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1.
The bacterial mesosome 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
2.
Litman GW; Rast JP; Shamblott MJ; Haire RN; Hulst M; Roess W; Litman RT; Hinds- Frey KR; Zilch A; Amemiya CT 《Molecular biology and evolution》1993,10(1):60-72
Immunoglobulins are encoded by a large multigene system that undergoes
somatic rearrangement and additional genetic change during the development
of immunoglobulin-producing cells. Inducible antibody and antibody-like
responses are found in all vertebrates. However, immunoglobulin possessing
disulfide-bonded heavy and light chains and domain-type organization has
been described only in representatives of the jawed vertebrates. High
degrees of nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence identity are
evident when the segmental elements that constitute the immunoglobulin gene
loci in phylogenetically divergent vertebrates are compared. However, the
organization of gene loci and the manner in which the independent elements
recombine (and diversify) vary markedly among different taxa. One striking
pattern of gene organization is the "cluster type" that appears to be
restricted to the chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) and limits
segmental rearrangement to closely linked elements. This type of gene
organization is associated with both heavy- and light-chain gene loci. In
some cases, the clusters are "joined" or "partially joined" in the germ
line, in effect predetermining or partially predetermining, respectively,
the encoded specificities (the assumption being that these are expressed)
of the individual loci. By relating the sequences of transcribed gene
products to their respective germ-line genes, it is evident that, in some
cases, joined-type genes are expressed. This raises a question about the
existence and/or nature of allelic exclusion in these species. The
extensive variation in gene organization found throughout the vertebrate
species may relate directly to the role of intersegmental
(V<==>D<==>J) distances in the commitment of the individual
antibody-producing cell to a particular genetic specificity. Thus, the
evolution of this locus, perhaps more so than that of others, may reflect
the interrelationships between genetic organization and function.
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3.
The reversibly photochromic pigment, phycochrome c, was extracted from the blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum strain A. Action spectra were determined for in vitro conversions of the pigment from the short wavelength to the long wavelength form and vice versa. The action peak for the absorbance decrease at 650 nm is at 630 nm. During this decrease there is only a slight increase of the absorbance in the green region. Green and yellow light (maximum efficiency at 580 nm) completely restores absorbance at 650 nm. The observations are explained by the existence of three spectrally different forms of phycochrome c: Pc630 and Pc650 which equilibrate in darkness and Pc580 which is reversibly photoconvertible to Pc630. We have also measured the absorbance changes brought about by saturating irradiations with light of various wavelengths (“photostationary state spectrum”). Extreme photostationary states were obtained with about 650 nm and 500 nm light. 相似文献
4.
Photosynthetic electron transport and low-temperature fluorescence emission properties have been analyzed in isolated chloroplasts during the course of frost hardening and dehardening of Pinus silvestris L. Both the partial electron-transport reactions (H2O DPIP and Asc./DPIP NADP) and the overall electron transport (H2O — NAPD) showed decreasing capacities during the course of hardening. Upon exposing the plants to ?5°C and high irradiance a block in the electron-transport chain between the two photosystems developed, whereas the partial reactions still showed activities. The decrease in activity of PSl was accompanied by a decrease in P700 content, as determined by light oxidation of P700, which indicates a correlation between the two changes. Hardening also induced changes in the in vivo chlorophyll organization. During the course of hardening the fluorescence emission bands F692 and F726 decreased relative to F680. These changes were more pronounced if the plants were treated in high than in low irradiance. This suggests a greater destruction of the chlorophyll antennae in close association with the two photoreactions than in the so-called light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b antenna. During dehardening basically the reverse of the changes observed during hardening occurred. The recovery of secondary needles was complete, whereas primary needles only partly recovered. 相似文献
5.
Control of cell volume in the J774 macrophage by microtubule disassembly and cyclic AMP 总被引:8,自引:5,他引:3 下载免费PDF全文
We have explored the possibilities that cell volume is regulated by the status of microtubule assembly and cyclic AMP metabolism and may be coordinated with shape change. Treatment of J774.2 mouse macrophages with colchicine caused rapid microtubule disassembly and was associated with a striking increase (from 15-20 to more than 90 percent) in the proportion of cells with a large protuberance at one pole. This provided a simple experimental system in which shape changes occurred in virtually an entire cell population in suspension. Parallel changes in cell volume could then be quantified by isotope dilution techniques. We found that the shape change caused by colchicine was accompanied by a decrease in cell volume of approximately 20 percent. Nocodozole, but not lumicolchicine, caused identical changes in both cell shape and cell volume. The volume loss was not due to cell lysis nor to inhibition of pinocytosis. The mechanism of volume loss was also examined. Colchicine induced a small but reproducible increase in activity of the ouabain-sensitive Na(+), K(+)-dependent ATPase. However, inhibition of this enzyme/transport system by ouabain did not change cell volume nor did it block the colchicines-induced decrease in volume. One the other hand, SITS (4’acetamido, 4-isothiocyano 2,2’ disulfonic acid stilbene), an inhibitor of anion transport, inhibited the effects of colchicines, thus suggesting a role for an anion transport system in cell volume regulation. Because colchicine is known to activate adenylate cyclase in several systems and because cell shape changes are often induced by hormones that elevate cyclic AMP, we also examined the effects of cyclic AMP on cell volume. Agents that act to increase syclic AMP (cholera toxin, which activates adenylate cyclase; IBMX, and inhibitor of phosphodiesterase; and dibutyryl cyclic AMP) all caused a volume decrease comparable to that of colchicine. To define the effective metabolic pathway, we studied two mutants of J774.2, one deficient in adenylate cyclase and the other exhibiting markedly reduced activity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Cholera toxin did not produce a volume change in either mutant. Cyclic AMP produced a decrease in the cyclase-deficient line comparable to that in wild type, but did not cause a volume change in the kinase- deficient line. This analysis established separate roles for cyclic AMP and colchicine. The volume decrease induced by cyclic AMP requires the action of a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Colchicine, on the other hand, induced a comparable volume change in both mutants and wild type, and thus does not require the kinase. 相似文献
6.
