Phylogenetic relationships of Cyrtandromoea and Wightia revisited: A new tribe in Phrymaceae and a new family in Lamiales

The familial placements of Cyrtandromoea Zoll. and Wightia Wall., two small and enigmatic South‐East Asian genera, have long been controversial in Lamiales. Here we adopt a two‐step approach to resolve their phylogenetic relationships. We initially reconstructed a large‐scale phylogeny of Lamiales using six chloroplast markers (atpB, matK, ndhF, psbBTNH, rbcL, and rps4). The results showed that both Cyrtandromoea and Wightia emerged in the LMPO clade, including Lamiaceae, Mazaceae, Phrymaceae, Paulowniaceae, and Orobanchaceae. Based on the second set of six chloroplast markers (atpB, matK, ndhF, rbcL, rps16, and trnL‐F) and two nuclear ribosomal regions (external transcribed spacer and internal transcribed spacer) for the analyses focusing on the LMPO clade, our results revealed that Cyrtandromoea was consistently nested within Phrymaceae, whereas Wightia was supported as sister to Phrymaceae by the chloroplast DNA dataset or sister to Paulowniaceae by the nuclear ribosomal DNA dataset. Morphological and anatomical evidence fully supports the inclusion of Cyrtandromoea in Phrymaceae, and an updated tribal classification is done for Phrymaceae with five tribes, that is, Cyrtandromoeeae Bo Li, Bing Liu, Su Liu & Y. H. Tan, trib. nov., Diplaceae Bo Li, Bing Liu, Su Liu & Y. H. Tan, trib. nov., Leucocarpeae, Mimuleae, and Phrymeae. The conflicting phylogenetic position of Wightia indicated by different genome markers results in difficulty placing the genus in either Phrymaceae or Paulowniaceae. Considering the distinct morphological differences between Wightia and other families in the LMPO clade, we here propose a new family, Wightiaceae Bo Li, Bing Liu, Su Liu & Y. H. Tan, fam. nov., to accommodate it, which is the 26th family recognized in Lamiales.     

棕榈ISSR反应条件的筛选与优化

应用ISSR技术对棕榈(Trachycarpusfortunei)进行分析研究,对影响ISSR反应的各因子进行探讨,确定了该研究的最佳反应条件,建立了棕榈ISSR反应的最佳反应体系,为进行棕榈居群遗传多样性的研究奠定了基础。     

重庆石灰岩地区十大功劳光合特性动态变化和对CO2的响应研究

运用开放式气体交换C I-310便携式光合作用测定系统,研究了重庆石灰岩地区适生灌木十大功劳(Maho-nia fortunei)光合特性的动态变化和对CO2的响应。结果表明:十大功劳的净光合速率和气孔导度的日变化为双峰曲线,蒸腾速率的日变化为单峰曲线,净光合速率出现了光合午休现象,主要由非气孔因素影响,水分利用效率的日变化呈“L”型。在季节变化中净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度都呈现双峰曲线,而水分利用效率呈现“W”型。气体交换的日动态和季节动态变化是与植物生存的气候环境相适应的,在石灰岩地区表现出低光合低蒸腾和高水分利用效率的节水特性。净光合速率随着CO2浓度的升高而表现出升高趋势,其CO2补偿点为90μmol.mol-1左右,羧化效率为0.0125,较低的羧化效率是十大功劳净光合速率较低的一个原因。     

Studies on fouling by the freshwater mussel limnoperna fortunei and the antifouling effects of low energy surfaces

Attachment of the freshwater mussel, Limnoperna fortunei, was tested using non‐treated surfaces, viz. glass, nylon, rubber, silicone and Teflon, together with glass surfaces modified with nine kinds of silane coupling agents. Among the surfaces tested, the mussel avoided attaching to Teflon, silicone, and glass modified with 3‐bromopropyltrimethoxysilane or 3,3,3‐(trifluo‐ropropyl)‐trimethoxysilane. With respect to the relationship between the percentage attachment and the surface free energy (sfe) of the substrates, it was found that attachment was considerably reduced on the substrates which exhibited relatively low sfe, as above. The mean number of secreted byssuses per attaching mussel also decreased with decreasing substrate sfe. Furthermore, when the sfe was divided into the dispersion and polar components, the percentage mussel attachment was related to the polar component. These results suggest that effective antifouling towards L. fortunei is achieved on substrates with a low sfe polar component.     

