Comparison of response of two C3 species to leaf water relation,proline synthesis,gas exchange and water use under periodic water stress

Water relations, proline content and gas exchange of leaf were investigated under periodic water stress for two C3 plants (eggplant and tomato) in a greenhouse to study comparative adaptive responses. Although both species showed reduced water content of leaf and increased osmolality and proline content under low soil water potential, the recovery capacity after the stress was better in eggplant than tomato. Both species over-accumulated proline under low soil water potential and returned to its initial concentration during the recovery, indicating that proline may act as an osmoprotectant during drought. Proline was directly corresponding with osmolality during stress, and dehydration stress reduced the gas exchange parameters such as transpiration rate (ET), stomatal conductance (GS), and photosynthesis rate (Pn). At the final stage of the experiment both species showed 2.6 and 3.3 times lower Pn and 27 and 19 times lower GS for eggplant and tomato, respectively, as compared to control. But after stress was relieved by rewatering, both plants increased GS for 2 to 3 times and Pn for 4.5 times. Eggplant showed better water use efficiency (WUE) in relation to fruit production under the stress than tomato. Higher biomass allocation at root and fruit parts in eggplant indicated more efficient recovery than that of tomato. These findings inferred that both C3 plants developed internal complementary drought survival mechanism by lowering relative water content, increasing proline, and decreasing stomatal conductance but eggplants withstood the periodic draughting better than tomato, mainly due to its ability to recover from a water stress condition.     

德保苏铁回归后几个生理指标的比较研究

以广西黄连山自然保护区内的德保苏铁幼苗为材料,研究了不同叶数苏铁幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量的变化。结果表明:在7月至11月间,随着时间的推移,德保苏铁幼苗叶片的SOD、POD活性均呈递增趋势,CAT活性则先缓慢下降后又呈递增的趋势;MDA含量呈下降趋势;脯氨酸含量呈缓慢上升趋势;可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质均呈持续积累趋势。综合分析结果表明:可将不同叶数苏铁幼苗分为两类:5叶植株单独为一类,环境适应能力强;3叶植株和4叶植株可聚为一类,环境适应能力相对较强。     

Numb modulates intestinal epithelial cells toward goblet cell phenotype by inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway

Numb was originally identified as an important cell fate determinant that is asymmetrically inherited during mitosis and controls the fate of sibling cells by inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway in neural tissue. The small intestinal epithelium originates from the division of stem cells that reside in the crypt, which further differentiate into goblet cells, absorptive cells, paneth cells, and enteroendocrine cells. However, Numb's involvement in the differentiation process of intestinal epithelium is largely unknown. In the present study, we confirm that both the Numb mRNA and protein isoforms are expressed in adult mouse intestinal mucosa. Numb protein is ubiquitously expressed throughout the crypt–villus axis of the small intestinal epithelium and is mainly localized to the cytoplasmic membrane. Down-regulation of endogenous Numb using RNA interference in cultured intestinal LS174T cells increased Notch signaling, leading to the up-regulation of Hes1 and the down-regulation of Hath1. Knockdown of Numb alleviated MUC2 protein expression and led to loss of the goblet cell phenotype in LS174Tl cells. Our results provide the first evidence that Numb, an important cell fate determinant, modulates intestinal epithelial cells towards the goblet cell phenotype by inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway.     

盐胁迫对翅碱蓬生长和渗透调节物质浓度的影响

盐胁迫环境抑制植物的生长,不同的盐分浓度对植物的抑制伤害存在差异.本文探讨了翅碱蓬(Suaeda heteroptera Kitagawa)对盐生环境的生理生态适应机制,研究其在不同盐浓度下,株高、根长、鲜重、干重等生长指标以及相对含水量、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量的变化情况.结果表明:盐分对翅碱蓬幼苗的抑制作用...     

Transthyretin binding to A-Beta peptide--impact on A-Beta fibrillogenesis and toxicity

It has been suggested that transthyretin (TTR) is involved in preventing A-Beta fibrillization in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we characterized the TTR/A-Beta interaction by competition binding assays. TTR binds to different A-Beta peptide species: soluble (Kd, 28 nM), oligomers and fibrils; diverse TTR variants bind differentially to A-Beta. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis demonstrated that TTR is capable of interfering with A-Beta fibrillization by both inhibiting and disrupting fibril formation. Co-incubation of the two molecules resulted in the abolishment of A-Beta toxicity. Our results confirmed TTR as an A-Beta ligand and indicated the inhibition/disruption of A-Beta fibrils as a possible mechanism underlying the protective role of TTR in AD.     

