Design and applications of a self-aligning liquid junction-electrospray interface for capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry

A simple self-aligning liquid junction-electrospray interface for coupling a capillary electrophoresis (CE) system to an atmospheric pressure ionization (API) mass spectrometer (CE-MS) was developed. In contrast to previous liquid junction interfaces, the self-aligning liquid junction interface simplifies the precise alignment of the CE capillary and the sprayer needle and uses a positive make-up flow. Several capillary CE-MS applications were run using both the self-aligning liquid junction interface and the widely used sheath flow interface for comparison purposes. The electrospray stability of the self-aligning liquid junction interface is consistently better even when non-volatile electrolyte solutions are used. At first, some band broadening was obtained with the self-aligning liquid junction interface. Experiments with different CE buffer systems suggested that this band broadening was caused by the materials used in constructing the interface. By using a more inert material for the sprayer needle, the self-aligning liquid junction exhibits excellent electrophoretic resolution, comparable sensitivity, and higher signal-to-noise ratios when run under the same conditions as the sheath flow interface.     

小儿肺热咳喘口服液联合三联吸入雾化治疗法对哮喘急性发作的影响

目的:探讨小儿肺热咳喘口服液联合三联吸入雾化治疗方案对哮喘患儿的治疗效果以及对肺功能的影响作用。方法:将我院自2017年1月至2018年11月间收治的哮喘患儿210例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为两组各105例,研究组患儿在布地奈德、沙丁胺醇、异丙托溴铵三联吸入雾化治疗的基础上给予小儿肺热咳喘口服液进行治疗,对照组患儿仅给予三联雾化吸入治疗,对比观察两组患儿的疗效和预后。结果:研究组临床治疗后总有效率为95.24%,明显高于对照组77.14%(P0.05);治疗后研究组咳嗽消失时间、呼吸困难消失时间和急性发作随诊时间均明显短于对照组(P0.05),两组肺部喘鸣音消失时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗前患儿第一秒用力呼气量(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)、最大肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)及FEV1/FVC值、呼气峰流速值(peak expiratory flowrate,PEF)对比无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后1 d、3 d、7 d以上指标水平均明显升高,且在治疗后7 d,研究组明显高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗期间研究组有1例出现轻度腹泻,3例食欲减退,并发症的发生率为3.81%(4/105),对照组治疗期间2例出现轻度腹泻,4例食欲减退,并发症的发生率为5.71%(6/105),两组比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:使用小儿肺热咳喘口服液联合三联吸入雾化法治疗儿童哮喘急性发作,可改善患儿临床症状和肺功能,疗效显著,可推广使用。     

沙丁胺醇联合福多司坦治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的疗效及对患者血清IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP水平的影响

目的:探讨沙丁胺醇联合福多司坦治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的临床疗效及对患者血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、超敏c反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平的影响。方法:选择2016年1月到2017年1月我院接诊的稳定期慢性阻塞性肺病患者100例作为研究对象,按照随机数表法分为观察组(n=51)和对照组(n=49)。对照组使用沙丁胺醇治疗,观察组采用沙丁胺醇联合福多司坦治疗。比较两组治疗后的疗效、治疗前后血清IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP、肺功能的变化及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组临床疗效总有效率(94.12%)显著高于对照组(75.51%,P0.05)。两组患者治疗后血清IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP水平均治疗前均明显下降,且观察组患者血清IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP水平均明显低于对照组(P0.05);两组治疗后各第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、最大呼气流量(PEF)较治疗前均显著升高(P0.05),且观察组FEV1、FVC、PEF均明显高于对照组(P0.05);两组患者不良反应总发生率分别19.61%、38.78%,观察组显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:沙丁胺醇联合福多司坦治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的临床疗效和安全性均显著优于单用沙丁胺醇治疗,可能与其有效改善患者血清IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP水平有关。     

Effect of cold exposure (?15°C) and Salbutamol treatment on physical performance in elite nonasthmatic cross-country skiers