Attachment strength of an adhesive nuisance mussel,limnoperna fortunei,against water flow

The attachment strength of the freshwater mussel Limnoperna fortunei against water flow was studied. Newton's expression successfully described the hydrodynamic drag force acting on the mussel with a drag coefficient value of 1.03. The drag‐resistant force (defined as hydrodynamic drag force at mussel detachment) was smaller than the detachment force measured using a tensile load test. A fairly good correlation was obtained between the drag‐resistant force and the number of secreted threads. The drag‐resistant force divided by the number of threads increased with shell size, suggesting that byssal thread strength increased with mussel growth. For the mussel specimens obtained from a water transmission pipe, thread width increased with shell size. However, thread width was not dependent on current velocity. There was no correlation between the number of secreted threads and shell length, which indicated that the number of secreted threads did not change with mussel size. Therefore, the water velocity needed to detach mussels increases with shell size of the mussel when the number of secreted threads is constant. The increases in the water velocity to detach mussels with larger shells suggests that the mussel becomes more resistant to water flow as it grows. It is estimated that a flow velocity of around lms^‐1 is critical for attachment/detachment of a juvenile mussel with a shell length of a few millimeters and one hundred byssal threads.     

Detachment,displacement and reattachment activity in a freshwater byssate mussel (Limnoperna fortunei): the effects of light,temperature and substratum orientation

The ability of the freshwater bivalve Limnoperna fortunei to voluntarily detach from the substratum, crawl and reattach as a function of illumination, temperature, substratum orientation, and mussel size was investigated. Thirty-two per cent of the 879 experimental animals detached and reattached elsewhere at least once during five- to eight-day experiments. The proportions of mobile mussels were significantly higher in permanent darkness than under permanent illumination. Displacement distances were also higher in darkness, but statistical differences with illuminated individuals were inconclusive. No evidence of circadian rhythms was detected. Mobile mussels were often significantly smaller than non-mobile individuals. It was not possible to detect the effect of water temperature (22°C and 31°C), or substratum orientation (topside and underside) on mussel mobility, but because the power of the statistical tests was low, future experiments are needed to confirm this result. The ability of mussels to voluntarily detach and reattach elsewhere has important implications for biofouling control.     

Two New Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Spiraea japonica L. f. var.fortunei （Planchon） Rehd.

Two new hetisine-type C20-diterpenoid alkaloids named spiraqine (1) and 6-hydroxylspiraqine (2), and four known alkaloids, namely spiredine (3), spiradine A (4), spiradine B (5), and spirasine V/VI (6),were isolated from Spiraea japonica L. f. var.fortunei (Planchon) Rehd. The structures of the alkaloids were elucidated using nuclear magnetic resonance analysis (1H-NMR, ^13C-NMR, DEPT, HMQC, and HMBC) and mass spectrometry data.     

贯众的繁殖方法及栽培技术

介绍了用贯众根茎及孢子的繁殖方法,为扩大药源及开发利用提供参考.     

浙江中部地区野榧的调查

简述了浙江中部地区被称为"野榧"的植物,并非指一种植物,而是三尖杉、南方红豆杉、粗榧和野生榧树等几种植物.同时介绍了它们的叶与果实的主要区别;指出这些重要野生植物资源应加以保护.     

泡桐属七种植物的RAPD分析

利用 1 3个 1 0 mer的随机引物对中国泡桐属的 7个种进行了 RAPD分析 ,对扩增形成的谱带进行了对比 ,发现 7个种间存在较丰富的多态性带纹。经用 UPGMA法聚类结果说明可把研究的 7个种分成 2个类群。其中白花泡桐与川泡桐亲缘关系最近 ,二者与揪叶泡桐、南方泡桐、山明泡桐归为 1个类群。毛泡桐与兰考泡桐亲缘关系也较近 ,二者在系统演化上比较原始 ,归为 1个类群。