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1.
Litman GW; Rast JP; Shamblott MJ; Haire RN; Hulst M; Roess W; Litman RT; Hinds- Frey KR; Zilch A; Amemiya CT 《Molecular biology and evolution》1993,10(1):60-72
Immunoglobulins are encoded by a large multigene system that undergoes
somatic rearrangement and additional genetic change during the development
of immunoglobulin-producing cells. Inducible antibody and antibody-like
responses are found in all vertebrates. However, immunoglobulin possessing
disulfide-bonded heavy and light chains and domain-type organization has
been described only in representatives of the jawed vertebrates. High
degrees of nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence identity are
evident when the segmental elements that constitute the immunoglobulin gene
loci in phylogenetically divergent vertebrates are compared. However, the
organization of gene loci and the manner in which the independent elements
recombine (and diversify) vary markedly among different taxa. One striking
pattern of gene organization is the "cluster type" that appears to be
restricted to the chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) and limits
segmental rearrangement to closely linked elements. This type of gene
organization is associated with both heavy- and light-chain gene loci. In
some cases, the clusters are "joined" or "partially joined" in the germ
line, in effect predetermining or partially predetermining, respectively,
the encoded specificities (the assumption being that these are expressed)
of the individual loci. By relating the sequences of transcribed gene
products to their respective germ-line genes, it is evident that, in some
cases, joined-type genes are expressed. This raises a question about the
existence and/or nature of allelic exclusion in these species. The
extensive variation in gene organization found throughout the vertebrate
species may relate directly to the role of intersegmental
(V<==>D<==>J) distances in the commitment of the individual
antibody-producing cell to a particular genetic specificity. Thus, the
evolution of this locus, perhaps more so than that of others, may reflect
the interrelationships between genetic organization and function.
相似文献
2.
Lab-scale study of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) for dilute municipal wastewater treatment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Seung Hyuk Baek Krishna R. Pagilla Hyung-Jin Kim 《Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering》2010,15(4):704-708
Anaerobic bioreactors supplemented with membrane technology have become quite popular, owing to their favorable energy recovery
characteristics. In this study, a lab-scale anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) was assessed in experimental treatments
of pre-settled dilute municipal wastewater obtained from a full-scaled wastewater treatment plant. The MBR system was operated
in continuous flow mode for 440 days. To evaluate the performance of the AnMBR under various loading rates, the hydraulic
retention time (HRT) was reduced in a stepwise manner (from 2 to 0.5 days). Afterward, the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)
were reduced from 7,000 to 3,000 mg/L in increments of 1,000 mg/L, resulting in a decrease in solids retention time (SRT)
at a constant HRT of 1.0 day. The soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) concentration in the feed varied between 38 and 131
mg/L, whereas the average permeate SCOD ranged between 18 and 37 mg/L, reflecting excellent effluent quality. The AnMBR performance
in terms of COD removal proved stable, despite variations in influent characteristics and HRT and SRT changes. The concentration
of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) was reduced with decreases in HRT from 42 to 22 mg VS/mg of MLSS, thereby indicating
that the increased biomass concentration biodegraded the EPS at lower HRTs. AnMBR is, therefore, demonstrably a feasible option
for the treatment of dilute wastewater with separate stage nitrogen and phosphorus removal processes. 相似文献
3.
Chung JW Webster DA Pagilla KR Stark BC 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2001,27(1):27-33
Using the pUT-miniTn5 vector system developed by the laboratory of K.N. Timmis, the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (vgb) was integrated into the chromosomes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia; Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) was expressed at 8.8 and 0.8 nmol/g wet weight of cells in the respective engineered strains. The vgb-bearing P. aeruginosa outgrew wild-type P. aeruginosa and degraded benzoic acid faster than the latter strain at both normal and low aeration. In contrast, the vgb-bearing B. cepacia strain had a growth advantage over the wild-type strain at ca. 90 ppm, but not at ca. 120 ppm 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT); no
difference in DNT degradation was seen between the two strains at either normal or low aeration. The results demonstrate the
practicality of enhancing bioremediation with vgb stably integrated into the chromosome, but also suggest that a minimal level of VHb expression is required for its beneficial
effects to be seen. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 27, 27–33.
Received 20 October 2000/ Accepted in revised form 04 May 2001 相似文献
4.
