Five New Phenolic Glycosides from Viburnum luzonicum

Viburnum luzonicum is widely distributed in China. Its branch extracts showed potential α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. In order to discover new bioactive constituents, five undescribed phenolic glycosides, viburozosides A−E ( 1 – 5 ), were obtained by bioassay-guided isolation coupled with HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D NMR, 2D NMR, ECD, and ORD. All compounds were tested for their α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potency. Compound 1 showed significantly competitive inhibition against α-amylase (IC₅₀=17.5 μM) and α-glucosidase (IC₅₀=13.6 μM).     

Raman–deuterium isotope probing to study metabolic activities of single bacterial cells in human intestinal microbiota

Human intestinal microbiota is important to host health and is associated with various diseases. It is a challenge to identify the functions and metabolic activity of microorganisms at the single-cell level in gut microbial community. In this study, we applied Raman microspectroscopy and deuterium isotope probing (Raman–DIP) to quantitatively measure the metabolic activities of intestinal bacteria from two individuals and analysed lipids and phenylalanine metabolic pathways of functional microorganisms in situ. After anaerobically incubating the human faeces with heavy water (D₂O), D₂O with specific substrates (glucose, tyrosine, tryptophan and oleic acid) and deuterated glucose, the C–D band in single-cell Raman spectra appeared in some bacteria in faeces, due to the Raman shift from the C–H band. Such Raman shift was used to indicate the general metabolic activity and the activities in response to the specific substrates. In the two individuals' intestinal microbiota, the structures of the microbial communities were different and the general metabolic activities were 76 ± 1.0% and 30 ± 2.0%. We found that glucose, but not tyrosine, tryptophan and oleic acid, significantly stimulated metabolic activity of the intestinal bacteria. We also demonstrated that the bacteria within microbiota preferably used glucose to synthesize fatty acids in faeces environment, whilst they used glucose to synthesize phenylalanine in laboratory growth environment (e.g. LB medium). Our work provides a useful approach for investigating the metabolic activity in situ and revealing different pathways of human intestinal microbiota at the single-cell level.     

金佛山亚热带常绿阔叶林地表土壤动物群落特征及其影响因素

为探讨小尺度下不同微生境的土壤动物群落特征及其与环境因子之间的关系,于2018年10月在金佛山西坡亚热带常绿阔叶林样带内,对其凋落物层及腐殖质层两类微生境的土壤动物群落进行调查及相应环境因子的测定。此次调查共捕获地表土壤动物12381头,隶属于3门9纲22目。其中优势类群为蜱螨目和长角虫兆目,个体数占比为75.24%;常见类群为原虫兆目、愈腹虫兆目、短角虫兆目、双翅目、鞘翅目和膜翅目,个体数占比为21.23%。同时,土壤动物的密度（M）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H）、Simpson优势度指数（D）及Pielou均匀度指数（E）均表现为腐殖质层极显著高于凋落物层（P<0.01）。根据回归分析及冗余分析结果发现,两类微生境的土壤动物群落特征与环境因子的关系存在一定差异;影响凋落物层土壤动物群落特征的重要环境因子为凋落物的总有机碳、碳氮比、湿度及pH,而影响腐殖质层土壤动物群落特征的重要环境因子为腐殖质的干重、总氮、总磷、湿度、pH及微生物生物量氮。研究表明,常绿阔叶林生态系统的不同微生境间土壤动物多样性特征存在显著差异,小尺度下环境因子对土壤动物群落特征具有重要影响。     

小麦/玉米轮作田根际微生物多样性分析

[背景] 小麦/玉米轮作是中国粮食作物主要种植模式之一,目前对小麦/玉米轮作田根际土壤微生物差异变化缺乏全面的了解。[目的] 明确小麦/玉米根际土壤微生物差异变化并了解其潜在功能。[方法] 以小麦/玉米根际土壤为材料,运用细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌rDNA ITS基因测序,分析小麦/玉米根际土壤微生物多样性。[结果] 玉米季微生物丰富度高于小麦季,而多样性无明显差异。放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）为小麦季和玉米季根际土壤的优势细菌门,优势真菌门为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）。小麦季和玉米季共有细菌和真菌分别是631个和261个,小麦季特有细菌和真菌分别是38个和58个,玉米季特有细菌和真菌分别是25个和39个。LEfSe分析（LDA阈值为2）细菌和真菌表明,放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）和微囊菌目（Microascales）在小麦季富集,鞘脂单胞菌目（Sphingomonadales）和银耳纲（Tremellomycetes）在玉米季富集。小麦季、玉米季微生物代谢功能不同,与小麦季相比,玉米季养分循环的代谢通路丰富度较高,而参与氧化应激的代谢通路丰富度较低。[结论] 该研究结果对指导小麦/玉米轮作田管理具有理论和实践意义。     