The effects of whole-body exposure to ambient temperatures of −15°C and 23°C on selected performance-related physiological variables were investigated in elite nonasthmatic cross-country skiers. At an ambient temperature of −15°C we also studied the effects of the selective β₂-adrenergic agonist Salbutamol (0.4 mg × 3) which was administered 10 min before the exercise test. Eight male cross-country skiers with known maximal oxygen uptakes (V˙O_{2 max} ) of more than 70 ml · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹ participated in the study. Oxygen uptake (V˙O₂), heart rate (f _c), blood lactate concentration ([La⁻]_b) and time to exhaustion were measured during controlled submaximal and maximal running on a treadmill in a climatic chamber. Lung function measured as forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁) was recorded immediately before the warm-up period and at the conclusion of the exercise protocol. Submaximal V˙O₂ and [La⁻]_b at the two highest submaximal exercise intensities were significantly higher at −15°C than at 23°C. Time to exhaustion was significantly shorter in the cold environment. However, no differences in V˙O_{2 max} or f _c were observed. Our results would suggest that exercise stress is higher at submaximal exercise intensities in a cold environment and support the contention that aerobic capacity is not altered by cold exposure. Furthermore, we found that after Salbutamol inhalation FEV₁ was significantly higher than after placebo administration. However, the inhaled β₂-agonist Salbutamol did not influence submaximal and maximal V˙O₂, f _c, [La⁻]_b or time to exhaustion in the elite, nonasthmatic cross-country skiers we studied. Thus, these results did not demonstrate any ergogenic effect of the β₂-agonist used. Accepted: 18 August 1997     

Voltammetric behavior of complexation of salbutamol with calf thymus DNA and its analytical application

The interaction of salbutamol (Sal), an animal growth promoter, with DNA was investigated by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and fluorescence spectroscopy. An irreversible reduction was observed from the cyclic voltammograms, and the reaction mechanism involved a one-electron change irreversible oxidation. In the presence of DNA, the DPV peak current decreased and the Sal peak shifted to higher potentials, indicating that Sal interacted with DNA to form an intercalation Sal–DNA complex. In addition, reaction binding parameters were extracted from the DPV data with the use of the multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares (MCR–ALS) method; the binding constant and ratio were found to be (2.0 ± 0.5) × 10⁵ M⁻¹ and 1:1, respectively. Quantitative voltammetric analysis of Sal was performed in the concentration range of 3.02 × 10⁻⁶ to 1.23 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹, and it was found that the detection limit was 5.11 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹ in the presence of 1.00 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹ DNA. The method was applied for the determination of Sal in spiked urine and human serum samples, and the calibration was successfully verified.     

布地奈德混悬液联合沙丁胺醇雾化吸入治疗支气管哮喘的疗效及对炎症因子水平的影响

摘要 目的：探讨布地奈德混悬液联合沙丁胺醇雾化吸入治疗支气管哮喘的临床疗效及其对炎症因子水平的影响。方法：选择2018年6月至2019年6月我院收治的92例支气管哮喘患者随机分为对照组（n=46）和观察组（n=46）,所有患者均给予常规基础治疗,对照组患者在常规治疗基础上给予雾化吸入沙丁胺醇治疗,观察组患者在对照组的基础上联合雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液治疗,疗程均为1周。比较两组患者的临床疗效及治疗前、后的血清炎症因子水平。结果：观察组患者临床总有效率为93.48%（43/46）,明显高于对照组的78.26%（36/46）（P<0.05）。观察组患者哮喘、肺部的湿啰音和哮鸣音、咳嗽的消失时间均明显短于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后两组患者血清中超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）和白细胞介素-4（IL-4）水平较治疗前降低（P<0.05）,且观察组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者不良反应发生率分别为4.35%（2/46）、8.70%（4/46）,二者相比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：支气管哮喘采用雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液联合沙丁胺醇治疗可获得较好的临床疗效,改善支气管哮喘的临床症状的同时还可缓解患者的炎症反应,安全性较高,值得临床推广。     

沙丁胺醇、布地奈德不同雾化吸入联合头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠对AECOPD患者血气指标和肺功能的影响