This paper presents a critical review of the literature on the application of genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) in bioremediation. The important aspects of using GEMs in bioremediation, such as development of novel strains with desirable properties through pathway construction and the modification of enzyme specificity and affinity, are discussed in detail. Particular attention is given to the genetic engineering of bacteria using bacterial hemoglobin (VHb) for the treatment of aromatic organic compounds under hypoxic conditions. The application of VHb technology may advance treatment of contaminated sites, where oxygen availability limits the growth of aerobic bioremediating bacteria, as well as the functioning of oxygenases required for mineralization of many organic pollutants. Despite the many advantages of GEMs, there are still concerns that their introduction into polluted sites to enhance bioremediation may have adverse environmental effects, such as gene transfer. The extent of horizontal gene transfer from GEMs in the environment, compared to that of native organisms including benefits regarding bacterial bioremediation that may occur as a result of such transfer, is discussed. Recent advances in tracking methods and containment strategies for GEMs, including several biological systems that have been developed to detect the fate of GEMs in the environment, are also summarized in this review. Critical research questions pertaining to the development and implementation of GEMs for enhanced bioremediation have been identified and posed for possible future research. 相似文献
5.
KR Rupesh PL PremKumar Vasanth V Shiva Kumar Seetharaman S Jayachandran 《BMC microbiology》2002,2(1):5-7
Background
Seeds of the legume plant Lathyrus sativus, which is grown in arid and semi arid tropical regions, contain Diamino Propionic acid (DAP). DAP is a neurotoxin, which, when consumed, causes a disease called Lathyrism. Lathryrism may manifest as Neurolathyrism or Osteolathyrism, in which the nervous system, and bone formation respectively, are affected. DAP ammonia lyase is produced by a few microorganisms such as Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas, and is capable of detoxifying DAP. 相似文献6.
7.
The hemoglobin from the bacterium Vitreoscilla (VHb) is the first microbial hemoglobin that was conclusively identified as such (in 1986). It has been extensively studied
with respect to its ligand binding properties and mechanisms, structure, biochemical functions, and the mechanisms by which
its expression is controlled. In addition, cloning of its gene (vgb) into a variety of heterologous hosts has proved that its expression results substantial increases in production of a variety
of useful products and ability to degrade potentially harmful compounds. Recent studies (since 2005) have added significant
knowledge to all of these areas and shown the broad range of biotechnological applications in which VHb can have a positive
effect. 相似文献
8.
A mathematical model is proposed which systematically investigates complex calcium oscillations in pancreatic acinar cells. This model is based on calcium-induced calcium release via inositol trisphosphate receptors (IPR) and ryanodine receptors (RyR) and includes calcium modulation of inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate (IP3) levels through feedback regulation of degradation and production. In our model, the apical and the basal regions are separated by a region containing mitochondria, which is capable of restricting Ca2+ responses to the apical region. We were able to reproduce the observed oscillatory patterns, from baseline spikes to sinusoidal oscillations. The model predicts that calcium-dependent production and degradation of IP3 is a key mechanism for complex calcium oscillations in pancreatic acinar cells. A partial bifurcation analysis is performed which explores the dynamic behaviour of the model in both apical and basal regions. 相似文献
9.
Krzysztof Czerwionka Aneta Luczkiewicz Joanna Majtacz Przemyslaw Kowal Katarzyna Jankowska Slawomir Ciesielski Krishna Pagilla Jacek Makinia 《Biodegradation》2014,25(6):881-892
In this study, denitrification of ammonium-reach anaerobic sludge digester liquor was investigated during start-up periods of two laboratory-scale “fill-and-draw” reactors. One reactor was fed with a single carbon source (ethanol), whereas the other reactor was fed with a complex carbon source (fusel oil). During two acclimation experiments, the structure of microbial community involved in denitrification was analyzed using 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprints and fluorescent in situ hybridization. The characteristics of the mixed liquor were additionally supported by regular measurements of nitrate uptake rates. The addition of fusel oil and ethanol resulted in a significant enhancement of the denitrification rate and efficiency combined with the increasing volumetric addition of sludge digester liquor up to 15 % of the reactor volume. The microbiological analyses revealed that the addition of sludge digester liquor as well as both external carbon sources (fusel oil and ethanol) did not affect the structure of microbial communities in a severe way. In both reactors, Curvibacter sp. and Azoarcus sp. were found as the most abundant representatives of denitrifiers. 相似文献
10.
Regeneration and reestablishment of synaptic connections is an important topic in neurobiological research. In the present study, the regeneration of auditory afferents and the accompanying effects in the central nervous system are investigated in nymphs and adults of the bush cricket Tettigonia viridissima L. (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). In all animals in which the tympanal nerve is crushed, neuronal tracing shows a regrowth of the afferents into the prothoracic ganglion. This regeneration is seen in both adult and nymphal stages and starts 10–15 days after nerve crushing. Physiological recordings from the leg nerve indicate a recovery of tympanal fibres and a formation of functional connections to interneurones in the same time range. Electrophysiological recordings from the neck connective suggest additional contralateral sprouting of interneurones and the formation of aberrant connections. The regeneration processes of the tympanal nerve in nymphal stages and adults appear to be similar. 相似文献