河西走廊植被净初级生产力时空变化及其影响因子研究

干旱半干旱区植被NPP变化对全球碳循环有重要影响,该区域NPP对气候变化的响应表现出较大的时空异质性,其驱动机制并不十分清楚。选择中国河西走廊,利用随机森林算法估算了2002-2018年的NPP,基于偏导数法计算了气候与人类活动对NPP的影响。结果表明：（1）随机森林算法能较好的适用于干旱半干旱区NPP估算。（2）2002-2018年间河西走廊年NPP的平均值为153.32 gC m^-2 a^-1,总量为37.468 Tg C/a,呈东南向西北递减的分布特征,研究期间NPP呈2.37 gC m^-2 a^-1（P=0.09）增长趋势。（3）河西走廊NPP变化52.51%由气候因子贡献,47.49%由人类活动贡献。（4）在气候变化对NPP的影响中,降水主导了该区72.21%的区域,温度对NPP变化量的贡献占73.71%,前者影响着NPP变化格局,后者主导NPP变化数量。升温和增湿均有利于该区NPP增加,随着西北地区气候暖湿化,河西走廊植被会持续改善,该研究有助于理解干旱半干旱区NPP对气候变化的响应机制,为适应气候变化政策制定提供理论依据。     

Targeting BAX ubiquitin-binding sites reveals that BAX activation is essential for its ubiquitin-dependent degradation

BAX is an important proapoptotic protein of the BCL-2 family, and its stability is essential for the regulation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. A previous study revealed that BAX could undergo degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In this study, we identified two lysine sites, K21 and K123, that were critical ubiquitin-binding sites in BAX. Mutation of these two sites prolonged the half-life of BAX and also affected its proapoptotic ability. Intriguingly, we found that ABT-737, a BCL-2 inhibitor, significantly enhanced TRAIL-induced BAX degradation in HCT116 cells and increased TRAIL-induced apoptosis in the HCT116 only with the BAX K21R/K123R mutant, not other BAX mutants. In addition, overexpression of PARKIN, an E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting BAX, dramatically decreased BAX protein level when only treated with ABT-737 in HCT116 cells. Therefore, we speculated that BAX activation is essential for its ubiquitin-dependent degradation.     

气候变化对东北沼泽湿地潜在分布的影响

东北地区是我国沼泽湿地分布最广泛的地区。为研究沼泽湿地对气候变化的响应,选取了对沼泽湿地分布可能存在影响的26个环境因子,利用最大熵(Maximum Entropy, MaxEnt)模型模拟了沼泽湿地基准气候条件下的潜在分布,并预测了气候变化情景下2011-2040 年、2041-2070 年和2071-2100 年3个研究阶段东北沼泽湿地潜在分布。研究结果表明:最大熵模型预测精度较高(平均AUC(Aera Under Curve)为(0.826±0.005))。基准气候条件下东北沼泽潜在分布区主要为大小兴安岭和三江平原地区。随着时间的推进,东北地区沼泽湿地原有潜在分布面积明显减少,而新增潜在分布面积较少,总面积呈现急剧减少趋势。至2071-2100年,原有沼泽湿地潜在分布面积将减少99.80%,新增潜在分布面积仅2.48%,总潜在分布面积减少97.32%。空间分布上,东北沼泽湿地潜在分布呈现由东向西迁移,南北向中心收缩的趋势。研究结果可为东北地区沼泽湿地保护政策的制定提供参考。     

SolVES模型价值转移方法对不同空间尺度的响应评估

随着人类对生态系统服务压力的不断增加,生态系统服务社会价值的评估变得至关重要。利用SolVES模型将太白山国家森林公园的社会价值转移到牛背梁国家森林公园和秦岭山地,评估两者的社会价值并探讨不同尺度下转移结果的差异。结果表明:1)牛背梁国家森林公园游憩价值指数与高程负相关,美学价值指数与高程正相关,羚牛谷山水观光游憩区的游憩价值较高,高山风光区的美学价值较高;2)秦岭山地的游憩价值与高程正相关,美学价值与高程负相关,森林公园的游憩价值较高,山地整体美学价值指数偏低;3)秦岭山地的社会价值集中于高程1000—2000m、坡度25°—35°处,而牛背梁国家森林公园的社会价值分布规律不明显;4)不同尺度下相同的转移模型输出的转移结果与环境变量的关系存在差异。SolVES模型的价值转移子模型是一个可以进行生态系统服务社会价值评估的快速有效的工具,但应根据需求精度选择合适的统计模型。     

基于MATLAB 的花粉形态量化分析

利用数字照相技术和MATLAB软件测量了5种杨树、3种柏树各50粒花粉的面积、扁圆率、极轴长度、赤道轴长度, 计算了面积标准差和极轴长度/赤道轴长度。对8种花粉的面积作了方差分析。结果显示, 在99%置信水平上用面积能区分8种花粉。用5种杨树花粉的扁圆率平均值、极轴平均值、赤道轴平均值和P/E值作聚类分析, 聚类结果显示, 5种杨树可分成3组, 加拿大杨和小叶杨是一组, 毛白杨和山杨是一组, 青杨单独为一组。电镜观察纹饰特点与以上聚类结果一致。本研究为定量研究花粉形态提供了一种快速有效的方法及更多的有效数据, 比目测精确度提高了10倍。