕猴桃较明显地趋近Deevey-Ⅱ型指数函数模型，燕山西段介于Deevey Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型之间，但更接近Ⅱ型；燕山山脉软枣猕猴桃居群整体呈现衰退型特征。软枣猕猴桃有较高的保护价值，但其居群数量稀少，自然更新能力较弱，种群未来的生长繁衍不容乐观，应加强关注与保护力度。     

A novel method for prediction of dynamic smiling expressions after orthodontic treatment: a case report

Smile esthetics has become increasingly important for orthodontic patients, thus prediction of post-treatment smile is necessary for a perfect treatment plan. In this study, with a combination of three-dimensional craniofacial data from the cone beam computed tomography and color-encoded structured light system, a novel method for smile prediction was proposed based on facial expression transfer, in which dynamic facial expression was interpreted as a matrix of facial depth changes. Data extracted from the pre-treatment smile expression record were applied to the post-treatment static model to realize expression transfer. Therefore smile esthetics of the patient after treatment could be evaluated in pre-treatment planning procedure. The positive and negative mean values of error for prediction accuracy were 0.9 and ? 1.1 mm respectively, with the standard deviation of ± 1.5 mm, which is clinically acceptable. Further studies would be conducted to reduce the prediction error from both the static and dynamic sides as well as to explore automatically combined prediction from the two sides.     

Effects of deep soil desiccation on artificial forestlands in different vegetation zones on the Loess Plateau of China

Deep soil desiccations are increasingly threatening artificial forests on the Loess Plateau of China. Soil moisture in 0–1000 cm soil layers of 23 kinds of tree and shrub forestlands was measured. Average soil moisture in 0–1000 cm soil profile of the forestlands was 10.84%, obviously lower than soil moisture in local natural grasslands and soil stable moisture. Average soil desic-cation intensity reached a medium level. Maximum soil water use depth was close to or over 1000 cm, and the thickness of desic-cated soil layers in forestlands reached or passed 800 cm.