Effects of abscisic acid and proline on adaptation of tobacco callus cultures to salinity and osmotic shock

Tobacco callus ( Nicotina tabacum cv. Badischer Geudertheimer) took up sorbitol rapidly and without a lag period from media with up to 0.7 M of the polyol. Accumulation of proline was greatly enhanced under these conditions and was proportional to the absorbed sorbitol, while the viability of the callus cultures was quite low after a few hours of incubation. Under moderate conditions (0.1 M sorbitol) as well as under severe osmotic shock (0.7 M sorbitol), the cells adapted by adjusting the sorbitol/proline ratio to ca 3. NaCl (0.1 M ) had the same effect as sorbitol (0.7 M ) on the survival rate, but only slightly affected proline synthesis in the first hours of incubation. Addition of 10⁷ or 10 ⁵ M abscisic acid (ABA) did not increase the proline content, but 10 ⁷ M ABA delayed the deleterious effect of NaCl and improved the state of the cells. No influence of abscisic acid during the incubation with sorbitol could be detected. Two different strategies for the adjustment of tobacco callus to salinity and sorbitol are suggested: Non-ionic stress is controlled by the accumulation of proline, whereas ABA could be involved in the adaptation to ionic stress.     

Enhanced thermal stability of Clostridium beijerinckii alcohol dehydrogenase after strategic substitution of amino acid residues with prolines from the homologous thermophilic Thermoanaerobacter brockii alcohol dehydrogenase.

A comparison of the three-dimensional structures of the closely related mesophilic Clostridium beijerinckii alcohol dehydrogenase (CBADH) and the hyperthermophilic Thermoanaerobacter brockii alcohol dehydrogenase (TBADH) suggested that extra proline residues in TBADH located in strategically important positions might contribute to the extreme thermal stability of TBADH. We used site-directed mutagenesis to replace eight complementary residue positions in CBADH, one residue at a time, with proline. All eight single-proline mutants and a double-proline mutant of CBADH were enzymatically active. The critical sites for increasing thermostability parameters in CBADH were Leu-316 and Ser-24, and to a lesser degree, Ala-347. Substituting proline for His-222, Leu-275, and Thr-149, however, reduced thermal stability parameters. Our results show that the thermal stability of the mesophilic CBADH can be moderately enhanced by substituting proline at strategic positions analogous to nonconserved prolines in the homologous thermophilic TBADH. The proline residues that appear to be crucial for the increased thermal stability of CBADH are located at a beta-turn and a terminating external loop in the polypeptide chain. Positioning proline at the N-caps of alpha-helices in CBADH led to adverse effects on thermostability, whereas single-proline mutations in other positions in the polypeptide had varying effects on thermal parameters. The finding presented here support the idea that at least two of the eight extra prolines in TBADH contribute to its thermal stability.     

盐胁迫下灰绿藜中三种成份含量的变化

目的:研究盐胁迫下对灰绿藜各部位中水分、粗蛋白、脯氨酸含量的变化.方法:通过NaCl胁迫盆栽试验,测定分析不同浓度盐胁迫(0 mmol/L～500 mmol/L)下灰绿藜各部位水分、粗蛋白和脯氨酸含量变化.结果:灰绿藜根中水分含量的变化趋势呈先升高后下降的趋势,在300 mmol/L胁迫下其含水量达到最高67.82%;在茎、叶、全草中呈先下降后升高又下降的趋势.粗蛋白含量在根中两降两升,在茎、叶、全草中呈先升高后下降又升高的趋势,在Nacl浓度为200mmol/L时均达到最大值,分别为3.4738%、2.3791%、3.9132%和3.0968%;各部位中脯氨酸含量变化均呈先升高后下降又升高的趋势,且在NaCl浓度为500mmol/L时均达到最高值,分别为254.33μg/g、180.83ug/g、197.27μg/g、222.71μg/g.结论:得出灰绿藜在盐胁迫下三种成分的变化.