The formation of cysts by Azotobacter vinelandii involves the synthesis of lipids as major metabolic products. Cells which encyst at low levels in aging glucose cultures undergo the same pattern of lipid synthesis as cells which undergo reasonably synchronous encystment in beta-hydroxybutyrate or n-butanol. The accumulation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) precedes the synthesis of 5-n-heneicosylresorcinol and 5-n-tricosylresorcinol (AR1), which is then followed in about 6 h by the synthesis of the 5-n-alkylresorcinol galactosides (AR2). In the mature cyst, PHB, AR1, and AR2 account for 8, 5.6, and 4.5%, respectively, of the dry weight. Phospholipid formation levels off 4 h postinduction, which coincides with the final cell division, but fatty acids synthesis continues at a very low level throughout encystment, suggesting some turnover of fatty acid. Distribution studies show that AR1 and AR2 are found in roughly equal amounts in the exine and central body of the cysts, with only trace amounts recovered from the intine. Studies of cysts labeled during encystment with [14C]beta-hydroxybutyrate or during vegetative growth with [14C]glucose suggest that the exine structure is synthesized during encystment, but that the intine is composed largely of vegetative cell components. 相似文献
7.
Fatty acids in phospholipids of cells, cysts, and germinating cysts of Azotobacter vinelandii. 下载免费PDF全文
Cyclopropane fatty acids constitute 25% of the phospholipid acyl groups in cysts of Azotobacter vinelandii. These are lost by dilution during germination when the synthesis of the fatty acids characteristic of vegetative cell phospholipids commences. 相似文献
8.
Defective synthesis of lipid intermediates for peptidoglycan formation in a stabilized L-form of Streptococcus pyogenes. 总被引:8,自引:8,他引:0
Membrane preparations obtained from a stabilized L-form of Streptococcus pyogenes are incapable of synthesizing peptidoglycan from uridine-5'-diphospho-N-acetyl-D-muramyl-L-Ala-D-iso-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala and uridine-5'-diphospho-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, in contrast with similar preparations from the parental streptococcus. Furthermore, 50-fold higher levels of lipid intermediates which serve as membrane-bound substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis are synthesized in reaction mixtures containing streptococcal membranes than with similar preparations from the L-form. These observations suggest that the inability of this stabilized L-form to form a cell wall in vivo lies, at least in part, in its failure to synthesize significant quantities of the lipid substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis. 相似文献
9.
The Ultrastructure of the Fungus Trichoderma viride and Investigation of its Growth on Cellulose 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Changes in the ultrastructure of Trichoderma viride during growth in shake cultures on cellobiose and cellulose fibres were examined. Electron micrographs of thin sections of germinating conidia, septate hyphae with ascomycete pores and other cell organelles are presented. Extensive autolysis of hyphae was observed after growth for 20 h on cellobiose. The fungus grew in the lumina and within the walls of cellulose fibres. The hyphae followed the directions of the laminar structure but did not grow across them. The observations indicated that the hyphae penetrated the fibres by causing cracks and by dissolving enzymatically the cellulose. 相似文献
10.
We examined gazelle peripheral blood leucocytes using the α-Naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) staining technique (pH 5.8). Our purpose was to determine the percentage of ANAE positive lymphocytes. The proportion of ANAE positive T-lymphocytes was 72%. T-lymphocytes showed an ANAE positive reaction, but eosinophilic granulocytes and monocytes also showed a positive reaction. By contrast, no reaction was detected in B-lymphocytes, neutrophil granulocytes or platelets. The reaction observed in T-lymphocytes was a red-brown coloration, usually 1–2 granules, but enough granules to fill the cytoplasm were detected rarely. As a result of ANAE enzyme staining, we concluded that the staining technique can be used as a cytochemical marker for gazelle T-lymphocytes. 相似文献