目的:探讨沙丁胺醇、布地奈德不同雾化吸入联合头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者血气指标和肺功能的影响。方法:选取本院2015年1月至2018年10月期间收治的210例AECOPD住院患者作为研究对象,随机分为对照组(头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠治疗)、持续雾化组(沙丁胺醇、布地奈德持续雾化治疗+头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠)、先后雾化组(先给予沙丁胺醇雾化、后给予布地奈德雾化治疗+头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠),每组各70例,对比三组的临床疗效、血气指标、肺功能及不良反应。结果:先后雾化组总有效率为91.43%,高于持续雾化组的78.57%及对照组的67.14%(P0.05)。先后雾化组患者治疗5天后氧分压(PaO_2)、氧饱和度(SaO_2)高于持续雾化组及对照组,且持续雾化组高于对照组(P0.05);先后雾化组患者治疗5天后二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)低于持续雾化组及对照组,且持续雾化组低于对照组(P0.05)。先后雾化组患者第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV_1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、第一秒用力呼吸容积占用力肺活量的百分比(FEV_1/FVC%)、第一秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV_1%)高于持续雾化组及对照组,且持续雾化组高于对照组(P0.05)。三组不良反应总发生率比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:沙丁胺醇、布地奈德先后雾化吸入联合头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠治疗AECOPD患者疗效确切,可提高患者肺功能,改善血气相关指标。     

布地奈德和沙丁胺醇雾化吸入对小儿支气管肺炎的治疗效果

为了探讨布地奈德和沙丁胺醇雾化吸入对小儿支气管肺炎的治疗效果,本研究选取138例小儿支气管肺炎患儿随机分组,对照组患儿应用布地奈德治疗,试验组患儿给予布地奈德联合沙丁胺醇治疗,观察比较两组患儿TGF-β1、CRP水平、肺功能水平、临床症状消失时间差异。研究结果表明,治疗后试验组患儿TGF-β1 (1.50±0.46)μg/mL、CRP (12.01±0.97)μg/mL较对照组明显下降(p<0.05);治疗后试验组患儿FEV1(2.68±0.86) L、FEV1/FVC (85.67±8.65)%、PEF变异率(12.04±1.59)%较对照组比较明显改善(p<0.05);试验组患儿咳嗽持续时间(4.49±0.35) d、啰音持续时间(5.79±0.51) d、发热持续时间(2.18±0.24) d、肺部X线阴影持续时间(6.16±0.63) d同对照组比较明显缩短(p<0.05)。本研究初步表明,针对小儿支气管肺炎患儿应用布地奈德和沙丁胺醇雾化吸入治疗可有效改善临床症状和通气功能,改善临床指标,促进患儿康复,值得推广应用。     

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of ß2-agonists in postmortem blood: application in forensic medicine

A solid-phase extraction procedure is described for the simultaneous determination of terbutaline, salbutamol and fenoterol in human postmortem whole blood, using gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry. The limit of quantitation in 1 ml of blood was 1 ng/ml for all analytes. A linear response was observed over the concentration ranges tested, covering both low and high concentration of each drug. The recoveries in postmortem blood were: terbutaline, 88%; salbutamol, 86%; fenoterol, 92%; orciprenaline (internal standard), 86%. Coefficients of variation for both intra-assay precision and inter-assay reproducibility ranged between 2.2 and 13.0% for all analytes. This method is sensitive and selective, and has been applied successfully to over 60 postmortem blood specimens.     

β-Adrenergic Effects on Plasma and Brain Large Neutral Amino Acids Are Unaltered by Chronic Administration of Antidepressants

Effects of isoproterenol (3 mg kg-1, i.p. for 60 min) and salbutamol (3, 10 mg kg-1, i.p. for 60 min) on large neutral amino acid concentrations in rat plasma and brain were assessed. Phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine were measured by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection; tyrosine and tryptophan were measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection. These drugs induced increases in brain tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and valine and decreases in plasma tryptophan, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Effects of salbutamol (3 mg kg-1, i.p. for 60 min) were assessed following chronic administration of phenelzine sulfate and desipramine.HCl (each drug 10 mg kg-1 per day, s.c. via Alzet 2ML4 osmotic minipumps for 28 days). There were no effects of these antidepressants on basal levels of large neutral amino acids in brain and plasma. In both brain and plasma, salbutamol-induced changes in large neutral amino acids were unaffected by these antidepressants. The results indicate that beta-adrenoceptor-regulated availability of plasma and brain large neutral amino acids is unaffected by chronic administration of tricyclic or monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants.