Aggregating land use quantity and intensity to link water quality in upper catchment of Miyun Reservoir

Eutrophication resulting from nutrient enrichment decreases water quality and harms ecosystem structure and function, and its degree is significantly affected by land use in the catchment. Quantifying the relationship between eutrophication and land use can help effectively manage land use to improve water quality. Previous studies principally utilized land use quantity as an indicator to link water quality parameters, but these studies lacked insight into the impact of land use intensity. Taking the upper catchment of Miyun Reservoir as a case study, we developed a method of aggregating land use quantity and intensity to build a new land use indicator and tested its explanatory power on water quality. Six nutrient concentrations from 52 sub-watersheds covering the whole catchment were used to characterize the spatial distribution of eutrophication. Based on spatial techniques, empirical conversion coefficients, remote sensing data, and socio-economic statistical data, land use intensity was measured and mapped visually. The new land use indicator was calculated and linked to nutrient concentrations by Pearson correlation coefficients. Results demonstrated that our new indicator incorporating intensity information can quantify the different nutrient-exporting abilities of different land use areas. Compared to traditional indicators that only incorporate land use quantity, most Pearson correlation coefficients between the new indicator and water nutrient concentrations increased. This new information enhanced the explanatory power of land use on water nutrient concentrations, and so will be able to help us understand the impact of land use on water quality and guide decision making for better land use management.     

Modeling nutrients,oxygen and critical phosphorus loading in a shallow reservoir in China with a coupled water quality – Macrophytes model

Many macrophyte-dominated clear lakes switch to a phytoplankton-dominated turbid state when the lake becomes eutrophic. An existing Yuqiao Reservoir Water Quality Model (YRWQM) and the macrophyte submodel were coupled to simulate the effect of submerged macrophytes on nutrients and dissolve oxygen cycles in a shallow reservoir in China. The level of phosphorus loading in a transition from a clear to turbid state was addressed using the integrated model. The model runs from seedling establishment until dying out, from March 1 to July 18 in 2009. The simulations were performed for a contingent range of P loadings, starting from three different initial conditions. The results indicated that the integrated model improves accuracy of predictions compared to YRWQM. The concentrations of nutrients declined slightly during the macrophyte growth period in the reservoir and dissolved oxygen increased slightly. Although nutrient concentrations increased by submerged macrophyte release during the extinction period, the effect on the nutrients was less than that of transfer with nutrient-rich water. More released nutrients may enhance increases in substantial abundance. The critical phosphorus loading level during a switch from the clear to turbid state was estimated by these scenarios. The threshold for the switch is ∼6.1 mgP m⁻² d⁻¹ with an initial total phosphorus concentration of 160 μg l⁻¹. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the switch was also dependent on the initial total phosphorus concentration. These results suggest that the reservoir in a clear water state is at risk of a switch as nutrient levels are close to the critical levels.     

长江三峡库区蝶类群落的物种获得率、小生境占有率及相对多度

研究于 1998～ 2 0 0 3年在库区 10个区县 ,35个调查点进行。研究时 ,库区蝴蝶的生活环境被划分为 80个小生境 ,设置样带6 6 1条 ;调查期间获得 (Sampled)蝴蝶 331种 ,10 780只个体。报道三峡库区蝴蝶群落的部分参数 :2 5 3种蝴蝶的小生境占有率低于 10 % ,占有 4 0 %以上小生境的蝴蝶只有 7种 ;在 6 0条以上样带都获得的蝴蝶有 16种 ,而在 10条以下样带内获得的蝴蝶 2 19种 ,占总数的 6 6 .2 % ;优势种 2 1个 (6 .3% ) ,常见种 12 5个 (37.8% ) ,少见种 10 3个 (31.1% ) ,罕见种 82个 (2 4 .8% ) ;相对多度高于 1%的种类 2 2个 ,仅占总数的 6 .6 % ;个体数分布的规律接近对数级数法则。三峡库区蝶类现在的分布反映了库区生境破碎化的结果 ,意味着适宜的生境斑块周围分布不适宜生境 ,种群受到面积、隔离、边缘等多种效应的影响 ,形成了现有的物种多样性及其空间格局     

三峡库区景观格局变化及其影响因素——以重庆市云阳县为例

从20世纪90年代中期至今是三峡库区生态-经济系统与景观格局发生重大变化的一段时期。论文通过对库区重庆市云阳县1994年与2002年遥感影像的解译,分析景观格局的变化,探讨生态建设、城镇化、基础设施建设、生态移民、农业产业结构调整等短时期内高强度的人类活动对该区域景观格局的影响。地形破碎、高差悬殊的山地特点以及在亚热带湿润气候主导下的山地立体气候分异等自然因素造成了景观格局的基本分异;有限的土地资源及其利用与分布状况是控制景观格局变化的主导因子;为保证三峡工程的顺利建设和安全运行而采取一系列生态经济建设活动成为促使景观格局变化的最重要的驱动因素;政治、经济和社会决策对景观格局变化具有重要影响。     

