云南重楼植物内生真菌的分离及抗菌活性筛选

从云南重楼[Paris polyphylla Smithvar.yunnnanensis(Franch.)Hand.Mazz.]块状茎中分离出166株内生真菌,对其进行形态分类鉴定归于4目,6科,20个属,体现了云南重楼植物内生真菌的生物多样性特征。同时,选择与人类和植物相关的37株病原微生物作为抗菌活性筛选指示菌,进行了云南重楼植物内生真菌抗菌活性的初步研究。结果表明,4株内生真菌对细菌、植物致病真菌、皮肤致病真菌多种病原微生物具有显著抑制生长的作用。     

云南穗花杉的遗传多样性研究

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)方法对云南穗花杉(Amentotaxus yunnanensis)4个居群和台湾穗花杉似(Amentotaxus for9rmosana)1个居群共104个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。9个随机引物共扩增出清晰谱带143条。云南穗花杉在物种水平上遗传多样性较高(多态位点百分率P为79．0％,基因多样性指数He为0．2718),但云南穗花杉和台湾穗花杉居群内遗传多样性均较低(P为18．0％、6．9％;He为0．0688、0．0198)。云南穗花杉居群间遗传分化强烈(AMOVA,GST和Shannon多样性指数分别为0．7611,0．7503和0．7526)。据推测,第四纪冰川引起的瓶颈效应,小规模居群引起的遗传漂变及幼苗成活率低等因素都加剧了居群间的遗传分化。建议对所研究的云南穗花杉全部居群予以保护,特别是对云南西畴和贵州兴义市七舍两个具有相对较高遗传多样性的居群应该优先建立就地保护点,以达到最大限度保存云南穗花杉遗传多样性的目的。     

西藏高原云南松生物量模型及碳储量

云南松林是西藏高原亮针叶林生态系统的重要组成部分,准确估算其生态系统碳储量不但有助于弄清西藏森林生态系统固碳现状,而且可为准确估算青藏高原乃至全国森林生态系统的固碳潜力和固碳速率提供基础数据.本研究以云南松为研究对象,采用实地调查与建模相结合的方法,建立了各器官(叶、枝、干、根)与株高、胸径的生物量回归方程,并以此为基础计算了云南松幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成熟林生态系统的生物量和碳储量.结果表明:(1)用胸径和树高估测单株林木器官生物量的较优模型为指数模型,所建立的生物量回归方程相关性较好(R2＞0.90),估计精度较高.(2)在云南松幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成熟林生态系统中植被总生物量分别为(63.80±9.21)、(134.76+12.69)、(142.91±13.02)、(316.72+42.57)t·hm-2,其中乔木层生物量分别为(49.48±10.32)、(120.57±9.37)、(124.70±12.92)、(304.76±32.47)t·hm-2,灌草层生物量为(13.09±3.02)、(12.81±2.54)、(11.88±3.12)、(3.47±0.98)t·hm-2,凋落物生物量为(1.23±0.24)、(1.38±0.31)、(0.72±0.11)、(1.13±0.39)t·hm-2.(3)各龄级云南松林生态系统植被碳储量分别为(30.67±7.13)、(67.63±19.06)、(71.00±4.15)、(159.32±39.95)t·hm-2,碳储量随林龄增加的变化规律明显,碳汇潜力巨大.     

Mussaenda yunnanensis sp. nov. (Rubiaceae), a new functionally dioecious species from Yunnan,China

Mussaenda yunnanensis, a new dioecious species of Rubiaceae from Yunnan Province, China, is described and illustrated. The new species can be recognized by its slender stem, congested‐cymose inflorescences and long corolla tubes. Differences between M. yunnanensis and two morphologically similar species (M. pubescens and M. antiloga) are presented. We also provide a key to all dioecious species of Mussaenda in China. The delimitation of the new species is further supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses based on eight plastid loci.     

基于SSR标记的不同优势等级云南松遗传多样性分析

基于SSR分子标记技术,按树高和胸径（地径）因子将样地内的植株分为优势木、中等木和劣势木3类,对不同生长优势等级云南松林木的遗传多样性变异特征进行了研究。结果表明：在林冠层,优势木的有效等位基因数、Shannon's信息指数、观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为2.083、0.762、0.290和0.423,略高于中等木和劣势木;在更新层,有效等位基因数、Shannon's信息指数、观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为2.063、0.774、0.272和0.410,除观测杂合度外,其余3个指标也均表现为优势木略高于中等木和劣势木。从差异显著性检验来看,不同生长优势等级云南松林木间的遗传多样性差异不显著,即林木生长分化对遗传多样性的影响不明显。     

云南松苗木生长与生物量的相关性及通径分析

为了解云南松苗木生长对生物量的影响程度和相对重要性,以采自云南省昆明市宜良县禄丰村林场种子培育的2年生云南松苗木为材料,对苗高、地径、主根长、侧根长、针叶长和侧根数6个生长性状及各组分生物量进行测定,运用相关性分析和逐步回归分析剔除了对生物量影响不大的性状,在此基础上采用通径分析方法研究了云南松苗木生长性状指标与生物量指标间的关系。结果表明：云南松苗木生长性状和生物量之间均呈现极显著的正相关关系。各生长性状对生物量均有直接或间接的正向效应,直接影响云南松苗木生物量的优势因素为地径和苗高,针叶长、侧根长和主根长对生物量的影响也起正向效应。各生长性状对生物量的直接效应均较大,而通过其他性状的间接效应均较小,其中侧根长通过其他性状对生物量产生的间接影响最大。依据相关性分析和通径分析,建立了云南松各组分生物量与生长性状之间的数学模型,可用于云南松苗期生物量的估测。     