密度对濒危物种疏花水柏枝幼苗存活与生长的影响

疏花水柏枝(Myricarialaxiflora)原产于三峡库区长江干流的河滩,三峡水库的蓄水淹没了其所有的野生种群,使之濒临绝灭。通过一系列的密度处理实验,我们研究了不同密度下疏花水柏枝幼苗的存活率、幼苗总生物量、地下生物量、地上生物量、一级枝数、二级枝数、一级枝长度的变化,揭示了密度对一年生幼苗存活与生长的影响。结果显示,随着密度的增加,疏花水柏枝种群内部的竞争加剧,幼苗的死亡率增加,特别是当密度大于250ind./m2时,死亡率显著上升,上述体现植株生长状况的各指标值也随密度的增加而显著减小。表明疏花水柏枝一年生幼苗的存活与生长受到密度的影响。文中还建立了密度影响下疏花水柏枝各构件部分生长发育的回归模型,解释了密度对它们的调节作用。最后对疏花水柏枝种群重建中的相关问题进行了分析讨论,以求为回归引种实践提供参考。     

微囊藻毒素合成酶基因的PCR检测方法

针对微囊藻毒素合成酶基因簇的核酸序列,筛选特异性引物,探索一种适用于自然水样中微囊藻产毒潜能检测的全细胞PCR方法。经灵敏度测试表明,这种PCR方法的检测下限相当于100cells。该方法不需要提取基因组DNA,检测所需水样量少,具有操作简便、快速、成本低、灵敏度高等优点,能应用于水库等饮用水源水体中具有产毒潜能的微囊藻的检测。     

三峡水库及香溪河库湾理化特征的比较研究

根据2003年6月三峡水库初期蓄水后对香溪河库湾的常规监测,对该水域的理化特征及其动态进行了分析,并与三峡水库库首的数据进行了比较研究。结果显示库湾TN、NO3-N浓度要显著低于库首,前者两周年平均值为1.29mg/L,0.88mg/L,后者两周年平均值为1.62mg/L,1.22mg/L。而PO4-P则是库湾显著高于库首,并且在7—9月库首的TP/PO4-P有显著提高。结果同时表明库首的水土流失较严重,而库湾则有较好的水土保持。最后对TSIM的计算结果表明,由于TP、TN都处于高水平,库首呈现中营养化(TSIM>37),而库湾则呈现严重富营养化(TSIM>53)。     

南亚热带河流型水库浮游植物群落的季节变化：以广东飞来峡水库为例

于2003年4-12月调查了广东省飞来峡水库的水文、营养盐分布状况和浮游植物种类与数量,分析了浮游植物群落的种类及数量组成与动态特征,探讨了其动态变化的驱动因子。结果表明,飞来峡水库是一个典型的河流型大型水库,水力滞留时间短,年均值低于15 d;降雨量主要集中于夏季,最短水力滞留时间只有8 d。水温全年没有分层现象。丰水期营养盐和叶绿素a高于枯水期。浮游植物生物量低,细胞密度在21.7×103-808×103 cells L-1之间变化,没有超过106 cells L-1,叶绿素a的平均浓度为2μg L-1。浮游植物种类较多,4次采样共检到140种。种类组成上有较大变化,4月份有83种,以硅藻为主;7月和9月超过90种,以绿藻为主;12月有51种,蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻种类数量相当。优势种类的构成上与温带水库不同,硅藻仅在低水温时期为优势类群,而在丰水期则以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻共同占优势。硅藻的主要优势种是变异直链藻(Melosira varians)、梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella menighiniana)和针杆藻(Synedra spp.)。绿藻种类组成季节变化较大,没有明显的优势种类。丰度相对较高的有美丽胶网藻(Dictyosphaerium pulchellum)、集星藻(Actinastrum hantzschii)和空球藻(Eudorina elegans)等。蓝藻的优势种以粘球藻(Gloeocapsa sp.)、优美平列藻(Merismopedia elegans)和伪鱼腥藻(Pseudoanabaena sp.)为主。与绿藻不同的是蓝藻的优势种在全年均可出现。隐藻只在水力滞留时间较长、温度较低的12月份占优势,主要优势种为啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa)、尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta)。     

山美水库流域水量水质模拟的SWAT与CE-QUAL-W2联合模型

为更好地模拟分析流域非点源污染对山美水库水质的影响,联合运用流域日尺度分布式水文模型SWAT和二维垂向水动力水质模型CE-QUAL-W2,将SWAT模型的时序输出作为CE-QUAL-W2模型的输入条件,构建了山美水库流域水量水质模拟联合模型,并对流域径流、输沙和污染物以及水库的水位、水温和无机氮等变量进行了率定.结果表明: 尽管受流域部分计算结果的影响,误差会累积到对下游水库水体的计算,但模型的模拟结果与实测数据的吻合程度仍较高,说明联合模型可以较好地反映山美水库流域及库区水体的水动力和污染过程.模型的使用可以为定位流域关键污染源区及控制水库富营养化提供科学依据.     

水淹对枫杨幼苗光合生理特征的影响

通过设置对照(CK)、连续性水淹(CF)和间歇性水淹(PF)3个水分处理,模拟三峡库区库岸带土壤水分变化,研究乡土树种枫杨当年实生幼苗的生理生态适应机制.结果表明: 不同水分处理均显著影响枫杨幼苗的光合作用、生物量积累和生长.与CK相比,CF和PF组枫杨幼苗除胞间CO₂浓度升高,净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)均显著降低.其变化趋势是枫杨幼苗的P_n、g_s在试验初期下降,然后逐渐恢复或趋于稳定.随着处理时间的延长,CF和PF组枫杨幼苗的总生物量、根生物量、茎生物量、叶生物量、株高和地径均呈现上升趋势.CF和PF组的总生物量、根生物量、叶生物量和株高,以及PF组的茎生物量均显著低于CK,而CF组的茎生物量与CK无显著差异,其地径还高于CK.枫杨幼苗具有耐受水湿而不耐水淹-干旱交替的生理生态特征.