重楼中一株产纤维素酶内生真菌的分离及鉴定

从重楼根茎中分离、鉴定具有产纤维素酶活性的内生真菌。采用表面消毒法从重楼块茎中分离内生真菌;用纤维素酶活性CMC平板检测分离菌株的产纤维素酶活性;对高产菌株进行形态学观察和分子生物学测序鉴定;探究影响纤维素酶活力的因素;利用平板法检测该株菌产其他胞外水解酶的活性。从3个来源的重楼中分离出41株内生真菌,通过平板检测发现AS-5、AS-7、AS-9和AS-18菌株能产生纤维素酶,其中AS-9菌株活性最强;通过形态学观察和ITS、LSU序列分析将AS-9菌株鉴定为Setophoma terrestris;该菌在pH值为7.0和温度为28℃时表现出最大纤维素酶活性,紫外线照射对产纤维素酶活性无明显作用;检测发现AS-9菌株同时具有产酪蛋白酶、脂肪酶、天冬酰胺酶、谷氨酰胺酶和脲酶活性。首次在重楼中发现内生真菌Setophoma terrestris,且具有较好的产纤维素酶能力,值得深入研究。     

Descriptive biogeography of Tomicus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) species in Spain

Aim, location Tomicus (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) species are some of the principal pests of Eurasian forest and are represented by three coexisting species in Spain, Tomicus piniperda (Linnaeus, 1758), Tomicus destruens (Wollaston, 1865) and Tomicus minor (Harting, 1834). The distribution of two taxa are unknown as they have until recently been considered separate species. Therefore, we model the potential distribution centres and establish the potential distribution limits of Tomicus species in Iberia. We also assess the effectiveness of different models by comparing predicted results with observed data. These results will have application in forest pest management. Methods Molecular and morphological techniques were used to identify species from 254 specimens of 81 plots. For each plot, a Geographical Information System was used to extract a set of 14 environmental (one topographic, six climatic) and biotic variables (seven host tree distributions). General Additive Models and Ecological Niche Factor Analysis models are applied for modelling and predicting the potential distribution of the three especies of Tomicus. Results The results of both modelling methodologies are in agreement. Tomicus destruens is the predominant species in Spain, living in low and hot areas. Tomicus piniperda occurs in lower frequency and prefers wet and cold areas of north‐central Spain. We detected sympatric populations of T. destruens and T. piniperda in Northern coast of Spain, infesting mainly P. pinaster. Tomicus minor is the rarest species, and it occupies a fragmented distribution located in high and wet areas. The remarkable biotic variable is the distribution of P. sylvestris, incorporated into the models of T. destruens and T. piniperda. Main conclusions These results indicate that in wet areas of north‐central Spain where T. piniperda occurs (and possibly the high altitudes of the southern mountains), T. destruens has a climatic distribution limit. In the northern border of this area, both species overlap their distributions and some co‐occurrences were detected. Tomicus minor potentially occurs in high and wet fragmented areas.     

纵坑切梢小蠹携带云南半帚孢研究

云南半帚孢 (Leptogramphyunnanensis)是纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicuspiniperda重要的共生真菌 ,在纵坑切梢小蠹危害寄主树木过程中发挥着重要作用。研究揭示 ,纵坑切梢小蠹主要通过与受到感染云南半帚孢的韧皮组织的接触携带上云南半帚孢的。纵坑切梢小蠹卵、幼虫和蛹对云南半帚孢的带菌率较高 ,均大于 90 % ,而成虫的带菌率较低。纵坑切梢小蠹的体表和体内均携带有云南半帚孢 ,但体表带菌是纵坑切梢小蠹带菌的主要途径。通过对纵坑切梢小蠹成虫头、足、翅和腹部带菌率的研究发现 ,云南半帚孢在纵坑切梢小蠹各部位的分布大体相同 ,揭示纵坑切梢小蠹没有携带云南半帚孢的特化构造或器官。     

吉林省担子菌补记(六)

报道了6个吉林省新记录担子菌,即青绿湿伞[Hygrocybepsittacina(Schaeff.:Fr.)W櫣ｎｓｃｈｅ],梭柄金钱菌[Collybiafusipes (Bull.:Fr.)Qu啨ｌ.],黄褐盔孢菌[Galerinahelvoliceps(Berk .etCurt.)Sing .],内鬼笔(EndophallusyunnanensisZangetPetersen) ,粉托鬼笔[Phallushadriani(Vent.)Pers.]和蓖齿地星(GeastrumpectinatumPers .)。其中,内鬼笔属为吉林省新记录属,青绿湿伞、梭柄金钱菌、内鬼笔和篦齿地星为首次在我国东北地区发现。标本存放在吉林农业大学标本馆(HMJAU)内。